Stress Analysis On Piping Systems

STRESS ANALYSIS ON PIPING SYSTEMS IN OFF-
SHORE PLATFORMS
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
JAYAPRIYADHARSHINI.T.S
(311116114048)
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LOYOLA-ICAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

LOYOLA COLLEGE CAMPUS
NUNGAMBAKKAM,
CHENNAI 600034
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
APRIL 2020
1
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “STRESS ANALYSIS ON PIPING SYS-
TEMS IN OFFSHORE PLATFORMS” is the bonafide work of “JAYA-
PRIYADHARSHINI.T.S (311116114048)”, who carried out the project work
under my supervision.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Mr. VENKATESH RAJAGOPALAN Mrs.SHREELATHA KRISHNAN
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT TECHNOLOGIST – PIPING,
PIPING, L & T HYDROCARBON
L & T HYDROCARBON ENGINEERING, POWAI
ENGINEERING, POWAI MUMBAI
MUMBAI
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr. D.MOSES RAJA CECIL Dr. E.MADHAVAN PILLAI Dr.A.RADHA
M.E., PhD. M.E., PhD. ME.,PhD.
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT, CO- ORDINATOR, GUIDE,
Dept. of Mechanical, Dept. of Mechanical Dept. of Mechanical
Engineering, Engineering, Engineering,
Loyola-ICAM College of Loyola-ICAM College of Loyola-ICAM College
Engineering and Technology, Engineering and Technology, of Engineering and
(LICET) (LICET) Technology (LICET)
2
CERTIFICATE OF EVALUATION
COLLEGE NAME: LOYOLA-ICAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY
BRANCH : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SEMESTER : VIII
NAME OF THE
SL. NAME OF THE STUDENTS TITLE OF THE SUPERVISOR

WHO HAVE DONE THE
No PROJECT WITH
PROJECT
DESIGNATION
1 JAYAPRIYADHARSHINI.T.S STRESS Dr.A.RADHA
(311114114088) ANALYSIS ON PROFESSOR

PIPING
SYSTEMS IN
OFFSHORE
PLATFORMS
This project report submitted by the above students in partial fulfillment

for the award of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree in Anna Uni-
versity was evaluated and confirmed to the report of the work done by the
above students.
Submitted for UNIVERSITY VIVA EXAMINATION held on:
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful to Almighty God, for having helped me to go through this en-

tire project, and complete this in a successful manner.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to the Head of Piping Department of Off-

shore Engineering, LTHE, Mr.VENKATESH RAJAGOPAL for providing me
immense facilities in the office and for the constant encouragement and support
given by him for the progress and completion of my project.
I proudly render my heartfelt thanks to Mrs.SHREELATHA KRISHNAN,

Technologist – Piping Department, LTHE, for her guidance throughout my pro-
ject by providing necessary information regarding the project and also for her
support and spending me her valuable time for completion of this project.
I would also like to express my deep sense of gratitude to the Head of

the Mechanical Department, LICET, Dr. D.MOSES RAJA CECIL for
his effective leadership, encouragement and guidance in the project.
I am very much indebted and wish to extend my sincere thanks to my guide

Dr. A.RADHA for her valuable idea accompanied by moral support throughout
the conduct of the project.
I am very much thankful to our Coordinator, Dr. E.MADHAVAN PIL-

LAI for his kind co-operation and support for the successful completion of my
project.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents for

their constant moral support which made me, complete this project
successfully.
4
ABSTRACT
Process Pipe Line Systems Designs are governed by International Codes and
Standards to transport the fluid, steam, or air in Industries and in many plants.
The piping system involves the components like pipes, flanges, gaskets, elbows,
different fittings, valves and other specialities. The design code ASME 31.3
Process Piping is used in this paper which is applied in petroleum refineries.
This paper explains the stresses, elemental forces, displacements, restraints and
also stress intensification factor referring to this code and ensuring that they are
kept in allowable limits as per the standards at different load conditions such a
Hydrostatic, Sustained, Operating and Experimental cases.
5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.INTRODUCTION 8
1.1.PIPING 8
1.2. TYPES OF PIPING 8
1.3. SIZE, LENGTH, MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS 9
1.4. TYPES OF JOINTS 9
1.5. TYPES OF ELBOWS 9
1.6. VALVES 10
1.7. FLANGES 11
1.8. TYPES OF LOADS 12
1.9. FACTORS INFLUENCING STRESSES 13
1.10. TERMS OF SUPPORT 13
1.11. MATERIALS, CODES, STANDARDS 14
1.12. CODES 15
1.13. ASME B31.3 15
2.PROJECT PLANNING 16
3.PROCEDURE 17
4.DESIGN 18
5.STRESS ANALYSIS REPORT 19
5.1. INPUT PIPE DATA 20
5.2. STRESS SUMMARY REPORT 30
5.3. DISPLACEMENT REPORT 31
5.4. RESTRAINT SUMMARY 34
6. THEORETICAL CALCULATION 37
7.CONCLUSION 42
6
OBJECTIVE
The main objective of pipe stress analysis is to ensure safety against failure of
the Piping System by verifying the structural integrity against the loading condi-
tions, both external and internal, expected to occur during the life time of the
system in the plant. This is to be undertaken with the most economic considera-
tions. To ensure that the stresses in the piping components in the system are
within the allowable limits.
7
1 .INTRODUCTION
Pipe Design mainly depends upon stress analysis .Process piping is typi-
cally checked by pipe stress engineers to verify that the routing , nozzle loads,
hangers, supports are properly places and selected such that allowable pipe
stress is not exceeded under different loads such as sustained loads, operating
loads and expansion loads, etc., as stipulated by ASME 31.3. It is necessary to
evaluate the mechanical behaviour of the piping under regular loads (internal
pressure and thermal stresses) as well under occasional and intermittent loading
cases such as earthquake, high wind, special vibration. This evaluation is usual-
ly performed with the assistance of a specialised finite element pipe stress anal-
ysis computer program CAESAR –II Software.
1.1 PIPING
Piping is used for industries, marine, transportation, civil engineering and

for commercial purposes. Process piping is used to transport fluids between
storage tanks and processing units. Service piping is used to convey steam, air,
water, etc., for processing. Utility piping is reserved for major lines supplying
water, fuel gases, and fuel oil.
1.2 TYPES OF PIPING
 Marine Piping
 Transportation piping
 Civil piping
 Plumbing
8
1.3 SIZE, LENGTH, MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS:
The size, length, material specifications have been established by the three
sources:
 The American National Standard Institute, thru ‘Schedule Numbers’

 The American Society of Mechanical Engineers and The American Soci-
ety for Testing and Materials.
 The American Petroleum Institute, through its standard 5L, for ‘Line
Pipe’.
1.4 TYPES OF JOINTS:
The methods of joining pipes are:

 Butt Welded Joint
 Socket Welded Joint
 Screwed Joint
 Bolted Flange Joint
 Bolted Quick Couplings
1.5 TYPES OF ELBOW:
 90° 𝑬𝒍𝒃𝒐𝒘
 45°𝑬𝒍𝒃𝒐𝒘
1.6 VALVES:
Valves are the device used for controlling the passage of fluid or air
through a pipe or duct etc., especially an automatic device allowing movement
in one direction only.
9
VALVE SYMBOLS
10
USES:
ON/OFF Stopping or starting flow.

