PROBLEMS

of the “Phystech.International” 2017

olympiad in physics and mathematics

Educational methodical appliance

M OSCOW
MIPT
2018
UDC 53
BBK 22.3

P61 Pronlems of the olympiad in physics and mathematics

“Phystech.International” 2017. (Educational methodical ap
pliance). // Chivilev V., Ouskov V., Sheronov A., Yuriev Yu.,
Plis V., Agakhanov N., Glukhov I., Gorodetskiy S., Podlipskii O.
M.: MIPT, 2018. – 45 с.
Here follows problems, offered at final stage of the olympiad “Phys
tech.International” on december, 2017. (2017–2018 school year).
All problems provided with answers, part of them—with detailed solu
tions. Each work was given 4,5 hours for completion.
Problems intended for matriculation students of MIPT and other tech
nological universities, as well as for teachers of schools with advanced
studying of physics and mathematics.
UDC 53
BBK 22.3

BBK means “Russian library and bibliographic classification” (BBK) in

dex

c Federal state autonomous

°
educational institution of higher education
“Moscow institute of physics & tecnology
(state univercity)”, 2018
c Authors group, 2018
°
 CONTENTS

Problems

Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Grade 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Grade 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Grade 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Grade 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Grade 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Grade 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Answers & solutions

Evaluation Criteria for physics problems . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Grade 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Grade 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Grade 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Grade 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Grade 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Grade 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4 PHYSICS PROBLEMS PROBLEM SET #2

PHYSICS
Grade 9, Problem set #1
1. The first car of a train passes by an observer standing on the platform
in τ1 = 1 s, and the second car in τ2 = 1.5 s. The length of a car
is L = 12 m. Determine the train velocity V0 at the beginning of
the observation. The train is uniformly decelerating along a straight
line.
2. A stone is thrown at some angle to the horizontal at initial velocity
V0 = 10 m/s. At τ = 0.5 s after the throw the stone velocity has
decreased to V = 7 m/s. Determine the moment T at which the
stone reached the highest altitude. The free fall acceleration is g =
= 10 m/s2 .
3. A ball suspended on a thread has been given some initial horizon
tal velocity. The ball acceleration is horizontally directed when the
thread is at the angle α = 30◦ to the vertical. Find the angle αmax
the thread will make to the vertical at full swing.
4. A very light calorimeter contains M = 0.1 kg of water and a chunk
of ice of mass m = 0.05 kg. The temperature of the water and ice
is t1 = 0 ◦ C while the ambient temperature is t1 = 20 ◦ C. Due
to poor insulation the ice is gradually melting down, so that m1 =
= 1 g of ice melts into water in τ = 5 min. Evaluate the time T
elapsed between the complete meltdown of ice and the moment the
water temperature has increased by ∆t = 1 ◦ C. The specific heat of
fusion of ice is λ = 3.3 · 105 J/kg and the specific heat of water is
c = 4200 J/(kg·K).
2
5. The electric circuit shown in the diagram is 3 4
connected to a power source of U = 18 V. 1
Each resistor value is r = 5 Ω. Determine
the power dissipated by resistor 1. Fig. for problem 5

Grade 9, Problem set #2

1. The first car of a train passes by an observer standing on the platform

in τ1 = 1 s, and the second car in τ2 = 1.5 s. The length of a car is
L = 12 m. Determine the time T from the start of the observation
 PHYSICS PROBLEMS PROBLEM SET #3 5

up to full stop of the train. The train is uniformly decelerating along

a straight line.
2. A stone is thrown at some angle to the horizontal at initial velocity
V0 = 10 m/s. At τ = 0.5 s after the throw the stone velocity has
decreased to V = 7 m/s. Determine the highest altitude H of the
stone fly. The free fall acceleration is g = 10 m/s2 .
3. A ball suspended on a thread has been driven aside so that thread
become strictly horizontal. Determine the angle α of the thread at
the moment when acceleration of the ball directed horizontally.
4. A calorimeter contains m1 = 2 kg of ice at temperature t1 = −5 ◦ C.
Then water of mass m2 = 200 g and temperature t2 = +5 ◦ C was
added into the calorimeter. The temperature of the water and ice
is t1 = 0 ◦ C while the ambient temperature is t1 = 20 ◦ C. De
termine the mass m of ice in the calorimeter after establishing of
thermal equilibrium. The specific heat of ice is c1 = 2100 J/(kg·K),
water c2 = 4200 J/(kg·K). The specific heat of fusion of ice is λ =
= 3.3 · 105 J/kg.
5. The electric circuit shown in the dia
gram is connected to a power source of 2
direct voltage. All resistors are of equal 3 4
1
value. The power dissipated by resistor
1 is P1 = 10 W. Determine the power P
Fig. for problem 5
dissipated by the whole circuit.

Grade 10, Problem set #3

1. A boy kicked the ball, which was lying on a horizontal surface at
some distance from a vertical wall. The ball went flying at α = 30◦ to
the horizontal, recoiled elastically from the wall, and landed exactly
at the initial point in t0 = 1.5 s after the kick.
1) What is the distance L between the ball and the wall?
2) Determine the height H at which the ball hit the wall.
Assume the free fall acceleration to be 10 m/s2 .
2. A ball of mass m1 , which has been sliding along a smooth horizon
tal surface, collides elastically head-on with a ball of mass m2 , which
has been at rest on the same surface. After the collision, the ball of
6 PHYSICS PROBLEMS PROBLEM SET #4

mass m1 recoils in the opposite direction at 1/3 of its initial veloci

ty.
m
1) Determine the ratio m2 .
1
2) Determine the ratio of the velocity of the ball m2 after the colli
sion to the velocity of the ball m1 before the collision.
3. A rectangular block is sliding on a smooth horizontal surface toward
a ball sliding toward the block. The ball and the block are going
along the same straight line. The ball velocity is perpendicular to
the block face it is striking. The block mass is much greater than the
ball mass. After the elastic collision, the ball is going in the opposite
direction at the speed which is one half of its initial speed.
Determine the ratio of the velocities of the block and the ball be
fore the collision.
4. Two thermally insulated containers of equal volume are connected
by a short tube with a valve which is initially shut. The first container
is filled with ν1 = 1/3 mol of a monoatomic ideal gas at T1 = 300 K
and the second one with ν2 = 1/5 mol of another monoatomic ideal
gas at T2 = 500 K. Then the valve is opened and the gases mix.
1) Determine the equilibrium temperature in the containers.
2) Determine the ratio of the final pressure of gas mixture to the
initial pressure in the second container. P
5. The volume of an ideal gas increases by the 3
factor n = 3 in an isobaric process and then
increases again by the same factor n = 3 1 2
in a process such that gas pressure P is di
rectly proportional to its volume V . 0 V
1) Determine the ratio of the final gas Fig. for problem 5
temperature to its initial temperature.
2) Determine the ratio of the work done by the gas during the iso
baric process to the work done during the process in which its pres
sure P is directly proportional to its volume V .

Grade 10, Problem set #4

1. A boy kicked the ball, which was lying on a horizontal surface at
some distance from a vertical wall. The ball went flying at α = 60◦ to
 PHYSICS PROBLEMS PROBLEM SET #4 7

the horizontal, recoiled elastically from the wall, and landed exactly
at the initial point in t0 = 2 s after the kick.
1) What is the distance L between the ball and the wall?
2) Determine the height H at which the ball hit the wall.
Assume the free fall acceleration to be 10 m/s2 .
2. A ball of mass m1 , which has been sliding along a smooth horizon
tal surface, collides elastically head-on with a ball of mass m2 , which
has been at rest on the same surface. After the collision, the ball of
mass m1 recoils in the opposite direction at 1/2 of its initial veloci
ty.
m
1) Determine the ratio m2 .
1
2) Determine the ratio of the velocity of the ball m2 to the velocity
of the ball m1 before the collision.
3. A rectangular block is sliding on a smooth horizontal surface toward
a ball sliding toward the block. The ball and the block are going
along the same straight line. The ball velocity is perpendicular to
the block face it is striking. The block mass is much greater than the
ball mass. After the elastic collision, the ball is going in the opposite
direction at the speed which is 4 times greater its initial speed.
Determine the ratio of the velocities of the block and the ball be
fore the collision.
4. Two thermally insulated containers of equal volume are connected
by a short tube with a valve which is initially shut. The first container
is filled with ν1 = 1/2 mol of a monoatomic ideal gas at T1 = 200 K
and the second one with ν2 = 1/3 mol of another monoatomic ideal
gas at T2 = 300 K. Then the valve is opened and the gases mix.
1) Determine the equilibrium temperature in the containers.
2) Determine the ratio of the final pressure of gas mixture to the
initial pressure in the first container. P
5. The volume of an ideal gas increases by 3
the factor n = 2 in an isobaric process
1 2
and then increases again by the same
factor n = 2 in a process such that gas
pressure P is directly proportional to its 0 V
volume V . Fig. for problem 5
8 PHYSICS PROBLEMS PROBLEM SET #5

1) Determine the ratio of the final gas temperature to its initial

temperature.
2) Determine the ratio of the work done by the gas during the iso
baric process to the work done during the process in which its pres
sure P is directly proportional to its volume V .

