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    TCs TPs

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    Chino Jordan
    The document discusses current transformers (CTs) and voltage transformers (VTs). It describes the equivalent circuit of a CT, how they are classified, and sources of error like saturation. It also discusses proper polarity and provides an example calculation. VTs are introduced, with their equivalent circuit and characteristics discussed. Capacitive VTs, more common at high voltages, are also mentioned.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    TCs TPs

    Uploaded by

    Chino Jordan
    151 views29 pages
    The document discusses current transformers (CTs) and voltage transformers (VTs). It describes the equivalent circuit of a CT, how they are classified, and sources of error like saturation. It also discusses proper polarity and provides an example calculation. VTs are introduced, with their equivalent circuit and characteristics discussed. Capacitive VTs, more common at high voltages, are also mentioned.

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    Protcecciones electricas

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    TCsTPs

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    The document discusses current transformers (CTs) and voltage transformers (VTs). It describes the equivalent circuit of a CT, how they are classified, and sources of error like saturation. It also discusses proper polarity and provides an example calculation. VTs are introduced, with their equivalent circuit and characteristics discussed. Capacitive VTs, more common at high voltages, are also mentioned.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    151 views29 pages

    TCs TPs

    Uploaded by

    Chino Jordan
    The document discusses current transformers (CTs) and voltage transformers (VTs). It describes the equivalent circuit of a CT, how they are classified, and sources of error like saturation. It also discusses proper polarity and provides an example calculation. VTs are introduced, with their equivalent circuit and characteristics discussed. Capacitive VTs, more common at high voltages, are also mentioned.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 29

    Protección de Sistemas Eléctricos

    Maestrı́a en Redes Inteligentes

    Klever Quizhpe H.

    Universidad de Cuenca
    [email protected]

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 1 / 29


    Contenido

    1 Transformadores de Corriente

    2 Tranformadores de Voltaje

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 2 / 29


    Transformadores de Corriente

    Introducción

    All electrical measurements and relaying decisions are derived from current
    and voltage signals. CTs and VTs are necessary because
    They scale down line currents and bus voltages to fed into the relays.
    They are sensors for the relay.
    They electrically isolate the relaying system from the apparatus.
    Electrical isolation from the primary voltage provides safety for both
    human personnel and equipment.

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 3 / 29


    Transformadores de Corriente

    Equivalent Circuit of CT

    It is similar to that of a regular transformer


    The main difference is that CTs have current source excitation.
    Primary winding of the CT is connected in series with the
    transmission line.

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 4 / 29


    Transformadores de Corriente

    Equivalent Circuit of CT

    It is assumed that CT primary is connected to a current source.


    Primary winding resistance and leakage reactance are neglected.
    Magnetizing impedance from primary side is shifted to secondary side.
    The load on the secondary side are the relay burden and the lead wire
    resistance.

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 5 / 29


    Transformadores de Corriente

    Equivalent Circuit of CT

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 6 / 29


    Transformadores de Corriente

    Equivalent Circuit of CT
    Total impedance on the secondary side is the sum of
    Relay burden.
    Lead wire resistance.
    Leakage impedance of secondary winding.

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 7 / 29


    Transformadores de Corriente

    Clasificación TCs

    CTs can be classified into


    Measurement CTs.
    They have lower VA capacity than protection grade CTs.
    It has to be accurate over a range of 5 % to 125 % of normal current.
    It is not expected to give linear response during large fault currents.
    Protection CTs.
    It is expected to give linear response upto 20 times the rated current.
    Its performance has to be accurate in the range of normal currents to
    fault currents.
    In order to get linear response, CT burden has to be kept low.

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 8 / 29


    Transformadores de Corriente

    Saturación de los TCs

    Los errores de un TI resultan de la corriente de excitación, tanto que para


    chequear si un TI está funcionando correctamente, es esencial medir o
    calcular la curva de excitación.

    Cuando la corriente primaria se incrementa y por lo tanto también la


    secundaria, esas corrientes alcanzan un punto donde el núcleo del TC
    comienza a saturarse y la corriente de magnetización se vuelve lo
    suficientemente elevada como para producir un error excesivo.

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 9 / 29


    Transformadores de Corriente

    Saturación de los TCs


    En las normas europeas el punto Kp de la curva se llama punto o codo de
    saturación y es definido como el punto a partir del cual un incremento en
    la tensión de excitación del 10 % produce un incremento del 50 % de la
    corriente de excitación.

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 10 / 29


    Transformadores de Corriente

    Saturación de los TCs


    Este punto está referenciado en las normas ANSI/IEEE como la
    intersección de la curva de excitación con un lı́nea tangente a 45 grados.