REGULATING Varying the rate of flow.
CHECKING Permitting flow in one direction only.
SWITCHING Switching flow along different routes.
DISCHARGING Discharging fluid from a system.
1.7 FLANGES:
 A flange is a method of connecting pipes, valves, pumps, and other
equipment to form a piping system. Flanges are usually welded or
screwed.
 Socket welding flanges may be used for all pressure ratings upto
1 1\2 NB size except on lines subjected to severe cyclic conditions.
 Screwed flanges shall be used for galvanised steel/cast iron piping.
 Flat face flanges are used to mate to with cast iron valves and
equipment.
11
WELDING SYMBOLS
1.8 TYPES OF LOADS:
All the American code for pressure piping classify the loads mainly into three
types:
 SUSTAINED LOADS: Loads due to the forces present during normal

operation.
 OCCASIONAL LOADS: Loads present during rare intervals of opera-
tion.
 DISPLACEMENT LOADS: Loads due to displacement of pipe.
12
1.9 FACTORS INFLUENCING STRESSES:
 Wind Load
 Seismic Load
 Relief Valve forces
 Fluid Hammer
 Settlement
 Equipment Vibration
 Weights of attachments
1.10 TERMS OF SUPPORTS:
 SUPPORTS: The weight of piping is usually carried on supports made

from structural steel or steel and concrete.
 HANGER: Device which suspends piping (usually a single line) from
structural steel, concrete, or wood. Hangers are usually adjustable for
height.
 ANCHOR: A rigid support which prevents transmission of movement
along piping. Construction may be from steel plate, brackets, flanges,
rods, etc., Attachment of an anchor to pipe should preferably encircle the
pipe and be welded all around as this gives a better distribution of stress
in pipe wall.
 TIE: An arrangement of one or more rods, bars, etc., to restrain move-
ment of piping.
 DUMMY LEG: An extension piece welded to an elbow in order to sup-
port the line.
13
PIPE SUPPORT SYMBOLS
1.11 MATERIALS CODES AND STANDARDS:
For design of piping system, selection of proper material for construction

and to detail out the material specification like length, diameter, wall thickness,
temperature, pressure, elastic modulus, poisson’s ratio, pipe density, fluid densi-
ty, etc., knowledge of codes and standards is essential. The materials such as
grey cast iron, lead tin bronze, copper-nickel, wrought iron, etc., are used for
designing the pipe lines.
14
1.12 CODES:
A group of general rules or systematic procedures for design, fabrication,

installation, and inspection prepared in such a manner that it can be adopted by
legal jurisdiction and made into law.
 ASME B31.1 - POWER PIPING

 ASME B31.2 – FUEL GAS PIPING
 ASME B31.3 - PROCESS PIPING
 ASME B31.4 - LIQUID PIPING
 ASME B31.5 – REFRIGERATION PIPING
 ASME B31.8 – GAS DISTRIBUTION AND TRANDPORTATION
 ASME B31.9 – BUILDING SERVICE PIPING
1.13 ASME B31.3:
 ASME B31.3 is a code for process piping is an international standard, es-

pecially in the refining industry. The International Oil Companies want
very much to continue to use this code which has proven through broad
use and experience.
 The intent of this code ASME B31.3 is to set forth engineering require-
ments deemed necessary for design and construction of piping installa-
tion.
 The code prescribes the requirement for the materials, design, fabrication,
assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping systems
subject to pressure or vacuum.
15
2. PROJECT PLANNING
2.1 TIME MANAGEMENT:
GANTT CHART:
Gantt chart is the schematic representation of the time consumed in the