Grade 11, Problem set #5

1. A small ball is suspended on a light thread 50 cm long. What mini
mal horizontal velocity should the ball be given in order to revolve a
full circle in the vertical plane? Assume g = 10 m/s2 .
2. A small puck of mass m and a loose slide of mass 3m (see the Fig.)
are on a smooth horizontal table. The puck is heading toward the
slide at a speed v0 . Then the puck climbs the slide without friction,
while remaining in contact with it all the way, and goes down in the
opposite direction.
1) What is the maximum height reached by the puck?
2) What is the puck velocity when it leaves the slide?

R C
V0 R1
E E

Fig. for problem 2 Fig. for problem 4 Fig. for problem 5

3. A thermally insulated container of the volume V = 8.31 · 10−3 m3

is separated by a partition in two parts of different volumes. The first
part is filled with ν1 = 0.2 mol of helium at 27 ◦ C. The second part
contains ν2 = 0.3 mol of helium at 7 ◦ C. Then the partition rup
tures.
1) What is the equilibrium temperature (in Celsius) in the con
tainer?
2) Determine the equilibrium pressure in the container.
4. A flat air-gap capacitor of capacitance C0 is connected to a battery
of emf E via a resistor (see the Fig.). Someone inserts an uncharged
 PHYSICS PROBLEMS PROBLEM SET #6 9

conducting plate into the gap parallel to the capacitor plates by plac
ing it precisely against the plates. The plate shape coincides with the
shape of capacitor plates. The plate thickness is one quarter of the
air gap.
1) Determine the assembly capacitance.
2) What is the charge flowing through the resistor during the plate
insertion?
5. The switch of the circuit shown in the diagram is initially opened.
The parameters of the circuit elements are indicated. The internal
resistance of the battery is combined with R and R1 = 3R. Then
the switch is closed and opened again when the circuit operates at
a stationary regime. The values of C, E , and R are assumed to be
known.
1) Determine the current through the battery just after the switch
is closed.
2) Determine the stationary voltage across the capacitor when the
switch is closed.
3) What is the net heat released in the circuit after the switch was
opened?

Grade 11, Problem set #6

1. A small ball is suspended on a light thread 18 cm long. What mini
mal horizontal velocity should the ball be given in order to revolve a
full circle in the vertical plane? Assume g = 10 m/s2 .
2. A small coin of mass m and a loose slide of mass 4m (see the Fig.)
are on a smooth horizontal table. The coin is heading toward the
slide at a speed v0 . Then the coin climbs the slide without friction,
while remaining in contact with it all the way, and goes down in the
opposite direction.
1) What is the maximum height reached by the coin?
2) What is the coin velocity when it leaves the slide?
3. A thermally insulated container of the volume V = 8.31 · 10−3 m3
is separated by a partition in two parts of different volumes. The first
part is filled with ν1 = 0.2 mol of helium at 27 ◦ C. The second part
contains ν2 = 0.3 mol of helium at 7 ◦ C. Then the partition rup
10 PHYSICS PROBLEMS PROBLEM SET #6

R C
V0 R1
E E

Fig. for problem 2 Fig. for problem 4 Fig. for problem 5

tures.
1) What is the equilibrium temperature (in Celsius) in the con
tainer?
2) Determine the equilibrium pressure in the container.
4. A flat air-gap capacitor of capacitance C0 is connected to a battery
of emf E via a resistor (see the Fig.). Someone inserts an uncharged
conducting plate into the gap parallel to the capacitor plates by plac
ing it precisely against the plates. The plate shape coincides with the
shape of capacitor plates. The plate thickness is 1/3 of the air gap.
1) Determine the assembly capacitance.
2) What is the charge flowing through the resistor during the plate
insertion?
5. The switch of the circuit shown in the diagram is initially opened.
The parameters of the circuit elements are indicated. The internal
resistance of the battery is combined with R and R1 = 4R. Then
the switch is closed and opened again when the circuit operates at
a stationary regime. The values of C, E , and R are assumed to be
known.
1) Determine the current through the battery just after the switch
is closed.
2) Determine the stationary voltage across the capacitor when the
switch is closed.
3) What is the net heat released in the circuit after the switch was
opened?
 MATHEMATICS PROBLEMS PROBLEM SET #1 11

MATHEMATICS
Grade 9, Problem set #1
1. Parabola y = 3x2intersects with lines y = 147, y = 75 and y =
= a, thus forming a line segment on each of them. Find all values of
parameter a such that these segments form a right triangle.
2. A quadrilateral ABCD is given. Three circles ω1 , ω2 and ω3 that are
pairwise tangent to each other are situated inside this quadrilateral
and have equal radii. It is known that ω1 touches sides AD and DC,
ω2 touches sides DC and CB, and ω3 touches sides CB, BA and
AD. Find the radii of the circles given that AD + BC − AB − CD =
= 30.
3. Cipollino wants to put all his stamps into a new album. If he puts 22
stamps per sheet, there will not be enough place for all the stamps.
If he puts 26 stamps per sheet, then at least one sheet will be empty.
If somebody presents Cipollino with the same album which has 21
stamps per sheet, Cipollino will own exactly 700 stamps. How many
stamps does Cipollino have now? (All stamps have the same size.)
4. Find all values
√ of parameter a such that solutions of the inequality
|ax − 3a| 6 x − 1 form an interval with its length equal to 4.
5. How many 19-digit numbers are there that can be written with dig
its “2”, “5” and “7” only (each of the digits is used at least once) and
such that there are exactly eight digits “7” that are consecutive (i.e.
one goes after another)?
6. Points F and L belong to sides AC and BC of triangle ABC respec
tively, and AF : F C = 3 : 5. Line segments BF and AL intersect at
point Q; areas of triangles BQL and BAC are in the ratio of 4 : 25.
Find the distance from point L to line AC, if the distance from point
Q to this line equals 12.
7. Pinocchio has chosen 5 integers from each of the intervals [1; 25],
[26; 50], [51; 75], [76; 100]. It turned out that for any two chosen
numbers their difference is not a multiple of 25. Find the smallest
possible value of the sum of all twenty numbers chosen by Pinoc
chio.
12 MATHEMATICS PROBLEMS PROBLEM SET #2

Grade 9, Problem set #2

1. Parabola y = 5x2
intersects with lines y = 125, y = 80 and y =
= a, thus forming a line segment on each of them. Find all values of
parameter a such that these segments form a right triangle.
2. A quadrilateral ABCD is given. Three circles ω1 , ω2 and ω3 that are
pairwise tangent to each other are situated inside this quadrilateral
and have equal radii. It is known that ω1 touches sides AD and DC,
ω2 touches sides DC and CB, and ω3 touches sides CB, BA and
AD. Find the radii of the circles given that AD + BC − AB − CD =
= 28.
3. Cipollino wants to put all his stamps into a new album. If he puts 15
stamps per sheet, there will not be enough place for all the stamps.
If he puts 17 stamps per sheet, then at least one sheet will be empty.
If somebody presents Cipollino with the same album which has 22
stamps per sheet, Cipollino will own exactly 900 stamps. How many
stamps does Cipollino have now? (All stamps have the same size.)
4. Find all values√
of parameter a such that the solutions of the inequal
ity |ax − a| 6 x − 3 form an interval with its length equal to 2.
5. How many 18-digit numbers are there that can be written with dig
its “3”, “5” and “8” only (each of the digits is used at least once) and
such that there are exactly six digits “3” that are consecutive (i.e.
one goes after another)?
6. Points F and L belong to sides AC and BC of triangle ABC respec
tively, and AF : F C = 4 : 5. Line segments BF and AL intersect at
point Q; areas of triangles BQL and BAC are in the ratio of 1 : 25.
Find the distance from point L to line AC, if the distance from point
Q to this line equals 12.
7. Pinocchio has chosen 6 integers from each of the intervals [1; 40],
[41; 80], [81; 120], [121; 160]. It turned out that for any two numbers
their difference is not a multiple of 40. Find the smallest possible
value of the sum of all twenty four numbers chosen by Pinocchio.
 MATHEMATICS PROBLEMS PROBLEM SET #3 13

Grade 10, Problem set #3

1. Parabola y = 2x2 − 5x + 1 intersects with lines y = −1, y = 4 and
y = a, thus forming a line segment on each of them. Find all values
of parameter a such that these segments form a right triangle.
2. How many 16-digit numbers are there that can be written with dig
its “3”, “4” and “9” only (each of the digits is used at least once) and
such that there are exactly four digits “9” that are consecutive (i.e.
one goes after another)?
3. A quadrilateral ABCD is given. Three circles ω1 , ω2 and ω3 that are
pairwise tangent to each other are situated inside this quadrilateral
and have equal radii. It is known that ω1 touches sides AD and DC,
ω2 touches sides DC and CB, and ω3 touches sides CB, BA and
AD.
(a) Find the radii of the circles given that AD + BC − AB − CD =
= 24.
(b) Find angle AOB, where O is a center of ω3 .
4. Find all values of√parameter a such that the solutions of the inequal
ity |ax − 2a| 6 x − 1 form an interval with its length equal to 3.
5. Several workers can do some task in 28 days. If there had been two
more workers and each of them had worked an extra hour a day,
they would have done this task in 21 days. Had there been 4 more
additional workers (i.e. 6 more workers compared with the initial
situation) and they had worked for one more hour (i.e. two additional
hours compared with the initial situation), they would have done this
task in 15 days. How many workers were there? (All workers work
with the same rate.)
6. Points F and L belong to sides AC and BC of triangle ABC respec
tively, and AF : F C = 7 : 3. Line segments BF and AL intersect at
point Q; areas of triangles BQL and BAC are in the ratio of 7 : 36.
Find the distance from point L to line AC, if the distance from point
Q to this line equals 3.
7. Pinocchio has chosen 6 integers from each of the intervals [1; 30],
[31; 60], [61; 90], [91; 120]. It turned out that for any two numbers
their difference is not a multiple of 30. Find the largest possible value
of the sum of all twenty four numbers chosen by Pinocchio.
14 MATHEMATICS PROBLEMS PROBLEM SET #4