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 11 / 29


    Transformadores de Corriente

    Error en TCs

    I1 − I2 Im
    =
    =
    I1 I1
    The ratio correction factor R is defined as the constant by which the name
    plate turns ratio n of a current transformer must be multiplied to obtain
    the effective turns ratio.
    1
    R=
    1−
    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 12 / 29
    Transformadores de Corriente

    Ejemplo

    Considere un transformador de corriente de relación 500:5, con una


    impedancia del secundario de (0.01 + j0.1)Ω y un burden de 2Ω. Si la
    impedancia de magnetización es (4.0 + j15)Ω, determine  y R.

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 13 / 29


    Transformadores de Corriente

    Clases de Tcs
    ANSI/IEEE standards classify CTs into two types:
    Class T CTs.
    Class C CTs.
    Class T CTs.
    It has high leakage flux.
    Its performance can be determined only by test.
    CT burden should be kept as low as possible.

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 14 / 29


    Transformadores de Corriente

    Clases de TCs

    Class C CTs.
    Its leakage flux is very small.
    It is more accurate.
    Its performance can be evaluated from standard exciting curves.
    Ratio error is maintained within ±10 %.

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 15 / 29


    Transformadores de Corriente

    Clases de TCs

    For example 10C400 or 10T300. The first integers describe the upper limit
    on the error made by the CT when the voltage at its secondary terminals
    is equal to the second integer, while the current in the transformer is 20
    times its rated value.

    As most CT secondary windings are rated at 5 A secondary, this


    corresponds to a secondary current of 100 A. The 10C400 CT, for
    example, will have an error of less than or equal to 10 % at a secondary
    current of 100 A for burden impedances which produce 400 V or less at its
    secondary terminals.

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 16 / 29


    Transformadores de Corriente

    Polaridad
    In a transformer, if one of the winding currents is considered to be flowing
    into the marked terminal, the current in the other winding should be
    considered to be leaving its marked terminal. The two currents will then be
    (approximately) in phase with each other.

    Label the primary winding terminals H1 and H2, and the secondary
    winding terminals Xl and X2. H1 and X1 may then be assumed to have
    the polarity mark on them.

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 17 / 29


    Transformadores de Corriente

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 18 / 29


    Transformadores de Corriente

    Ejercicio
    Dos TC con relaciones 300:5 y 600:5 están conectados como se muestra
    en la figura 2. Si la corriente primaria es 3000 A y el burden de 1 ohm
    cuales son los voltajes en los terminales secundarios de los trasformadores
    en los dos casos ( a y b).

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 19 / 29


    Transformadores de Corriente

    Ejercicios TCs

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 20 / 29


    Tranformadores de Voltaje

    TPs

    Las medidas de voltaje de los esquemas de protección se realizan


    mediante TPs.
    La tensión del secundario de un TP es usualmente 115 o 120 V
    correspondiente a tensión de fase.
    El circuito equivalente de un TP es similar al de un transformador de
    potencia convencional
    La rama de magnetización puede ser ignorada y el circuito equivalente
    se reduce a:

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 21 / 29


    Tranformadores de Voltaje

    TPs - Circuito Equivalente

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 22 / 29


    Tranformadores de Voltaje

    Diagrama Fasorial

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 23 / 29


    Tranformadores de Voltaje

    TPs - Caracterı́sticas

    The error of transformation of such a transformer is negligible for all


    practical purposes in its entire operating range – from zero to about
    110 % of its normal rating.
    We may consider such transformers to be error-free from the point of
    view of relaying.
    Voltage transformers are rather expensive, especially at extra high
    voltages: 345 kV or above. Consequently, they are usually found on
    low-, medium- and high-voltage systems.
    At extra high voltages, capacitive voltage transformers are the more
    usual sources for relaying and metering.

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 24 / 29


    Tranformadores de Voltaje

    TPs - Capacitivos

    En general, el tamaño de un TP inductivo es proporcional a su


    tensión nominal y por esta razón, el costo se incrementa.
    Este tipo de TP es efectivamente un divisor de tensión capacitivo, y
    es similar a un divisor resistivo en que la tensión de salida en el punto
    de conexión es afectada por la carga.
    El divisor puede reducir la tensión a valores los cuales los errores
    pueden ser mantenidos en lı́mites normales admisibles.

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 25 / 29


    Tranformadores de Voltaje

    TPs - Capacitivos

    A tuning inductor is connected to compensate for capacitance effect.


    1
    When ωL = the relay sees the actual voltage.
    ω(C1 + C2 )
    Circuito equivalente final:

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 26 / 29


    Tranformadores de Voltaje

    Conexiones

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 27 / 29


    Tranformadores de Voltaje

    Trabajo 2

    TCs
    Estudiar desempeño transitorio de los TCs.
    Investigar sobre los TCs electrónicos.

    TPs
    Estudiar desempeño transitorio de los TPs capacitivos

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 28 / 29


    Tranformadores de Voltaje

    FIN

    Klever Quizhpe H. (UC) Short title 29 / 29

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