completion of the various tasks in our project. The project work was started on
December 10, 2019 and completed on January 10,2020.
DATE DEC DEC DEC DEC DEC DEC JAN JAN JAN
ACTIVITY 10 12 17 20 26 30 1 6 8
S ORGANIZATION 2
OF WORK
T BASIC OF PIPING 5
COMPONENTS
U BASICS OF PIPING 3 2
DRAWING
D DESIGN OF PIPING 5 5
SYSTEMS ,CODES
Y AND STANDARDS
CEASAR –II 4 1
ANALYSING THE PRO- 2
JECT GIVEN
MODELLING 5
STRESS ANALYSIS 1
REPORT 2
16
3. PROCEDURE
 STEP 1: Identify the possible loads that occur in the piping systems dur-
ing the life of the plant. ( Self weight, wind, seismic etc.,)
 STEP 2: Relate each of these loads to the stresses developed.
 STEP 3: Get the cumulative effect of the possible loads in the system.
 STEP 4: As per the allowable load at the connections find the stress and
compensate the effect of place supports.
 STEP 5: As per the allowable limits, find the deformation (using Caesar)
and place the supports as per the requirements.
 STEP 6: After the system is designed, ensure that the stresses are within
the safe limits.
 STEP 7: Stress report is analysed and noted.
17
4. DESIGN:
18
5. STRESS ANALYSIS
REPORT
19
5.1. INPUT PIPE DATA:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 10 To 40 DZ= -149.225 mm.
PIPE
Dia= 168.275 mm. Wall= 18.263 mm. Cor= 6.0000 mm. Mill%(+)=12.50
Mill%(-)=12.50
GENERAL
T1= 104 C T2= 60 C P1= 141.0000 Kg./sq.cm. PHyd= 211.5000
Kg./sq.cm.
Mat= (106)A106 Grade B E= 2,068,248 Kg /sq.cm. EH1= 2,018,098 Kg
/sq.cm.
EH2= 2,045,938 Kg /sq.cm. EH3= 2,068,248 Kg /sq.cm.
EH8= 2,068,248 Kg /sq.cm. EH9= 2,068,248 Kg /sq.cm. v = .292
Pipe Den=7833.4399414 kg/cu.m. Fluid Den= 79.1299973 kg/cu.m.
Insul Thk= 25.000 mm. Insul Den= 136.1579285 kg/cu.m.
RIGID Weight= 493.73 N.
UNIFORM LOAD
Vector1 in G-s X1 Dir = .12 g's Y1 Dir = .00 g's Z1 Dir = .00 g's
WIND
Wind Shape= .500
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
B31.3 (2016) Cycle Max Switch = --- Sc= 1,406 Kg /sq.cm.
Sh1= 1,406 Kg /sq.cm. Sh2= 1,406 Kg /sq.cm. Sh3= 1,406 Kg /sq.cm.
Sy= 2,461 Kg /sq.cm.
FLANGES
Location= From Method= NC-3658.3 Class/Grade= ASME-2009-900-1.1
G/C= 393.700 mm. Bolt Area= 11,490.098 mm. SYC= 2,529 Kg /sq.cm.
SY1= 2,308 Kg /sq.cm. SY2= 2,406 Kg /sq.cm. SY3= 2,529 Kg /sq.cm.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 40 To 80 DZ= -820.000 mm.
BEND at "TO" end
Radius= 228.600 mm. (LONG) Bend Angle= 90.000 Angle/Node @1= 45.00
79
Angle/Node @2= .00 78
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 80 To 120 DX= -779.000 mm.
RESTRAINTS
Node 120 +Y Mu = .30
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 120 To 160 DX= -250.000 mm.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
20
From 160 To 200 DX= -148.000 mm.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 200 To 220 DX= -609.600 mm.
RIGID Weight= 2,602.08 N.
FLANGES
Location= Both Method= NC-3658.3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 220 To 240 DX= -148.000 mm.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 240 To 280 DX= -300.000 mm.
SIF's & TEE's
Node 280 Weldolet
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 280 To 320 DX= -429.000 mm.
BEND at "TO" end
319
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 320 To 360 DY= -1,653.000 mm.
BEND at "TO" end
359
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 360 To 400 DZ= -708.000 mm.
RESTRAINTS
Node 400 +Y Mu = .30
Node 400 Guide
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 400 To 440 DZ= -2,656.000 mm.
BEND at "TO" end
439
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 440 To 480 DY= -3,838.000 mm.
RESTRAINTS
Node 480 Guide
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 480 To 520 DY= -6,691.000 mm.
BEND at "TO" end
519
21
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 520 To 560 DX= 529.000 mm.
RESTRAINTS
Node 560 +Y Mu = .30
Node 560 Guide
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 560 To 600 DX= 6,367.000 mm.
RESTRAINTS
Node 600 Y Mu = .30
Node 600 Guide
Node 600 LIM
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 600 To 640 DX= 529.000 mm.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 10 To 800 DZ= 148.000 mm.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 800 TP-2103 To 1 DZ= 100.000 mm.
RESTRAINTS
Node 1 ANC
EQUIPMENT LIMITS
Nozzle Node = 1 Limiting Loads: A=pipe; B=ref; C=AxB; FA= 8,829.00
N.
FB= 8,829.00 N. FC= 8,829.00 N. MA= 3,973.00 N.m. MB= 3,973.00
N.m.
MC= 3,973.00 N.m. Equipment Major Direction Vector= .0000 1.0000
.0000
Interact. Mtd= Absolute
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 280 To 1000 DY= 139.000 mm.
PIPE
Dia= 60.325 mm. Wall= 11.074 mm.
Insul Thk= 25.000 mm.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 1000 To 1040 DY= 76.000 mm.
BEND at "TO" end
1039
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 1040 To 1080 DZ= -812.000 mm.
SINGLE FLANGED BEND at "TO" end
1079
Angle/Node @2= .00 1078
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 1080 To 1120 DX= 76.000 mm.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
22
From 1120 To 1160 DX= 110.000 mm.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 1160 To 1200 DX= 371.000 mm.
FLANGES
Location= Both Method= NC-3658.3 Class/Grade= ASME-2009-900-1.1
G/C= 165.100 mm. Bolt Area= 3,102.000 mm.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 1200 To 1240 DX= 110.000 mm.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 1240 To 1260 DX= 235.000 mm.
RESTRAINTS
Node 1260 +Y Mu = .30
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 1260 To 1280 DX= 235.000 mm.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 1280 To 1320 DX= 110.000 mm.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 1320 To 1360 DX= 371.000 mm.
FLANGES
Location= Both Method= NC-3658.3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 1360 To 1400 DX= 110.000 mm.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 1400 To 1440 DX= 250.000 mm.
RESTRAINTS
Node 1440 Y Mu = .30
Node 1440 Guide
Node 1440 LIM
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 1440 To 1480 DX= 211.000 mm.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
From 1480 To 1520 DX= 110.000 mm.
CAESAR II 2018 Ver.10.00.00.7700, (Build 170726) DEC 26,2019 13:32: 4
NODENAMES
800 1 From= TP-2103 To=
23
MATERIAL Changes:
10 40 Mat= (106)A106 Grade B
E= 2,068,248 Kg /sq.cm. v = .292
Density= 7,833.4399 kg/cu.m.
JOBNAME: \\LTV-PC-1160\SHARE FOLDER\CAESAR II FILE\NWISR-SYS-12-OPE_REV-C1
ALLOWABLE STRESS Changes

10 40 B31.3 (2016) Cycle Max Switch =
---
Sc= 1,406 Kg /sq.cm. Sh1= 1,406 Kg
/sq.cm.
Sh2= 1,406 Kg /sq.cm.
Sh3= 1,406 Kg /sq.cm.
Sh4= 1,406 Kg /sq.cm.
Sh5= 1,406 Kg /sq.cm.
Sh6= 1,406 Kg /sq.cm.
Sh7= 1,406 Kg /sq.cm.
Sh8= 1,406 Kg /sq.cm.
Sh9= 1,406 Kg /sq.cm. Sy= 2,461 Kg
/sq.cm.
BEND ELEMENTS
40 80 Radius= 228.600 mm. (LONG)
Bend Angle= 90.000 Angle/Node @1=
45.00 79
280 320 Radius= 228.600 mm. (LONG)
45.00
319 Angle/Node @2= .00 318
320 360 Radius= 228.600 mm. (LONG)
45.00
359 Angle/Node @2= .00 358
400 440 Radius= 228.600 mm. (LONG)
45.00
439 Angle/Node @2= .00 438
480 520 Radius= 228.600 mm. (LONG)
45.00
519 Angle/Node @2= .00 518
1000 1040 Radius= 76.200 mm. (LONG)
45.00
1039
1040 1080 Radius= 76.200 mm. (LONG)
45.00
1079 Angle/Node @2= .00 1078
24
RIGIDS
10 40 RIGID Weight= 493.73 N.
160 200 RIGID Weight= 609.30 N.
200 220 RIGID Weight= 2,602.08 N.
220 240 RIGID Weight= 609.30 N.
10 800 RIGID Weight= 609.30 N.
1120 1160 RIGID Weight= 170.20 N.
1160 1200 RIGID Weight= 950.00 N.
1200 1240 RIGID Weight= 170.20 N.
1280 1320 RIGID Weight= 170.20 N.
1320 1360 RIGID Weight= 950.00 N.
1360 1400 RIGID Weight= 170.20 N.
1480 1520 RIGID Weight= 170.20 N.
SIF's & TEE's