Grade 10, Problem set #4

1. Parabola y = 3x2 − 4x + 2 intersects with lines y = 17, y = 1 and
y = a, thus forming a line segment on each of them. Find all values
of parameter a such that these segments form a right triangle.
2. How many 20-digit numbers are there that can be written with dig
its “1”, “5” and “6” only (each of the digits is used at least once) and
such that there are exactly ten digits “5” that are consecutive (i.e.
one goes after another)?
3. A quadrilateral ABCD is given. Three circles ω1 , ω2 and ω3 that are
pairwise tangent to each other are situated inside this quadrilateral
and have equal radii. It is known that ω1 touches sides AD and DC,
ω2 touches sides DC and CB, and ω3 touches sides CB, BA and
AD.
(a) Find the radii of the circles given that AD + BC − AB − CD =
= 38.
(b) Find angle AOB, where O is a center of ω3 .
4. Find all values√ of parameter a such that the solutions of the inequal
ity |ax − a| 6 x − 2 form an interval with its length equal to 1.
5. Several workers can do some task in 21 days. If there had been two
more workers and each of them had worked an extra hour a day,
they would have done this task in 15 days. Had there been 4 more
additional workers (i.e. 6 more workers compared with the initial
situation) and they had worked for one more hour (i.e. two additional
hours compared with the initial situation), they would have done this
task in 10 days. How many workers were there? (All workers work
with the same rate.)
6. Points F and L belong to sides AC and BC of triangle ABC respec
tively, and AF : F C = 2 : 7. Line segments BF and AL intersect at
point Q; areas of triangles BQL and BAC are in the ratio of 8 : 21.
Find the distance from point L to line AC, if the distance from point
Q to this line equals 13.
7. Pinocchio has chosen 7 integers from each of the intervals [1; 50],
[51; 100], [101; 150], [151; 200]. It turned out that for any two num
bers their difference is not a multiple of 50. Find the largest possible
value of the sum of all twenty eight numbers chosen by Pinocchio.
 MATHEMATICS PROBLEMS PROBLEM SET #5 15

Grade 11, Problem set #5

1. Parabola y = 2x2intersects with lines y = 98, y = 18 and y =
= a, thus forming a line segment on each of them. Find all values of
parameter a such that these segments form a triangle with an angle
of 120◦ ?
2. Find the largest and the smallest values of a function g(x) =
= sin 3x · sin 7x − sin2 x + cos2 5x + 4.
3. How many 17-digit numbers are there that can be written with dig
its “0”, “7” and “8” only (each of the digits is used at least once) and
such that there are exactly seven digits “8” that are consecutive (i.e.
one goes after another)?
4. A quadrilateral ABCD is given. Three circles ω1 , ω2 and ω3 that are
pairwise tangent to each other are situated inside this quadrilateral
and have equal radii. It is known that ω1 touches sides AD and DC,
ω2 touches sides DC and CB, and ω3 touches sides CB, BA and
AD.
(a) Find the radii of the circles given that AD + BC − AB − CD =
= 12.
(b) Find angle AOB, where O is a center of ω3 .
(c) Let it be additionally known that AO · BO = 58. Find AB.
5. Solve the inequality log√x+7−x (x + 4) > 1.
6. Points F and L belong to sides AC and BC of triangle ABC respec
tively, and AF : F C = 2 : 5. Line segments BF and AL intersect at
point Q; areas of triangles BQL and BAC are in the ratio of 5 : 12.
Find the distance from point L to line AC, if the distance from point
Q to this line equals 6.
7. Pinocchio has chosen 6 integers from each of the intervals [1; 45],
[46; 90], [91; 135], [136; 180], [181; 225]. It turned out that for any
two numbers their difference is not a multiple of 45. Find the small
est possible value of the sum of all thirty numbers chosen by Pinoc
chio.
16 MATHEMATICS PROBLEMS PROBLEM SET #6

Grade 11, Problem set #6

1. Parabola y = x2intersects with lines y = 169, y = 64 and y =
= a, thus forming a line segment on each of them. Find all values of
parameter a such that these segments form a triangle with an angle
of 120◦ ?
2. Find the largest and the smallest values of a function g(x) =
= sin 5x · sin 9x − sin2 7x − cos2 x − 3.
3. How many 18-digit numbers are there that can be written with dig
its “0”, “5” and “9” only (each of the digits is used at least once) and
such that there are exactly six digits “5” that are consecutive (i.e.
one goes after another)?
4. A quadrilateral ABCD is given. Three circles ω1 , ω2 and ω3 that are
pairwise tangent to each other are situated inside this quadrilateral
and have equal radii. It is known that ω1 touches sides AD and DC,
ω2 touches sides DC and CB, and ω3 touches sides CB, BA and
AD.
(a) Find the radii of the circles given that AD + BC − AB − CD =
= 10.
(b) Find angle AOB, where O is a center of ω3 .
(c) Let it be additionally known that AO · BO = 42. Find AB.
5. Solve the inequality log√x+3−x (x + 5) > 1.
6. Points F and L belong to sides AC and BC of triangle ABC respec
tively, and AF : F C = 3 : 4. Line segments BF and AL intersect at
point Q; areas of triangles BQL and BAC are in the ratio of 1 : 16.
Find the distance from point L to line AC, if the distance from point
Q to this line equals 9.
7. Pinocchio has chosen 5 integers from each of the intervals [1; 35],
[36; 70], [71; 105], [106; 140], [141; 175]. It turned out that for any
two numbers their difference is not a multiple of 35. Find the small
est possible value of the sum of all twenty five numbers chosen by
Pinocchio.
 PHYSICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS 17

PHYSICS
Evaluation Criteria

The Final Stage of Phystech.International Olympiad

December 17, 2017.
Maximal total points for each problem: 10.
9-th Grade, Problem Sets 1 and 2 P
Prb. Evaluation Criteria
pts
1. Analytic expression for the length of the 1-st car via V0 3
and τ1
Analytic expression for the length of the 2-nd car via 3
V0 , τ1 , and τ2
Correct answer in analytic form 3
Correct numerical answer 1
2. All necessary equations are correctly written 4
Correct answer in analytic form 4
Correct numerical answer 2
3. Newton’s 2-nd law (for the angle α) 4
Energy conservation law 3
Correct answer in analytic form 2
Correct numerical answer 1
4. All equations are correctly written 6
Correct answer in analytic form 3
Correct numerical answer 1
5. All equations are correctly written 6
Correct answer in analytic form 3
Correct numerical answer 1

10-th Grade, Problem Sets 3 and 4 P

Prb. Evaluation Criteria
pts
1. Correct answer in analytic form to the 1-st question 4
Correct numerical answer to the 1-st question 1
Correct answer in analytic form to the 2-nd question 4
Correct numerical answer to the 2-nd question 1
2. Law of conservation of momentum is correctly written 3
18 PHYSICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS

Law of conservation of energy is correctly written 3

Correct answer to the 1-st question 2
Correct answer to the 2-nd question 2
3. Transition to the reference frame of the block is per 5
formed. Or, laws of conservation of energy and momen
tum are written correctly for the final block mass
Correct answer is obtained by using the block reference 5
frame or by taking the block mass to
4. Correct answer in analytic form to the 1-st question 4
Correct numerical answer to the 1-st question 1
Correct answer in analytic form to the 2-nd question 4
Correct numerical answer to the 2-nd question 1
5. Correct answer in analytic form to the 1-st question 4
Correct numerical answer to the 1-st question 1
Correct answer in analytic form to the 2-nd question 4
Correct numerical answer to the 2-nd question 1

11-th Grade, Problem Sets 5 and 6 P

Prb. Evaluation Criteria
pts
1. Understanding that velocity at the upper point is non 2
zero
All necessary equations are correctly written 4
Answer in analytic form 3
Numerical answer 1
2. Answer to the 1-st question 5
Answer to the 2-nd question 5
3. Answer in analytic form to the 1-st question 5
Numerical answer to the 1-st question 1
Answer in analytic form to the 2-nd question 3
Numerical answer to the 2-nd question 1
4. Answer to the 1-st question 5
Answer to the 2-nd question 5
5. Answer to the 1-st question 4
Answer to the 2-nd question 3
Answer to the 3-d question 3