240 280 Node 280 Weldolet
RESTRAINTS Len MU
GAP YIELD Dir
NODE TYPE CNODE STIF1 STIF2 FORCE Vectors
-------+-------+------+----------+----------+----------+------------------
---
120 +Y .30 .000 1.000
.000
400 +Y .30 .000 1.000
.000
400 Guide .000 .000
.000
480 Guide .000 .000
.000
560 +Y .30 .000 1.000
.000
560 Guide .000 .000
.000
600 Y .30 .000 1.000
.000
600 Guide .000 .000
.000
600 LIM .000 .000
.000
1 ANC .000 .000
.000
1260 +Y .30 .000 1.000
.000
1440 Y .30 .000 1.000
.000
1440 Guide .000 .000
.000
1440 LIM .000 .000
.000
25
FLANGES
10 40 Location= From Method= NC-3658.3
Class/Grade= ASME-2009-900-1.1
G/C= 393.700 mm. Bolt Area=
11,490.098 mm.
SYC= 2,529 Kg /sq.cm.
SY1= 2,308 Kg /sq.cm.
SY2= 2,406 Kg /sq.cm.
SY3= 2,529 Kg /sq.cm.
SY4= 2,529 Kg /sq.cm.
SY5= 2,529 Kg /sq.cm.
SY6= 2,529 Kg /sq.cm.
SY7= 2,529 Kg /sq.cm.
SY8= 2,529 Kg /sq.cm.
SY9= 2,529 Kg /sq.cm.
200 220 Location= Both Method= NC-3658.3
Class/Grade= ASME-2009-900-1.1
G/C= 165.100 mm. Bolt Area= 3,102.000
mm.
EQUIPMENT LIMITS
800 TP-2103 1 Nozzle Node = 1
Limiting Loads: A=pipe; B=ref; C=AxB; FA= 8,829.00 N. FB= 8,829.00

N.
FC= 8,829.00 N. MA= 3,973.00 N.m. MB= 3,973.00 N.m. MC= 3,973.00
N.m.
Equipment Major Direction Vector= .0000 1.0000 .0000
Interact. Mtd= Absolute
UNIFORM LOAD Changes

10 40 Vector1 in G-s
X1 Dir = .12 g's Y1 Dir = .00 g's
Z1 Dir = .00 g's
Vector2 in G-s
X2 Dir = .00 g's Y2 Dir = .06 g's
Z2 Dir = .00 g's
Vector3 in G-s
X3 Dir = .00 g's Y3 Dir = .00 g's
Z3 Dir = .12 g's
26
WIND/WAVE
10 40 WIND Wind Shape= .500
INPUT UNITS USED...
UNITS= BD3 NOM/SCH INPUT= ON

LENGTH inches x 25.400 = mm.
FORCE pounds x 4.448 = N.
MASS(dynamics) pounds x 0.454 = kg.
MOMENTS(INPUT) inch-pounds x 0.113 = N.m.
MOMENTS(OUTPUT) inch-pounds x 0.113 = N.m.
STRESS lbs./sq.in. x 0.070 = Kg /sq.cm.
TEMP. SCALE degrees F. x 0.556 = C
PRESSURE psig x 0.070 = Kg./sq.cm.
ELASTIC MODULUS lbs./sq.in. x 0.070 = Kg /sq.cm.
PIPE DENSITY lbs./cu.in. x 27680.000 = kg/cu.m.
INSULATION DENS. lbs./cu.in. x 27680.000 = kg/cu.m.
FLUID DENSITY lbs./cu.in. x 27680.000 = kg/cu.m.
TRANSL. STIF lbs./in. x 0.175 = N./mm.
ROTATIONAL STIF in.lb./deg. x 0.113 = N.m./deg
UNIFORM LOAD lb./in. x 0.175 = N./mm.
G LOAD g's x 1.000 = g's
WIND LOAD lbs./sq.in. x 0.070 = Kg /sq.cm.
ELEVATION inches x 0.025 = m.
COMPOUND LENGTH inches x 25.400 = mm.
DIAMETER inches x 25.400 = mm.
WALL THICKNESS inches x 25.400 = mm.
SETUP FILE PARAMETERS

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
CONNECT GEOMETRY THRU CNODES = YES
MIN ALLOWED BEND ANGLE = 5.00000
MAX ALLOWED BEND ANGLE = 95.0000
BEND LENGTH ATTACHMENT PERCENT = 1.00000
MIN ANGLE TO ADJACENT BEND PT = 5.00000
LOOP CLOSURE TOLERANCE = 25.4000 mm.
THERMAL BOWING HORZ TOLERANCE = 0.100000E-03
AUTO NODE NUMBER INCREMENT= 40.0000
Z AXIS UP= NO
USE PRESSURE STIFFENING = DEFAULT
ALPHA TOLERANCE = 0.500000E-01
RESLD-FORCE = NO
HGR DEF RESWGT STIF = 0.175120E+12 N./mm.
DECOMP SNG TOL = 0.100000E+11
BEND AXIAL SHAPE = YES
FRICT STIF = 1751.20 N./mm.
FRICT NORM FORCE VAR = 0.150000
FRICT ANGLE VAR = 15.0000
FRICT SLIDE MULT = 1.00000
ROD TOLERANCE = 1.00000
ROD INC = 2.00000
INCORE NUMERICAL CHECK = NO
OUTCORE NUMERICAL CHECK = NO
DEFAULT TRANS RESTRAINT STIFF= 0.175120E+12 N./mm.
27
DEFAULT ROT RESTRAINT STIFF= 0.112980E+12 N.m./deg
IGNORE SPRING HANGER STIFFNESS = NO
MISSING MASS ZPA = EXTRACTED
MIN WALL MILL TOLERANCE = 12.5000
WRC-107 VERSION = MAR 79 1B1/2B1
WRC-107 INTERPOLATION = LAST VALUE
DEFAULT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE= 28.0037 C
BOURDON PRESSURE= NONE
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION (MU) = 0.000000
INCLUDE SPRG STIF IN HGR OPE = NO
INCLUDE INSULATION IN HYDROTEST = NO
REDUCED INTERSECTION = B31.1(POST1980)
USE WRC329 NO
NO REDUCED SIF FOR RFT AND WLT NO
B31.1 REDUCED Z FIX = YES
CLASS 1 BRANCH FLEX NO
ALL STRESS CASES CORRODED = NO
ADD TORSION IN SL STRESS = DEFAULT
ADD F/A IN STRESS = DEFAULT
OCCASIONAL LOAD FACTOR = 1.33000
DEFAULT CODE = B31.3
B31.3 SUS CASE SIF FACTOR = 0.000000
ALLOW USERS BEND SIF = NO
USE SCHNEIDER NO
YIELD CRITERION STRESS = MAX 3D SHEAR
USE PD/4T NO
BASE HOOP STRESS ON ? = ID
EN13480 USE IN OUTPLANE SIFS= NO
LIBERAL EXPANSION ALLOWABLE= NO
B31.3 SEC 319.2.3C SAXIAL= Default
B31.3 WELDING/CONTOUR TEE ISB16.9 FALSE
PRESSURE VARIATION IN EXP CASE= DEFAULT
IMPLEMENT B313 APP-P NO
IMPLEMENT B313 CODE CASE 178 YES
IGNORE B31.1/B31.3 Wc FACTOR= YES
USE FRP SIF = YES
USE FRP FLEX = YES
BS 7159 Pressure Stiffening= Design Strain
FRP Property Data File= CAESAR.FRP
FRP Emod (axial) = 224982. Kg /sq.cm.
FRP Ratio Gmod/Emod (axial) = 0.250000
FRP Ea/Eh*Vh/a = 0.152730
FRP Laminate Type = THREE
FRP Alpha = 21.5983 C
FRP Density = 1660.80 kg/cu.m.
EXCLUDE f2 FROM UKOOA BENDING = NO
EXECUTION CONTROL PARAMETERS
Rigid/ExpJt Print Flag ..... 1.000

Bourdon Option ............. .000
Loop Closure Flag .......... 2.000
Thermal Bowing Delta Temp .. .000 C
Liberal Allowable Flag ..... .000
28
Uniform Load Option ........ 1.000
Ambient Temperature ........ 28.000 C

Plastic (FRP) Alpha ........ 21.598
Plastic (FRP) GMOD/EMODa ... .250
Plastic (FRP) Laminate Type. 3.000
Eqn Optimizer .............. .000
Node Selection ............. .000
Eqn Ordering ............... .000
Collins .................... .000
Degree Determination ....... .000
User Eqn Control ........... .000
North Direction ............ -X
COORDINATE REPORT
/--------------------(mm.)----------------------/
NODE X Y Z
10 14852.000 39366.000 -25320.000
40 14852.000 39366.000 -25469.225
80 14852.000 39366.000 -26289.225
120 14073.000 39366.000 -26289.225
160 13823.000 39366.000 -26289.225
200 13675.000 39366.000 -26289.225
220 13065.400 39366.000 -26289.225
240 12917.400 39366.000 -26289.225
280 12617.400 39366.000 -26289.225
320 12188.400 39366.000 -26289.225
360 12188.400 37713.000 -26289.225
400 12188.400 37713.000 -26997.225
440 12188.400 37713.000 -29653.225
480 12188.400 33875.000 -29653.225
520 12188.400 27184.000 -29653.225
560 12717.400 27184.000 -29653.225
600 19084.400 27184.000 -29653.225
640 19613.400 27184.000 -29653.225
10 14852.000 39366.000 -25320.000
800 14852.000 39366.000 -25172.000
1 14852.000 39366.000 -25072.000
280 12617.400 39366.000 -26289.225
1000 12617.400 39505.000 -26289.225
1040 12617.400 39581.000 -26289.225
1080 12617.400 39581.000 -27101.225
1120 12693.400 39581.000 -27101.225
1160 12803.400 39581.000 -27101.225
1200 13174.400 39581.000 -27101.225
1240 13284.400 39581.000 -27101.225
1260 13519.400 39581.000 -27101.225
1280 13754.400 39581.000 -27101.225
1320 13864.400 39581.000 -27101.225
1360 14235.400 39581.000 -27101.225
1400 14345.400 39581.000 -27101.225
1440 14595.400 39581.000 -27101.225
1480 14806.400 39581.000 -27101.225
1520 14916.400 39581.000 -27101.225
29
5.2. STRESS SUMMARY REPORT
CASE 4 (SUS) W+P1
CASE 5 (EXP) L5=L2-L4
Piping Code: B31.3 = B31.3 -2016, Jan 5, 2017
CODE STRESS CHECK PASSED : LOADCASE 4 (SUS) W+P1
Highest Stresses: (Kg /sq.cm.) LOADCASE 4 (SUS) W+P1

Ratio (%): 47.9 @Node 1260
Code Stress: 673.5 Allowable Stress: 1406.1
Axial Stress: 380.8 @Node 438
Bending Stress: 356.0 @Node 1260
Torsion Stress: 40.6 @Node 1040
Hoop Stress: 826.4 @Node 78
Max Stress Intensity: 1043.5 @Node 280
CODE STRESS CHECK PASSED : LOADCASE 5 (EXP) L5=L2-L4
Highest Stresses: (Kg /sq.cm.) LOADCASE 5 (EXP) L5=L2-L4

Ratio (%): 18.5 @Node 439

Ratio (%): 7.5 @Node 439

Ratio (%): 11.0 @Node 439
30
5.3. DISPLACEMENT REPORT: CASE 2: (OPE)W1+P1+T1
Node DX mm. DY mm. DZ mm. RX deg. RY deg. RZ deg.