NOTE. Correct answers in analytic form could be obtained in different

ways. Correct numerical answer could be only one!
 PHYSICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #1 19

PHYSICS
Grade 9, Problem set #1
τ22+ 2τ1 τ2 − τ12 1,52 + 2 · 1,5 − 1
1. Answer: v0 = τ1 τ2 (τ1 + τ2 )
L = 1,5 · 2,5
· 12 =
= 13,6 m/s.
Solution. 
aτ12 aτ12 

a < 0; L = v0 τ1 + ; L − v 0 τ1 = ; 
2 2
⇒
a(τ1 +τ2 )2 a(τ1 +τ2 )2


2L = v0 (τ1 + τ2 ) + ; 2L − v0 (τ1 + τ2 ) =
2 2
L − v0 τ 1 τ12
⇒ = ; L(τ1 + τ2 )2 − v0 τ1 (τ1 +
2L − v0 (τ1 + τ2 ) (τ1 + τ2 )2
τ 2 + 2τ τ2 − τ12
+ τ2 )2 = 2Lτ12 − v0 τ12 (τ1 + τ2 ) ; v0 = 2τ τ (τ1 + τ2 )
L =
1 2 1
1,52 + 2 · 1,5 − 1
= 1,5 · 2,5
· 12 = 13,6 m/s.

v02 + (gτ )2 − v 2
2. Answer: T = = 0,76 s.
2g2 τ )
vx = v0 cos α,
Solution. ⇒
vy = v0 sin α − gτ

v 2 = vx2 + vy2 = v02 cos2 α + v02 sin2 α + (gτ )2 − 2v0 sin α · gτ,

⇒ 2 v + (gτ ) − v  .
2 2 2
v = v02 + (gτ )2 − 2v0 sin α · gτ ⇒ sin α = 0 
2v0 gτ
v0 sin α v02 + (gτ )2 − v 2 102 + (10 · 0,5)2 − 72
T = = 2 = = 0,76 s.
g 2g τ 2 · 102 · 0,5
2 cos2 α − sin2 α 5
3. Answer: cos αmax = 2 cos α
= √ ≈ 0,72 ;
4 3
αmax ≈ 43,8◦.
Solution. T is a thread tension.
mg
T cos α = mg; T = ; (1)
cos α
mv 2
T − mg cos α = . (2)
l
mg mv 2
(1) → (2) : − mg cos α = ;
cos α l
20 PHYSICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #1
µ ¶
2 1 gl sin2 α
v = gl − cos α = . (3)
cos α cos α
mv 2
Conservation of energy: = mgl(cos α − cos αmax ). (4)
2
gl sin2 α
(3) → (4) : = gl(cos α − cos αmax ).
2 cos α
3 1
sin2 α 2 cos2 α − sin2 α 2· 4 − 4
cos αmax = cos α − = = √ =
2 cos α 2 cos α 3
2· 2
5
= √ ≈ 0,72, αmax ≈ 43,8◦ .
4 3
(M + m)c∆t
4. Answer: T = m1 λ
τ ≈ 9,5 min.
∆Q λm
Solution. Heat influx: ∆T = τ 1 (1)
∆Q
T = (M + m)c∆t (2)
∆T
λm1
(1) → (2) : T = (M + m)c∆t.
τ
(M + m)c∆t 0,15 · 4200 · 1
T = τ = −3 · 5 ≈ 9,5 min.
m1 λ 10 · 3,3 · 105
4V 2
5. Answer: P1 = 9r = 28,8 W.
Solution.
2 B I1 4
3
1 4 1 2

A
A 3 B
Fig. 1

r
r24 = .
2
Resistance of the upper branch:
r 3
r124 = r + r24 = r + = r. (1)
2 2
 PHYSICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #2 21
U U 2U
I1 = = = . (2)
r124 3/2r 3r
4V 2 4 · 182
P1 = I12 r = = = 28,8 W.
9r 9·5

Grade 9, Problem set #2

τ 2 + 2τ τ − τ 2
1. Answer: T = 2 2(τ 1− 2τ ) 1 = 4,25 s.
2 1
Solution. 
aτ12 aτ12 
a < 0; L = v0 τ1 + ; L− = v 0 τ1 ; 
2 2 ⇒
a(τ1 +τ2 )2 a(τ1 +τ2 )2 

2L = v0 (τ1 + τ2 ) + ; 2L − = v0 (τ1 + τ2 )
2 2
L − aτ12 /2 τ aτ 2 (τ + τ )
⇒ 2 = τ +1 τ ; L(τ1 + τ2 ) − 1 12 2 =
2L − a(τ1 + τ2 ) /2 1 2
a(τ1 + τ2 )2 τ1
= 2Lτ1 − 2
.
2L(τ1 − τ2 )
a= . (1)
τ1 τ2 (τ1 + τ2 )
L − aτ12 /2) L aτ1
v0 = = − . (2)
τ1 τ1 2
v0 v0 τ1 Lτ1 τ2 (τ1 + τ2 )
T = = = − ;
|a| −a 2 τ1 · 2L(τ1 − τ2 )
τ 2 + 2τ1 τ2 − τ12 1,52 + 2 · 1,5 − 1
T = 2 = = 4,25 s.
2(τ2 − τ1 ) 2 · 0,5
(v02 + (gτ )2 − v 2 )2
2. Answer: H= ≈ 2,9 m.
8g3 τ 2 )
vx = v0 cos α,
Solution. ⇒
vy = v0 sin α − gτ
v 2 = vx2 + vy2 = v02 cos2 α + v02 sin2 α + (gτ )2 − 2v0 sin α · gτ,
⇒ 2 v 2 + (gτ )2 − v 2
v = v02 + (gτ )2 − 2v0 sin α · gτ ⇒ sin α = 0 .
2v0 gτ
(v0 sin α)2 (v 2 + (gτ )2 − v 2 )2
H= = 0 =
2g 8g3 τ 2
(102 + (10 · 0,5)2 − 72 )2
= 8 · 103 · 0,52 ≈ 2,9 m.
/
22 PHYSICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #2
r
2
3. Answer: sin α = 3
; α ≈ 54,7◦ .
Solution. T is a thread tension.
mg
T cos α = mg; T = . (1)
cos α
mv 2
T − mg cos α = . (2)
l
mg mv 2
(1) → (2) : − mg cos α = ;
cos α µl ¶
1 gl sin2 α
v 2 = gl − cos α = . (3)
cos α cos α
mv 2
Conservation of energy: = mgl cos α. (4)
2
gl sin2 α
(3) → (4) : = gl cos α; sin2 α = 2 cos2 α;
2 cos α r
2 2 2
sin α = 2(1 − sin α). sin α = ; α ≈ 54,7◦ .
3
m1 c1 (tпл − t1 ) − m2 c2 (t2 − tпл )
4. Answer: ∆m2 = λ
=
2 · 2100 · 5 − 0,2 · 4200 · 5
= ≈ 0,051 kg. m = m1 + ∆m2 ≈ 2 +
3,3 · 105
+ 0,051 = 2,051 kg.
Solution. Suppose, some water freezes. The heat released by wa
ter is:
Q1 = m2 c2 (t2 − tпл ) + ∆m2 λ. (1)
The heat received by ice is:
Q2 = m1 c1 (tпл − t1 ). (2)
Since Q1 = Q2 , it follows from (1) and (2) that: m2 c2 (t2 − tпл ) +
+ ∆m2 λ = m1 c1 (tпл − t1 ) ;
m1 c1 (tпл − t1 ) − m2 c2 (t2 − tпл )
∆m2 = =
λ
2 · 2100 · 5 − 0,2 · 4200 · 5
= ≈ 0,051 kg.
3,3 · 105
Mass of ice: m = m1 + ∆m2 ≈ 2 + 0,051 = 2,051 kg.
15
5. Answer: P = 4 P1 = 37,5 W.
 PHYSICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #3 23
2 B I1 4
3
1 4 1 2

A
A 3 B
Fig. 2

Solution. U is a voltage across A and B . Resistance of the

upper branch:
r 3
r124 = r + = r. (1)
2 2
3 2
r124 · r 2
r 3
rAB = = = r. (2)
r124 + r 3 5
2
r + r
U U 2U
I1 = = = . (3)
r124 3 3r
r2

2 4 U2 
P1 = I1 r = 

9 r P1 4 3 4
⇒ = · = ;
U 2 2
5U   P 9 5 15
P = = 
rAB 3r
15 15
P = P1 = · 10 = 37,5 W.
4 4

Grade 10, Problem set #3

2
gt20
1. Answer: 1) L = gt0 ctg
4
α
≈ 9,7 m; 2) H = 8
≈ 2,8 m.
Solution. Let v be the ball speed just after it was kicked. In terms
of the required parameters, the ball equations of motion in the verti
cal and horizontal directions are:
gt0 t0 (v sin α)2
v sin α = ; v cos α · = L; H = .
2 2 2g
Using the first two equations, one obtains:
gt2 ctg α
L= 0 ≈ 9,7 m.
4
24 PHYSICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #3

The first and the third equations yield

gt2
H = 0 ≈ 2,8 m.
8

2. Answer: 1) m
m1
2
= 2;
V
2) V2 = 3 .
2
0
Solution. Let V0 be the velocity of the ball of mass m1 before
the collision V1 and V2 be the velocities of the balls of masses m1
and m2 after the collision. According to the laws of conservation of
energy and momentum,
m1 V02 m1 V12 m2 V22
= + , m1 V0 = m1 V1 + m2 V2 .
2 2 2
From these equations, one obtains:
m1 − m2 2m1 V0
V1 = V0 ; V2 = .
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
Obviously, the ball of mass m1 goes backwards if m2 > m1 .
m −m
1) According to the problem statement, V1 = V0 m1 + m2 =
1 2
V m
= − 30 . Hence, m2 = 2 .
1
m
2) Using the second equation and the ratio m2 = 2 , one obtains
1
V2 2
V0
= 3 .

V
3. Answer: U
= 2.
Solution. Let V and U be the velocities of the ball and the block
in the laboratory frame (LF). Consider a motion in the inertial frame
of the block. In this frame the block is at rest and the ball is moving
towards the block at a speed of V +U . After an elastic collision with
a heavy block, the ball goes in the opposite direction at the speed of
V + U . In the LF the ball velocity after the collision is V + U + U =
= V + 2U . According to the problem statement, V + 2U = 2V .
V
Therefore, U = 2 .

4. Answer: 1) T = ν1 Tν1 + ν2 T2
= 375 K;
³ 1 ´ ν2
+
P 1 ν T
2) P = 2 1 + ν1 T1 = 1.
2 2 2
 PHYSICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #4 25

Solution. Let T and P be the final temperature and pressure of

the gas mixture, and P1 , P2 , and V be the initial pressure and
volume of the gases contained.
1) The temperature T can be found from the conservation of the net
internal energy of the gases:
3 3 3
ν1 RT1 + ν2 RT2 = (ν1 + ν2 ) RT.
2 2 2
ν1 T1 + ν2 T2
Therefore, T = ν1 + ν2
= 375 K.
2) Equations of state of the gases are:
P1 V = ν1 RT1 , P2 V = ν2 RT2 , P · 2V = (ν1 + ν2 )RT.
Using the expression for the temperature T , one obtains:
µ ¶
P 1 ν1 T1
= 1+ = 1.
P2 2 ν2 T2

5. Answer: 1) TT3 = n3 = 27 , 2) A 12
A23
2 1
= n(n + 1) = 6 .
1
Solution. According to the problem statement, on the isobar,
P1 = P2 and V2 = nV1 . In the process 2–3: P3 = nP2 = nP1 and
V3 = nV2 = n2 V1 .
P1 V1 P V
1) Using T1
= T3 3 and the above equations, one obtains:
3
T3 = n3 T1 = 27T1 .
2) The work done during the isobaric process is
A12 = P1 (V2 − V1 ) = (n − 1)P1 V1 .
The work done in the process 2–3 is
1 1
A23 = (P2 + P3 )(V3 − V2 ) = n(n + 1)(n − 1)P1 V1 .
2 2
A 2 1
Finally, A12 = (n + 1)n = 6 .
23

Grade 10, Problem set #4

2
g t2
1. Answer: 1) L = gt0 ctg
4
α
≈ 5,8 m; 2) H = 80 ≈ 5 m.
Solution. Let v be the ball speed just after it was kicked. The ball
equations of motion in the vertical and horizontal directions in terms
26 PHYSICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #4

of the required parameters are

gt0 t0 (v sin α)2
v sin α = ; v cos α · = L; H = .
2 2 2g
Using the first two equations, one finds
gt2 ctg α
L= 0 ≈ 5,8 m.
4
The first and the third equations yield
gt2
H = 0 ≈ 5 m.
8

2. Answer: 1) m
m1
2 V 1
= 3 ; 2) V2 = 2 .
0
Solution. Let V0 be the velocity of the ball of mass m1 before
the collision, V1 and V2 be the velocities of the balls of masses m1
and m2 after the collision. According to the laws of energy and
momentum conservation,
m1 V02 m1 V12 m2 V22
= + , m1 V0 = m1 V1 + m2 V2 .
2 2 2
From these equations, one finds:
m1 − m2 2m1 V0
V1 = V0 ; V2 = .
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
Obviously, the ball of mass m1 goes backwards if m2 > m1 .
m −m
1) According to the problem statement, V1 = V0 m1 + m2 =
1 2
V m
= − 20 . Hence, m2 = 3 .
1
m
2) Using the second equation and the ratio m2 = 3 , one obtains
1
V2 1
V0
= 2 .

V 2
3. Answer: U
= 3 .
Solution. Let the ball speed in the laboratory frame (LF) be V ,
and the block velocity be U . Consider a motion in the inertial frame
of the block. In this frame the block is at rest and the ball is moving
towards the block at a speed of V +U . After an elastic collision with
a heavy block, the ball goes in the opposite direction at the speed of
V + U . In the LF the ball velocity after the collision is V + U + U =
 PHYSICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #5 27

= V + 2U . According to the problem statement, V + 2U = 4V .

The last equation yields V /U = 2/3 .

4. Answer: 1) T = ν1νT1 +
+ν2 T2
= 240 К;
³ 1 ´ ν2
P 1 ν T
2) P = 2 1 + ν2 T2 = 1 .
1 1 1
Solution. Let T and P be the final temperature and pressure of
the gas mixture, P1 , P2 , and V be the initial pressure and volume
of the gases contained.
1) The temperature T can be found from the conservation of the net
internal energy of the gases:
3 3 3
ν1 RT1 + ν2 RT2 = (ν1 + ν2 ) RT.
2 2 2
ν1 T1 + ν2 T2
Therefore, T = ν1 + ν2
= 240 К.
2) Equations of state of the gases are:
P1 V = ν1 RT1 , P2 V = ν2 RT2 , P · 2V = (ν1 + ν2 )RT.
Using the expression for temperature T , one obtains:
µ ¶
P 1 ν2 T2
= 1+ = 1.
P1 2 ν1 T1

5. Answer: 1) TT3 = n3 = 8 , 2) A 12
A23
2 1
= n(n + 1) = 3 .
1
Solution. According to the problem statement, on the isobar,
P1 = P2 and V2 = nV1 . In the process 2–3: P3 = nP2 = nP1 and
V3 = nV2 = n2 V1 .
P1 V1 P V
1) Using T1
= T3 3 and the above equations, one obtains:
3
T3 = n3 T1 = 8T1 .
2) The work done during the isobaric process is
A12 = P1 (V2 − V1 ) = (n − 1)P1 V1 .
The work done in the process 2–3 is
1 1
A23 = (P2 + P3 )(V3 − V2 ) = n(n + 1)(n − 1)P1 V1 .
2 2
A 2 1
Finally, A12 = (n + 1)n = 3 .
23
28 PHYSICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #5

Grade 11, Problem set #5

p
1. Answer: V = 5gl = 5 m/s.
Solution. Let m be the ball mass, l be the thread length, V be
the minimum velocity, and V1 be the velocity at the upper point.
The tension at the upper point vanishes. According to the Newton’s
mV12
2-nd law, at the upper point 0 + mg = l
. According to the law
mV 2 mV12
of energy conservation, 2
= 2
+ mg2l . Therefore, V =
p
= 5gl = 5 m/s.
2
2. Answer: 1) H = 38 Vg0 ; 2) V = 12 V0 .
Solution. 1) Let V1 be the velocity of the puck and the slide at the
maximum height H . According to the laws of conservation of en
1 1
ergy and momentum, mV0 = (3m + m)V1 , 2 mV02 = 2 (3m +
3 V2
+ m)V12 + mgH . Hence, H = 8 g0 .
2) Let u be the slide velocity after the puck has left. According
to the laws of conservation of energy and momentum, mV0 =
1 1 1
= 3mu − mV , 2 mV02 = 2 3mu2 + 2 mV 2 . Hence, V =
1
= 2 V0 .

3. Answer: 1) t = 15 ◦ C ; 2) P = 1,44 · 105 Pa.

Solution. 1) The net internal energy of the gases is conserved:
3 3 3
ν1 2 RT1 + ν2 2 RT2 = (ν1 + ν2 ) 2 RT . Here, T1 = 300 К
and T2 = 280 К. Therefore,
ν1 T1 + ν2 T2
T = = 288 К (15 ◦ C).
ν1 + ν2
2) P V = (ν1 + ν2 )RT . Using the expression for T , one obtains
ν1 T1 + ν2 T2
P = R = 1,44 · 105 Pa.
V
4. Answer: 1) C = 43 C0 ; 2) q = 13 C0 E .
Solution. Let a distance between the plates be d and the plate
area be S .
 PHYSICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #6 29
E0 S E0 S 4
1) C0 = d
and C = 3d/4 . Then, C = 3 C0 .
1
2) q = CE − C0 E = 3 C0 E .

E 3 9
5. Answer: 1) I0 = R ; 2) T = 4 E ; 3) Q = 32 CE 2 .
Solution. 1) The current via R1 right after the switch was closed,
E
was zero. The current through the battery is I0 = R .
2) In steady state the current through capacitor vanishes. The
voltage across the capacitor equals to that across R1 : U =
E 3
= R + 3R 3R = 4 E .
1 9
3) Q = 2 CU 2 = 32 CE 2 .