1 0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000
10 0.007 0.005 -0.229 0.0016 -0.0014 0.0008
40 0.011 0.010 -0.367 0.0017 -0.0014 0.0008
78 -0.034 0.079 -0.914 0.0113 0.0160 0.0056
79 -0.167 0.110 -1.029 0.0159 0.0372 0.0066
80 -0.368 0.110 -0.951 0.0188 0.0597 0.0087
120 -0.876 -0.000 -0.244 0.0276 0.0842 0.0152
160 -1.106 -0.075 0.142 0.0316 0.0913 0.0187
200 -1.243 -0.123 0.378 0.0316 0.0913 0.0187
220 -1.808 -0.322 1.350 0.0317 0.0914 0.0188
240 -1.944 -0.371 1.586 0.0317 0.0914 0.0188
280 -2.221 -0.488 2.056 0.0365 0.0866 0.0275
318 -2.406 -0.596 2.355 0.0408 0.0828 0.0357
319 -2.500 -0.782 2.525 0.0470 0.0720 0.0546
320 -2.378 -1.003 2.460 0.0571 0.0624 0.0736
358 -0.476 -2.107 0.730 0.1203 0.0107 0.0970
359 -0.209 -2.091 0.288 0.1522 0.0028 0.0951
360 -0.092 -1.675 -0.052 0.1834 -0.0063 0.0925
400 -0.000 -0.000 -0.495 0.2128 -0.0126 0.0824
438 0.614 9.050 -2.737 0.1510 -0.0149 0.0313
439 0.688 9.359 -3.030 0.1076 -0.0137 0.0270
440 0.771 9.318 -3.327 0.0625 -0.0125 0.0210
480 -0.000 5.993 -0.000 -0.0781 -0.0069 -0.0487
518 -6.396 0.053 0.187 0.0384 0.0031 -0.0015
519 -6.318 -0.085 0.074 0.0387 0.0034 0.0117
520 -6.150 -0.096 0.019 0.0388 0.0035 0.0180
560 -5.872 -0.000 0.000 0.0388 0.0033 0.0116
600 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.0388 -0.0017 0.0354
640 0.490 0.325 0.015 0.0388 -0.0017 0.0352
800 0.003 0.001 -0.092 0.0016 -0.0014 0.0008
1000 -2.270 -0.359 2.111 0.0104 0.0323 0.0176
1039 -2.292 -0.309 2.095 -0.0009 0.0097 0.0183
1040 -2.298 -0.294 2.043 -0.0109 -0.0096 0.0211
1078 -1.838 -0.766 1.431 -0.0571 -0.0155 0.0507
1079 -1.810 -0.800 1.383 -0.0577 0.0030 0.0534
1080 -1.764 -0.771 1.350 -0.0578 0.0229 0.0566
1120 -1.763 -0.770 1.349 -0.0578 0.0231 0.0566
1160 -1.661 -0.661 1.305 -0.0578 0.0231 0.0566
1200 -1.318 -0.294 1.155 -0.0578 0.0233 0.0567
1240 -1.216 -0.186 1.110 -0.0578 0.0234 0.0567
1260 -0.997 -0.000 0.969 -0.0578 0.0421 0.0273
1280 -0.779 0.037 0.774 -0.0578 0.0524 -0.0029
1320 -0.677 0.032 0.673 -0.0578 0.0524 -0.0029
1360 -0.334 0.013 0.334 -0.0578 0.0524 -0.0029
1400 -0.232 0.008 0.233 -0.0578 0.0524 -0.0029
1440 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 -0.0578 0.0539 -0.0032
31
CASE 2: W+T2+P1
1 0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000
10 0.004 0.002 -0.094 0.0008 -0.0009 0.0003
40 0.006 0.004 -0.151 0.0008 -0.0009 0.0003
78 -0.006 0.039 -0.375 0.0055 0.0061 0.0023
79 -0.059 0.054 -0.422 0.0073 0.0154 0.0028
80 -0.142 0.054 -0.388 0.0083 0.0255 0.0040
120 -0.350 -0.000 -0.085 0.0113 0.0364 0.0084
160 -0.445 -0.043 0.082 0.0126 0.0396 0.0105
200 -0.501 -0.070 0.185 0.0126 0.0396 0.0105
220 -0.732 -0.182 0.606 0.0127 0.0396 0.0105
240 -0.789 -0.209 0.708 0.0127 0.0396 0.0105
280 -0.902 -0.266 0.912 0.0143 0.0377 0.0124
318 -0.978 -0.312 1.042 0.0164 0.0361 0.0151
319 -1.016 -0.389 1.118 0.0192 0.0315 0.0222
320 -0.967 -0.479 1.093 0.0238 0.0273 0.0299
358 -0.192 -0.930 0.348 0.0530 0.0050 0.0396
359 -0.084 -0.918 0.154 0.0675 0.0016 0.0388
360 -0.037 -0.731 0.008 0.0810 -0.0024 0.0379
400 -0.000 -0.000 -0.174 0.0907 -0.0053 0.0337
438 0.279 3.650 -1.093 0.0605 -0.0070 0.0129
439 0.312 3.774 -1.212 0.0432 -0.0065 0.0112
440 0.347 3.756 -1.332 0.0251 -0.0060 0.0087
480 -0.000 2.395 -0.000 -0.0313 -0.0035 -0.0217
518 -2.644 -0.030 0.074 0.0154 0.0010 0.0055
519 -2.592 -0.078 0.028 0.0155 0.0012 0.0118
520 -2.515 -0.062 0.007 0.0156 0.0013 0.0129
560 -2.401 -0.000 0.000 0.0156 0.0012 0.0055
600 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.0156 -0.0006 0.0384
640 0.201 0.353 0.005 0.0156 -0.0006 0.0382
800 0.002 0.000 -0.038 0.0008 -0.0009 0.0003
1000 -0.928 -0.213 0.919 -0.0074 0.0134 0.0115
1039 -0.942 -0.199 0.899 -0.0172 0.0033 0.0137
1040 -0.946 -0.211 0.871 -0.0260 -0.0054 0.0170
1078 -0.748 -0.814 0.620 -0.0665 -0.0033 0.0536
1079 -0.740 -0.855 0.598 -0.0670 0.0060 0.0570
1080 -0.723 -0.826 0.579 -0.0671 0.0158 0.0607
1120 -0.723 -0.826 0.579 -0.0671 0.0159 0.0607
1160 -0.681 -0.709 0.549 -0.0671 0.0159 0.0607
1200 -0.540 -0.316 0.445 -0.0671 0.0160 0.0608
1240 -0.498 -0.199 0.414 -0.0671 0.0160 0.0608
1260 -0.409 -0.000 0.338 -0.0671 0.0191 0.0294
1280 -0.319 0.041 0.262 -0.0671 0.0179 -0.0031
1320 -0.278 0.035 0.228 -0.0671 0.0179 -0.0031
1360 -0.137 0.015 0.112 -0.0671 0.0179 -0.0031
1400 -0.095 0.009 0.078 -0.0671 0.0179 -0.0031
1440 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.0671 0.0177 -0.0037
32
CASE 3: (SUS) W+P1