Grade
p 11, Problem set #6
Answer: V = 5gl = 3 m/s.
Solution. Let m be the ball mass, l be the thread length, V be
the minimum velocity, and V1 be the velocity at the upper point.
The tension at the upper point vanishes. According to the Newton’s
mV12
2-nd law, at the upper point 0 + mg = l
. According to the law
mV 2 mV12
of energy conservation, 2
= 2
+ mg2l . Therefore, V =
p
= 5gl = 3 m/s.
2
2. Answer: 1) H = 25 Vg0 ; 2) V = 35 V0 .
Solution. 1) Let V1 be the velocity of the coin and the slide at the
maximum height H . According to the laws of conservation of en
1 1
ergy and momentum, mV0 = (4m + m)V1 , 2 mV02 = 2 (4m +
2 V2
+ m)V12 + mgH . Hence, H = 5 g0 .
2) Let u be the slide velocity after the coin has left it. According
to the laws of conservation of energy and momentum, mV0 =
1 1 1
= 4mu − mV , 2 mV02 = 2 4mu2 + 2 mV 2 . Hence, V =
3
= 5 V0 .
30 PHYSICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #6

3. Answer: 1) t = 31 ◦ C ; 2) P = 1,52 · 105 Pa.

Solution. 1) The net internal energy of the gases is conserved:
3 3 3
ν1 2 RT1 + ν2 2 RT2 = (ν1 + ν2 ) 2 RT . Here, T1 = 400 K
and T2 = 280 K. Therefore,
ν1 T1 + ν2 T2
T = = 304 К (31 ◦ C).
ν1 + ν2
2) P V = (ν1 + ν2 )RT . Using the expression for T , one obtains:
ν1 T1 + ν2 T2
P = R = 1,52 · 105 Па.
V
4. Answer: 1) C = 32 C0 ; 2) q = 12 C0 E .
Solution. Let d and S be a distance between the plates and the
plate area, respectively.
E0 S E0 S 3
1) C0 =d
, C = 2d/3 . Hence, C = 2 C0 .
1
2) q = CE − C0 E = 2 C0 E .
E 4 8
5. Answer: 1) I0 = R ; 2) U = 5 E ; 3) Q = 25 CE 2 .
Solution. 1) The current via R1 , right after the switch was
E
closed, was zero. The current through the battery is I0 = R .
2) In steady state the current through capacitor vanishes. The
voltage across the capacitor equals to that across R1 : U =
E 4
= R + 4R 4R = 5 E .
1 8
3) Q = 2 CU 2 = 25 CE 2 .
 MATHEMATICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #1 31

MATHEMATICS
Grade 9, Problem set #1
1. Answer: 72 ; 222 .
Solution. We start with finding intersection points of lines with
parabola (only positive values of a are considered since otherwise
the parabola does not form a segment on the third line):
½ ½ ½ ½
y = 3x2 , x = ±7, y = 3x2 , x = ±5,
⇐⇒ ⇐⇒
y = 147 y = 147; y = 75 y = 75;
½ ( r
y = 3x2 , a
⇐⇒ x = ± 3,
y=a y = a.
Therefore,
r lengths of the segments in question are equal to 14 ,
4a
10 and 3
. The right angle is the largest angle of a triangle and
it lies opposite its largest side. Hence two cases are possible.
r
4a
1) The right angle lies opposite the side that is equal to
3
. Then
17 + 8a 9 49 41
Pythagorean theorem yields 4
= 4 + 4 , thus a = 8 .
2) The right angle is opposite the side that is equal to 14 . Then
4a
Pythagorean theorem yields 196 = 100 + 3 , and so a = 72 .

2. Answer: 15.
Solution. (a) Let lines DA and CB intersect at point M
(see fig. 1). Triangle CM D is regular, as radii of all three circles
are equal to each other. Let us designate radii of the circles as r ,
and distances from point C to the points where circle ω2 touch
es the sides of triangle CM D as x (these distances are equal as
segments of tangent lines drawn to a circle from one point). Then
distances from point D to the points where circle ω1 touches the
sides of triangle CM D are also equal to x (due to the triangle
being equilateral), and distances between the tangent points of
any side of triangle CM D with the circles are equal to 2r . Let
distances from vertex A to the tangent points of the sides of the
quadrilateral with circle ω3 be equal to a , and distances from
32 MATHEMATICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #1

point B to tangent points of the sides of the quadrilateral with

ω3 be equal to b . Then the given equality can be written as (x +
+ 2r + a) + (x + 2r + b) − (a + b) − (2x + 2r) = 30 ; hence
r = 15 .
M
B
b b
A a
a

2r O 2r

r r
x x

D x 2r x C
Fig. 1

3. Answer: 364.
Solution. Let the number of sheets in the album be equal to p ,
and a total number of stamps be equal to k . Then if we have 22
stamps per sheet, there are 22p stamps in total, and it is less than
the number of stamps Cipollino has, so 22p < k .
If we distribute 26 stamps per sheet, then at least one of the sheets
is empty. It implies that the number of stamps in Cipollino’s posses
sion does not exceed 26(p − 1) , therefore k 6 26(p − 1) .
Finally, from the last condition we get that k + 21p = 700 , and
k = 700 − 21p . Substituting it into the inequalities above yields:

½
22p < 700 − 21p,  p < 700 ,
43
⇐⇒
700 − 21p 6 26(p − 1)  p > 726 .
47
There is only one integer value of p that satisfies both inequalities,
and it is p = 16 . Thus Cipollino has 700 − 21 · 16 = 364 stamps.
p√
4. Answer: ±2 2+1.
 MATHEMATICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #1 33

Solution. Both sides of the inequality are nonnegative, and so we

can raise them to the second power. We get (ax − 3a)2 6 x − 1 .
As this inequality states that the former radicand is greater or equal
than some exact square, it¡ is equivalent
¢ to
¡ the initial
¢ one. Combining
like terms yields a2 x2 − 6a2 + 1 x + 9a2 + 1 6 0 .
If a = 0 , then x > 1 , and that does not satisfy the condition. For
all other values of a this inequality is quadratic, the graph of its left
side being a parabola that is open up. For negative values of discrim
inant there are no solutions; if discriminant is zero, there is exactly
one solution, and in case discriminant is negative the solution set is
a closed interval between the roots of the quadratic function.
¡ ¢2 ¡ ¢
Discriminant D is equal to 6a2 + 1 − 4a2 9a2 + 1 = 8a2 +
√
6a2 + 1 ± D
+ 1 . The roots are given by , and the distance be
√ 2a2
D
tween them is . This distance has to be equal to 4, hence
a2
√ 1 p√
D = 4a2 , D = 16a4 , 16a4 − 8a2 − 1 = 0 , a = ± 2 2+1.
5. Answer: 24552.
Solution. There are twelve possibilities to place the sevens. After
the spaces for them have been chosen, we have to fill the remaining
eleven positions with twos and fives. For each of the spaces we can
choose either a two or a five, hence there are 211 ways possible. Yet
two of them are to be excluded (when all 11 digits are identical, as
each of the digits
¡ has to ¢ be used at least once). Therefore, the total
amount is 12 211 − 2 = 24552 .
6. Answer: 20.
Solution. Let us designate CL : LB = α (see fig. 2), and area
of triangle ABC as S . Menelaus’s theorem for triangle ACL and
AF CB LQ
transversal BF yields F C · BL · QA = 1 , and from here follows
3 LQ LQ 5
5
· (α + 1) · QA = 1 , QA = 3α + 3 .
Triangles ALB and ACB have a common altitude dropped from
vertex A , and so their areas are in the same ratio as their corre
S
sponding bases, i.e. S4ALB = α + 1 .
34 MATHEMATICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #1

Triangles ALB and B

QLB have a common al y
titude dropped from vertex L
B , hence their areas are
αy
also in the same ratio as Q
their bases; consequently
QL A 3x 5x C
S4BLQ : S4BLA = AL = F
5 Fig. 2
= 3α + 8
. Therefore,
5S
S4BLQ = (3α + 8)(α + 1) . It is given that the latter area is equal
4S 3
to 25 which implies that 4(3α+8)(α+1) = 125 , and so α = 2 ,
the second root of this equation being negative.
Ratio of distances from points L and Q to line AC is equal to
LA : QA = (8 + 3α) : (3 + 3α) = 5 : 3 . Therefore, the distance in
5
question is 12 · 3 = 20 .
7. Answer: 960.
Solution. Let d1 , . . . , d5 be numbers from the first interval, d6 ,
. . . , d10 be numbers from the second interval, d11 , . . . , d15 be num
bers from the third interval and so on.
Let us notice that each number from the second interval can be
represented as di = 25 + ci where 1 6 ci 6 25 , each number
from the third interval can be represented as di = 50 + ci where
1 6 ci 6 25 etc. Let us also designate c1 = d1 , . . . , c5 = d5 .
Taking in account all the designations above, the sum considered
is equal to 5 · (25 + 50 + 75) + c1 + c2 + . . . + c20 = 750 + c1 +
+ c2 + . . . + c20 . Let us also notice that all numbers c1 , c2 , . . . , c20
have to be different (if ci = cj then difference di − dj is a multiple
of 25, and if ci 6= cj then di − dj is not a multiple of 25). Therefore,
sum of numbers di reaches its minimum, if ci take values from 1 to
20 (in arbitrary order); this minimum is equal to 750 + 1 + 2 + . . . +
1 + 20
+ 20 = 750 + 2
· 20 = 960 .
 MATHEMATICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #3 35

Grade 9, Problem set #2

1. Answer: 205 ; 45 .
2. Answer: 14.
3. Answer: 372.
r√
5−2
4. Answer: ± 2
.

5. Answer: 53222.
6. Answer: 15.
7. Answer: 1740.

Grade 10, Problem set #3

23 41
1. Answer: a= 8 , a= 8 .
Solution. We start with finding intersection points of lines with
parabola (we consider only such values of a that discriminant of a
quadratic equation in the third system is positive since otherwise the
parabola does not form a segment on the third line):
½ (
y = 2x2 − 5x + 1, 1
⇐⇒ x = 2 or x = 2 ,
y = −1 y = −1;
½ (
y = 2x2 − 5x + 1, 1
⇐⇒ x = 3 or x = − 2 ,
y=4 y = 4;
½ ( √
y = 2x2 − 5x + 1, 5 ± 17 + 8a
⇐⇒ x= 4
,
y=a y = a.
3
Therefore, lengths of the segments in question are equal to 2 ,
√
7 17 + 8a
2
and 2
. The right angle is the largest angle in a triangle
and it lies opposite its largest side. Hence two cases
√ are possible.
17 + 8a
1) The right angle lies opposite the side equal to
2
. Then
17 + 8a 9 49 41
Pythagorean theorem yields 4
= 4 + 4 , thus a = 8 .
36 MATHEMATICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #3
7
2) The right angle is opposite the side equal to 2 . Then Pythagore
49 17 + 8a 9 23
an theorem yields 4 = 4
+ 4 , and so a = 8 .

2. Answer: 53222.
Solution. There are thirteen possibilities to place the nines. Af
ter spaces for them have been chosen, we have to fill the remaining
twelve positions with threes and fours. For each of the spaces we can
choose either a three or a four, hence there are 212 ways possible.
Yet two of them are to be excluded (when all 12 digits are identical,
as each of the digits has to¢ be used at least once). Therefore, the
¡ 12
total amount is 13 2 − 2 = 53222 .

3. Answer: (a) 12; (b) 60◦ .

Solution. (a) Let lines DA and CB intersect at point M (see
fig. 1, p. 32). Triangle CM D is regular, as radii of all three circles
are equal to each other. Let us designate radii of the circles as r ,
and distances from point C to the points where circle ω2 touches
the sides of triangle CM D as x (these distances are equal as
segments of tangent lines drawn to a circle from one point). Then
distances from point D to the points where circle ω1 touches the
sides of triangle CM D are also equal to x (due to the triangle
being equilateral), and distances between the tangent points of
any side of triangle CM D with the circles are equal to 2r . Let
distances from vertex A to the tangent points of the sides of the
quadrilateral with circle ω3 be equal to a , and distances from
point B to tangent points of the sides of the quadrilateral with
ω3 be equal to b . Then the equality given in (a) can be written as
(x + 2r + a) + (x + 2r + b) − (a + b) − (2x + 2r) = 24 ; hence
r = 12 .
(b) Since ∠AM B = 60◦ , two other angles of triangle ABM add up
to 120◦ . Consequently, ∠DAB + ∠CBA = 180◦ − ∠BAM +
+ 180◦ − ∠ABM = 240◦ . Center of a circle inscribed into an
angle belongs to the bisector of this angle, so rays AO and BO
are bisectors of angles DAB and CBA respectively. Therefore,
 MATHEMATICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #3 37
1
∠OAB + ∠OBA = 2 (∠DAB + ∠CBA) = 120◦ , ∠AOB =
= 60◦ .
p√
4. Answer: ± 13 13 + 2 .
Solution. Both sides of the inequality are nonnegative, and so we
can raise them to the second power. We get (ax − 2a)2 6 x − 1 .
As this inequality states that the former radicand is greater or equal
than some exact square, it¡ is equivalent
¢ to
¡ the initial
¢ one. Combining
2 2 2 2
like terms yields a x − 4a + 1 x + 4a + 1 6 0 .
If a = 0 , then x > 1 , and that does not satisfy the condition. For
all other values of a this inequality is quadratic, the graph of its left
side being a parabola that is open up. For negative values of discrim
inant there are no solutions; if discriminant is zero, there is exactly
one solution, and in case discriminant is negative the solution set is
a closed interval between the roots of the quadratic function.
¡ ¢2 ¡ ¢
Discriminant D is equal to 4a2 + 1 − 4a2 4a2 + 1 = 4a2 +
√
4a2 + 1 ± D
+ 1 . The roots are given by , and the distance be
√ 2a2
D
tween them is . This distance has to be equal to 3, hence
a2
√ 1 p√
D = 3a2 , D = 9a4 , 9a4 − 4a2 − 1 = 0 , a = ± 3 13 + 2 .

5. Answer: 18.
Solution. Let w be the number of workers, h be the number of
working hours per day, q be the amount of work one worker does
in an hour. Let us say that the whole amount of work to be done is
equal to 1 (one task). Then 28whq = 1 .
In the second situation we have that the number of workers is
w + 2 , they work h + 1 hours a day, and the task is done in 21 days,
therefore, 21(w + 2)(h + 1)q = 1 .
In the third situation the number of workers is w + 6 , they work
h + 2 hours a day, and complete the task in 15 days, consequently,
15(w + 6)(h + 2)q = 1 .
Substituting 28whq instead of 1 into the right sides of the second
and third equations and dividing both parts by a positive number q ,
38 MATHEMATICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #3

we get the equations

½
21(w + 2)(h + 1) = 28hw,
15(w + 6)(h + 2) = 28hw
that after expanding and combining like terms look like
½
hw − 6h − 3w − 6 = 0,
13hw − 90h − 30w − 180 = 0.
Subtracting the first equation multiplied by 13 from the second equa
tion yields
3w − 34
−12h + 9w − 102 = 0 ⇐⇒ h = .
4
Then we substitute this expression into the first equation of the latter
system:
3w2 − 34w 9w − 102
− − 3w − 6 = 0 ⇐⇒ 
4 2 w = 18,
3
⇐⇒ w2 − 16w + 45 = 0 ⇐⇒  10
4 w= .
3
The value of w has to be integer, therefore w = 18 .
B
6. Answer: 4.
Solution. Let us designate y
CL : LB = α (see fig. 3), and
area of triangle ABC as S .
Q L
Menelaus’s theorem for triangle αy
ACL and transversal BF yields
AF CB LQ A 7x F 3x C
FC
· BL
· QA
= 1 , and from
Fig. 3
7 LQ LQ 3
here follows 3 · (α + 1) · QA = 1 , QA = 7α + 7 .
Triangles ALB and ACB have a common altitude dropped from
vertex A , and so their areas are in the same ratio as their corre
S
sponding bases, i.e. S4ALB = α + 1 .
Triangles ALB and QLB have a common altitude dropped from
vertex B , hence their areas are also in the same ratio as their bases;
QL 3
consequently S4BLQ : S4BLA = AL = 7α + 10 . Therefore,
3S
S4BLQ = (7α + 10)(α + 1) . It is given that the latter area is equal
 MATHEMATICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #5 39
7S
to 36 which implies that 7(7α + 10)(α + 1) = 108 , and so α =
2
= 7 , the second root of this equation being negative.
Ratio of distances from points L and Q to line AC is equal to
LA : QA = (10 + 7α) : (7 + 7α) = 4 : 3 . Therefore, the distance in
4
question is 3 · 3 = 4 .

7. Answer: 1524.
Solution. Let d1 , . . . , d6 be numbers from the first interval, d7 ,
. . . , d12 be numbers from the second interval, d13 , . . . , d18 be num
bers from the third interval and so on.
Let us notice that each number from the second interval can be
represented as di = 30 + ci where 1 6 ci 6 30 , each number
from the third interval can be represented as di = 60 + ci where
1 6 ci 6 35 etc. Let us also designate c1 = d1 , . . . , c6 = d6 .
Taking in account all the designations above, the sum considered
is equal to 6 · (30 + 60 + 90) + c1 + c2 + . . . + c24 = 1080 + c1 +
+ c2 + . . . + c24 . Let us also notice that all numbers c1 , c2 , . . . , c24
have to be different (if ci = cj then difference di − dj is a multiple
of 30, and if ci 6= cj then di − dj is not a multiple of 30). Therefore,
sum of numbers di reaches its maximum, if ci take values from 7
to 30 (in arbitrary order); this maximum is equal to 1080 + 7 + 8 +
7 + 30
+ . . . + 30 = 1080 + 2
· 24 = 1524 .

Grade 10, Problem set #4

50 52
1. Answer: 3
; 3
.