1 0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
10 -0.000 0.001 0.000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0001
40 -0.000 0.001 0.000 0.0003 0.0001 0.0001
78 -0.004 0.017 0.000 0.0023 0.0007 0.0006
79 -0.007 0.023 0.001 0.0026 0.0013 0.0007
80 -0.008 0.024 0.006 0.0026 0.0020 0.0014
120 -0.008 -0.000 0.029 0.0026 0.0027 0.0046
160 -0.008 -0.026 0.041 0.0025 0.0030 0.0057
200 -0.008 -0.040 0.049 0.0025 0.0030 0.0057
220 -0.008 -0.101 0.081 0.0025 0.0030 0.0057
240 -0.008 -0.116 0.088 0.0025 0.0030 0.0057
280 -0.008 -0.137 0.104 0.0025 0.0029 0.0030
318 -0.008 -0.145 0.114 0.0032 0.0028 0.0017
319 -0.008 -0.147 0.117 0.0040 0.0024 0.0005
320 -0.007 -0.147 0.107 0.0052 0.0020 0.0003
358 -0.002 -0.145 -0.050 0.0103 0.0005 0.0002
359 -0.002 -0.131 -0.082 0.0121 0.0003 0.0002
360 -0.002 -0.095 -0.097 0.0125 -0.0000 0.0003
400 0.000 -0.000 -0.097 0.0077 -0.0005 0.0002
438 0.056 -0.095 -0.097 -0.0037 -0.0017 0.0002
439 0.061 -0.104 -0.093 -0.0031 -0.0017 0.0001
440 0.064 -0.108 -0.085 -0.0027 -0.0017 0.0001
480 -0.000 -0.105 0.000 -0.0005 -0.0012 -0.0030
518 -0.046 -0.086 -0.001 0.0003 -0.0003 0.0102
519 -0.014 -0.071 -0.001 0.0003 -0.0003 0.0117
520 0.000 -0.037 -0.001 0.0003 -0.0002 0.0092
560 0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.0003 -0.0002 0.0011
600 0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.0003 0.0001 0.0406
640 0.000 0.373 -0.001 0.0003 0.0001 0.0404
800 -0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0001
1000 -0.022 -0.138 0.088 -0.0154 0.0002 0.0086
1039 -0.031 -0.146 0.069 -0.0242 -0.0011 0.0118
1040 -0.035 -0.173 0.059 -0.0325 -0.0021 0.0153
1078 0.000 -0.834 0.059 -0.0706 -0.0007 0.0548
1079 0.000 -0.878 0.059 -0.0711 0.0006 0.0584
1080 -0.000 -0.849 0.057 -0.0712 0.0019 0.0624
1120 -0.000 -0.848 0.057 -0.0712 0.0019 0.0624
1160 -0.000 -0.729 0.054 -0.0712 0.0019 0.0624
1200 -0.000 -0.324 0.041 -0.0712 0.0019 0.0624
1240 -0.000 -0.204 0.038 -0.0712 0.0019 0.0624
1260 -0.000 -0.000 0.029 -0.0712 0.0020 0.0303
1280 -0.000 0.043 0.022 -0.0712 0.0015 -0.0031
1320 -0.000 0.036 0.019 -0.0712 0.0015 -0.0031
1360 -0.000 0.016 0.009 -0.0712 0.0015 -0.0031
1400 -0.000 0.010 0.006 -0.0712 0.0015 -0.0031
1440 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.0712 0.0014 -0.0039
33
5.4. RESTRAINT SUMMARY
CASE 1 (HYD) WW+HP
CASE 2 (OPE) W+T1+P1
CASE 3 (OPE) W+T2+P1
CASE 4 (SUS) W+P1
M
Load MX MY Z DX DY DZ
Node FX N. FY N. FZ N.
Case N.m. N.m. N. mm. mm. mm.
m.
TYPE=Rigid
1
ANC;
90 -1075 58 172 45 54 0.000 -0.000 0.000
1(HYD)
5858 -912 3502 1369 -1507 54 0.000 -0.000 0.000

2(OPE)
1
2823 -947 1565 620 -927 22 0.000 -0.000 0.000

3(OPE)
6
90 -990 54 195 38 55 0.000 -0.000 0.000
4(SUS)
- -
- 54
MAX 5858/L2 3502/ 1369/ 1507/ 0.000/ 0.000/ 0.000/
1075/L1 1/L
L2 L2 L2 L2 L1 L2
2
TYPE=Rigid
120
+Y;
-16 -4626 53 0 0 0 -0.009 -0.000 0.030
1(HYD)
-686 -2373 -191 0 0 0 -0.876 -0.000 -0.244
2(OPE)
-613 -3563 -148 0 0 0 -0.350 -0.000 -0.085
3(OPE)
-15 -4399 50 0 0 0 -0.008 -0.000 0.029
4(SUS)
- - - -
-
MAX -686/L2 191/L 0.876/ 0.000/ 0.244/
4626/L1
2 L2 L1 L2
TYPE=Rigid
400 GUI; Rigid
+Y;
54 -5299 -181 0 0 0 0.000 -0.000 -0.103
1(HYD)
-3651 -807 -242 0 0 0 -0.000 -0.000 -0.495
2(OPE)
-1475 -3169 -304 0 0 0 -0.000 -0.000 -0.174
3(OPE)
43 -4824 -170 0 0 0 0.000 -0.000 -0.097
4(SUS)
- - - - -
MAX -3651/L2
5299/L1 304/L 0.000/ 0.000/ 0.495/
34
M
Load MX MY Z DX DY DZ
Node FX N. FY N. FZ N.
Case N.m. N.m. N. mm. mm. mm.
m.
3 L2 L1 L2
TYPE=Rigid
480 GUI; Rigid
GUI;
-157 0 16 0 0 0 -0.000 -0.123 0.000
1(HYD)
-
-915 0 0 0 0 -0.000 5.993 -0.000
2(OPE) 4012
-
-458 0 0 0 0 -0.000 2.395 -0.000
3(OPE) 1609
-135 0 16 0 0 0 -0.000 -0.105 0.000
4(SUS)
- - -
MAX -915/L2 4012/ 0.000/ 5.993/ 0.000/
L2 L2 L2 L2
TYPE=Rigid
560 GUI; Rigid
+Y;
1 -12126 2 0 0 0 0.000 -0.000 0.000
1(HYD)
-5030 -16768 475 0 0 0 -5.872 -0.000 0.000
2(OPE)
-3930 -13101 189 0 0 0 -2.401 -0.000 0.000
3(OPE)
1 -10522 2 0 0 0 0.000 -0.000 0.000
4(SUS)
- - -
MAX -5030/L2 16768/L 475/L 5.872/ 0.000/ 0.000/
2 2 L2 L2 L2
TYPE=Rigid
GUI; Rigid
600
LIM; Rigid
Y;
114 -2335 2 0 0 0 0.000 -0.000 0.000
1(HYD)
5847 -1967 -21 0 0 0 0.000 -0.000 -0.000
2(OPE)
4319 -2006 -8 0 0 0 0.000 -0.000 -0.000
3(OPE)
98 -2035 1 0 0 0 0.000 -0.000 0.000
4(SUS)
- -
- -
MAX 5847/L2 0.000/ 0.000/ 0.000/
2335/L1 21/L2
L2 L1 L2
35
TYPE=Ri
1260
gid +Y;
-0 -2109 55 0 0 0 -0.000 -0.000 0.032
1(HYD)
-436 -2026 423 0 0 0 -0.997 -0.000 0.969
2(OPE)
-482 -2086 399 0 0 0 -0.409 -0.000 0.338
3(OPE)
-0 -2111 51 0 0 0 -0.000 -0.000 0.029
4(SUS)
- -
-
MAX -482/L3 423/L 0.997/L 0.000/L 0.969/L
2111/L4
2 2 4 2
TYPE=Ri
gid Y;
1440 Rigid
GUI; Rig-
id LIM;
-87 -557 -5 0 0 0 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
1(HYD)
-969 -586 88 0 0 0 -0.000 -0.000 0.000
2(OPE)
-121 -567 -10 0 0 0 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
3(OPE)
-82 -559 -4 0 0 0 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
4(SUS)
- -
MAX -969/L2 -586/L2 0.000/L 0.000/L 0.000/L
88/L2
2 2 2
36
6. THEORETICAL CALCULATON
DATAS OF PIPE:
D= 168.27mm =16.827cm
d=131.74mm=13.174cm
T=1.826 cm
AREA= 𝜋 𝜋
𝐷2 = (16.827)2
4 4
AREA = 85.97 cm2
Stresses are calculated in the nodes located at the ends of each ele-
ment. For the shear stresses, the maximum tension in the outer surface
of the pipe is given by,
𝑀𝑡
𝜏=
2𝑍
Mt is the shear moment.
Z is the section modulus.
𝐼
𝑍=
𝑅
I is the moment of inertia.
R is the outer radius.

𝜋
𝐼= (𝐷4-d4)
64
37
𝜋
I= (16.824-13.1744)
64
I = 2457.1575 cm4
SECTION MODULUS,
𝐼
Z=
𝑅
2457.1575
Z=
16.827
Z= 292.06 cm3
Tension stress, (node 80-90)
Mt=13600 kg cm
13600
𝜏=
2 ∗ 292.06
𝜏 = 23.28 kg cm-2 ≈ 23.7 kg cm-2
38
Tension stress, (node 90-100)
Mt=-13600 kg cm
−13600
𝜏=
2 ∗ 292.06
𝜏 = −23.28 kg cm-2 ≈ −23.7 kg cm-2
The bending stress acting on the two different plane can be combined,
consequently the combined bending stress Sb acting on the longitudi-
nal direction is given by,
𝑆𝑏 = √((IiMi)2+(IoMo)2) /Z
Mi, Mo are the inner and outer plane bending stresses respectively.
Ii, Io are the inner and outer plane stress intensification factor respec-
tively.
39
Bending stress, (node 80-90)
Mi=-34290 kg cm
Mo=6430 kg cm
Ii=Io=1
𝑆𝑏 = √((−34290)2+(6430)2) /292.06
Sb=119.45 kg cm-2 ≈ 121.8 kg cm-2
Bending stress, (node 90-100)
Mi=-41820 kg cm
Mo=16580 kg cm
Ii=Io=1
𝑆𝑏 = √((−41820)2+(16580)2) /292.06
Sb=154.57 kg cm-2 ≈ 157.1 kg cm-2
40
The ASME B31.3 code uses the Tresca Criterion to obtain the com-
bined tension effect S, also called expansion stress.
Se=√(Sb2+4𝜏2)
According to ASME B31.3, the stresses to which a piping system is

subjected may be separate in three main classes, for which the codes
establish limits:
 Hydrostatic Loads (W+Pf) – Pipe weight and fluid pressure.

 Sustained Loads (W+Pi) – Pipe weight and internal pressure.
 Operating Loads (W+T+P) – Pipe weight, thermal expansions
and pressure.
 Experimental loads (W+P+T+S) – Pipe weight, thermal expan-
sion, pressure, terminal point displacement.
 Occasional Loads – Load that do not occur on a regular basis,
but do happen on operation.
41
7. CONCLUSION
The experimental results confirm the prior design and analy-

sis of a Process Plant Piping System using CAESAR. CAESAR pro-
vides a systematic and efficient methodology for designing and analy-
sis with less effort. The analysis of a piping system using CAESAR
gives more accurate and precise results.
42

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STRESS ANALYSIS ON PIPING SYSTEMS IN OFF-

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

LOYOLA-ICAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

L & T HYDROCARBON ENGINEERING, POWAI

ENGINEERING, POWAI MUMBAI

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr. D.MOSES RAJA CECIL Dr. E.MADHAVAN PILLAI Dr.A.RADHA

M.E., PhD. M.E., PhD. ME.,PhD.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT, CO- ORDINATOR, GUIDE,

Dept. of Mechanical, Dept. of Mechanical Dept. of Mechanical

Engineering, Engineering, Engineering,

Loyola-ICAM College of Loyola-ICAM College of Loyola-ICAM College

Engineering and Technology, Engineering and Technology, of Engineering and

(LICET) (LICET) Technology (LICET)

COLLEGE NAME: LOYOLA-ICAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &

SL. NAME OF THE STUDENTS TITLE OF THE SUPERVISOR

(311114114088) ANALYSIS ON PROFESSOR

This project report submitted by the above students in partial fulfillment

I am thankful to Almighty God, for having helped me to go through this en-

I wish to express my sincere thanks to the Head of Piping Department of Off-

I proudly render my heartfelt thanks to Mrs.SHREELATHA KRISHNAN,

I would also like to express my deep sense of gratitude to the Head of

I am very much indebted and wish to extend my sincere thanks to my guide

I am very much thankful to our Coordinator, Dr. E.MADHAVAN PIL-

I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents for

Process Piping is used in this paper which is applied in petroleum refineries.

Hydrostatic, Sustained, Operating and Experimental cases.

within the allowable limits.

Piping is used for industries, marine, transportation, civil engineering and

1.2 TYPES OF PIPING

 The American National Standard Institute, thru ‘Schedule Numbers’

1.4 TYPES OF JOINTS:

The methods of joining pipes are:

ON/OFF Stopping or starting flow.

1.8 TYPES OF LOADS:

 SUSTAINED LOADS: Loads due to the forces present during normal

1.10 TERMS OF SUPPORTS:

 SUPPORTS: The weight of piping is usually carried on supports made

1.11 MATERIALS CODES AND STANDARDS:

For design of piping system, selection of proper material for construction

A group of general rules or systematic procedures for design, fabrication,

 ASME B31.1 - POWER PIPING

1.13 ASME B31.3:

 ASME B31.3 is a code for process piping is an international standard, es-

2.1 TIME MANAGEMENT:

Gantt chart is the schematic representation of the time consumed in the

 STEP 2: Relate each of these loads to the stresses developed.

compensate the effect of place supports.

and place the supports as per the requirements.

the safe limits.

 STEP 7: Stress report is analysed and noted.

ALLOWABLE STRESS Changes

SIF's & TEE's

Limiting Loads: A=pipe; B=ref; C=AxB; FA= 8,829.00 N. FB= 8,829.00

UNIFORM LOAD Changes

INPUT UNITS USED...

UNITS= BD3 NOM/SCH INPUT= ON

SETUP FILE PARAMETERS