2. Answer: 11242.
3. Answer: (a) 19; (b) 60◦ .
p√
4. Answer: ± 5−2.
5. Answer: 12.
6. Answer: 39.
7. Answer: 3122.
40 MATHEMATICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #5

Grade 11, Problem set #5

1. Answer: 50 ; 158 .
Solution. We start with finding intersection points of lines with
parabola (only positive values of a are considered, since otherwise
the parabola does not form a segment on the third line):
½ ½ ½ ½
y = 2x2 , x = ±7, y = 2x2 , x = ±3,
⇐⇒ ⇐⇒
y = 98 y = 98; y = 18 y = 18;
½ ( r
y = 2x2 , a
⇐⇒ x = ± 2,
y=a y = a.
Therefore,
√ lengths of the segments in question are equal to 14, 6
and 2a . The angle of 120◦ is an obtuse angle, so it is the largest
angle in a triangle and it lies opposite the largest side of the triangle.
Hence two cases are possible. √
1) The angle of 120◦ is opposite the side equal to 2a . Then cosine
theorem yields 2a = 196 + 36 − 2 · 14 · 6 · cos 120◦ , a = 158 .
2) The angle of 120◦ is opposite the side√equal to 14 . Then cosine
theorem yields 196 = 2a + 36√ − 2 · 2a · 6 · cos ◦
√ √ √ √ √ 120 , and so
a + 3 2 a − 80 = 0 , a = 5 2 or a = −8 2 , hence, a =
= 50 .
55
2. Answer: gmin = 16 , gmax = 5 .
Solution. Let us transform the given function:
1 1 1 1 1 1
g(x) = cos 4x − cos 10x − + cos 2x + + cos 10x + 4 =
2 2 2 2 2 2
1¡ ¢ 1 1 7
= 2 cos 2x − 1 + cos 2x + 4 = cos2 2x + cos 2x + .
2
2 2 2 2
Introducing a new variable t = cos 2x , we get a function f (t) =
1 7
= t2 + 2 t+ 2 ,t ∈ [−1; 1] . The graph of this function is a parabola
1
open up, and its vertex is a point with abscissa t0 = − 4 . Conse
³ ´
1 55
quently, the smallest value is f (t0 ) , i.e. fmin = f − 4 = 16 .
This function reaches its largest value at the point farthest from the
vertex of parabola, hence fmax = f (1) = 5 .
3. Answer: 6132.
 MATHEMATICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #5 41

Solution. There are two possibilities.

1) The first digit is eight. Then it is followed by six eights, and we
have ten last spaces to place zeroes and sevens. Each of these po
sitions can be filled with either a zero or a seven; thus we have 210
ways of doing it, but there are two cases that are not applicable
to us (when all ten spaces are occupied by identical digits). All in
all, we can obtain 210 − 2 = 1022 different numbers in this case.
2) The first digit is seven. Then there are ten possibilities to place
the eights. After the spaces for them have been chosen, we have
to fill the remaining nine positions with zeroes and sevens; at that
we must use at least one zero (and one seven is already placed at
the first space). This can be done in 29 − 1 different ways ( −1
stands for the ¡case when
¢ all digits are sevens). Therefore, the total
9
amount is 10 2 − 1 .
Summing up the results yields 210 − 2 + 10 · 29 − 10 = 6132 .
√
4. Answer: (a) 6; (b) 60◦ ; (c) 296 3 .
Solution. (a) Let lines DA and CB intersect at point M (see
fig. 1, p. 32). Triangle CM D is regular, as radii of all three circles
are equal to each other. Let us designate radii of the circles as r ,
and distances from point C to the points where circle ω2 touches
the sides of triangle CM D as x (these distances are equal as
segments of tangent lines drawn to a circle from one point). Then
distances from point D to the points where circle ω1 touches the
sides of triangle CM D are also equal to x (due to the triangle
being equilateral), and distances between the tangent points of
any side of triangle CM D with the circles are equal to 2r . Let
distances from vertex A to the tangent points of the sides of the
quadrilateral with circle ω3 be equal to a , and distances from
point B to tangent points of the sides of the quadrilateral with
ω3 be equal to b . Then the equality given in (a) can be written as
(x + 2r + a) + (x + 2r + b) − (a + b) − (2x + 2r) = 12 ; hence
r = 6.
(b) Since ∠AM B = 60◦ , two other angles of triangle ABM add up
to 120◦ . Consequently, ∠DAB + ∠CBA = 180◦ − ∠BAM +
+ 180◦ − ∠ABM = 240◦ . Center of a circle inscribed into an
42 MATHEMATICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #5

angle belongs to the bisector of this angle, so rays AO and BO

are bisectors of angles DAB and CBA respectively. Therefore,
1
∠OAB + ∠OBA = 2 (∠DAB + ∠CBA) = 120◦ , ∠AOB =
= 60◦ .
(c) Equating two expressions for the area of triangle OAB , we get
1 1
2
OA · OB · sin 60◦ = 2 r · AB ; from this follows that AB =
29
= √ .
2 3
h ´
3
5. Answer: − 4 ;2 .
√
Solution. Let us make a substitution x + 7 = t . Then x =
= t2 − 7 and the inequality gets the form of
¡ ¢ ¡ ¢ ¡ ¢
logt+7−t2 t2 − 3 > 1 ⇔ logt+7−t2 t2 − 3 > logt+7−t2 t + 7 − t2 .
Rationalizing1 both parts yields
¡ ¢¡ ¡ ¢¢

 t − t2 + 6 t2 − 3 − t − t2 + 7 > 0,

t − t2 + 7 > 0,
 2
 t − t + 7 6= 1,
 2
t − 3 > 0.
The
¡ 2 first inequality
¢¡ of this
¢ system is equivalent to the following:
t − t − 6 2t2 − t − 10 6 0 , (t + 2)2 (t − 3)(2t − 5) 6 0 , and
h i
5
so t ∈ {−2} ∪ 2 ; 3 .
√ √
1− 29 1+ 29
The second inequality yields 2
<t< ; the third
2
√
yields t 6= −2 and t 6= 3 ; and the last means that h|t| > ´ 3 .
5
Intersecting all the sets obtained, we get t ∈ 2 ; 3 . Conse
5 √ 25
quently, 2 6 x + 7 < 3 ⇐⇒ 4
6 x + 7 < 9 ⇐⇒
3
⇐⇒ − 4 6 x < 2 .
6. Answer: 16.
1
We use the fact that if both expressions loga b − loga c and (a − 1)(b − c) exist,
they have the same sign (i.e. they are either both positive or both negative or both
zeroes). That allows us to replace an inequality loga b − loga c > 0 by an inequality
(a−1)(b−c) > 0 , taking into account the domain of functions in the initial inequality.
 MATHEMATICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #5 43

Solution. Let us designate CL : LB = α (see fig. 4), and area

of triangle ABC as S . Menelaus’s theorem for triangle ACL and
AF CB LQ
transversal BF yields F C · BL · QA = 1 , and from here follows
2 LQ LQ 5
5
· (α + 1) · QA = 1 , QA = 2α + 2 . B
Triangles ALB and ACB have a
common altitude dropped from vertex A ,
and so their areas are in the same ratio as y
their corresponding bases, i.e. S4ALB =
S
= α+1 .
Triangles ALB and QLB have a L
common altitude dropped from vertex αy
B , hence their areas are also in the Q
same ratio as their bases; consequently A 2x F 5x C
QL 5
S4BLQ : S4BLA = AL = 2α + 7 . Fig. 4
5S
Therefore, S4BLQ = (2α + 7)(α + 1) . It is given that the latter
5S
area is equal to 12 which implies that (2α + 7)(α + 1) = 12 , and
1
so α = 2 , the second root of this equation being negative.
Ratio of distances from points L and Q to line AC is equal to
LA : QA = (7 + 2α) : (2 + 2α) = 8 : 3 . Therefore, the distance in
8
question is 6 · 3 = 16 .
7. Answer: 3165.
Solution. Let d1 , . . . , d6 be numbers from the first interval, d7 ,
. . . , d12 be numbers from the second interval, d13 , . . . , d18 be num
bers from the third interval and so on.
Let us notice that each number from the second interval can be
represented as di = 45 + ci where 1 6 ci 6 45 , each number
from the third interval can be represented as di = 90 + ci where
1 6 ci 6 45 etc. Let us also designate c1 = d1 , . . . , c6 = d6 .
Taking in account all the designations above, the sum considered
is equal to 6·(45+90+135+180)+c1 +c2 +. . .+c30 = 2700+c1 +
+ c2 + . . . + c30 . Let us also notice that all numbers c1 , c2 , . . . , c30
44 MATHEMATICS ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS PROBLEM SET #6

have to be different (if ci = cj then difference di − dj is a multiple

of 45, and if ci 6= cj then di − dj is not a multiple of 45). Therefore,
sum of numbers di reaches its minimum, if ci take values from 1
to 30 (in arbitrary order); this minimum is equal to 2700 + 1 + 2 +
1 + 30
+ . . . + 30 = 2700 + 2
· 30 = 3165 .

Grade 11, Problem set #6

1. Answer: 49 ; 337 .
73
2. Answer: gmin = − 16 , gmax = −3 .
3. Answer: 28658. √
4. Answer: (a) 5; (b) 60◦ ; (c) 215 3 .
5. Answer: [−2; 1) .
6. Answer: 12.
7. Answer: 2075.
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