VOCABULARY

1. He is a wine connoisseur and he can tell a good wine by merely having a sip.
A. Manufacturer B. Drinker C. Expert D. Seller

2. The latest memo from the HR department elicited invectives from the employees.
A. Accepted B. Evoked C. Insulted D. Annoyed

3. The color of the walls is so drab it needs to be repainted.

A. Drearily dull B. Very ugly C. Lacking in elegance D. Simple and common

4. In Feng Shui, having a water feature in front of the house is considered auspicious.
A. Conducive to success B. A good sign C. Very lucky D. Imperative

5. Being the scion of a wealthy patriarch, the family enjoys a good life.
A. Paintings B. Relative C. Family D. Descendant

6. She flaunts her new body-hugging spaghetti-strapped dress to attract the attention of the wealthy
customers of the cafe.
A. Wears with style B. Pulls upward C. Display ostentatiously D. Unbuttons openly

7. The children's milk in the market was recalled because it was found to be contaminated with a
certain chemical from power plant that leaked.
A. Ordered back B. Burned C. Prohibited to sell D. Threw in the garbage can

8. The teacher's instructions were very explicit that everybody understood and performed very well.
A. Direct to the point B. Easy to follow C. Not confusing D. clear and in detail

9. The new project was finished ahead of deadline because they gave it the paramount importance it
deserves.
A. Attentive B. Needed C. Desired D. Supreme

10. It was unfortunate that the once healthy gym instructor caught a debilitating disease.
A. Tending to kill B. Tending to blind C. Tending to weaken D. Tending to frighten

11. He dismissed the comment of his immediate superior about him with blithe disregard.
A. Heavy heart B. Cheerful indifference C. Deep regret D. Misgiving

12. A breath of fresh air and a change of milieu is what you need to regain your health.
A. Environment B. Diet C. Medicine D. Exercise

13. In his ten years in office, he was able to amass great wealth and several properties.
A. Acquire forcibly B. Gather or accumulate C. Receive D. Win

14. The zigzag road is perilous to small vehicles.

A. Suitable B. Good C. Attractive D. Dangerous
15. Installing the big, heavy logo of the company at the 25th floor of the building's facade is a
herculean task.
A. Lucrative B. Arduous C. Easy D. Problematic

16. He recounted his ordeal at the hands of his kidnappers.

A. A tearful experience B. A horrific experience
C. A difficult experience D. A beautiful experience

17. His magnetic personality drives every woman in their neighborhood crazy over him.
A. Very intelligent B. Very handsome C. Very masculine D. Very attractive

18. He was so occupied that he sends a proxy to a wedding where he is a part of the entourage.
A. Representative B. Relative C. Substitute D. Friend

19. Early in the morning, the children frolic at the white sand of the famous beach in Boracay.
A. Crawl B. Take pictures C. Play cheerfully D. Sunbathe

20. Her penchant for stylish clothes combined with her love for acting earned her a role in a Broadway
musical.
A. Hunger B. Interest C. Appetite D. Fondness

21. After his writing job in the internet, he usually saunters at the small forest park near his home to
refresh his mind.
A. Takes a nap B. Plays with his tablet
C. Walks in a slow, relaxed manner. D. Outlines his next writing job

22. The loquacious little bird was stationed at the lobby of the hotel to greet the guests.
A. Crooning B. Beautiful C. Talkative D. Colorful

23. He was the recipient of the award for model employee of the year.
A. A generous person B. One who borrows
C. A person or thing that receives D. Someone who gives something

24. He's a good doctor but instead of working in a big hospital, he opts to practice his profession in
remote areas.
A. Starts B. Tries C. Decides D. Chooses

25. He was able to free himself from his captors unscathed.

A. Without any obstacle B. Without any difficulty
C. Without any noise D. Without suffering any injury, damage, or harm

26. He was shaking his head as he looked at the debris of a fallen building wrecked by a powerful
earthquake.
A. Wreckage B. Scaffoldings C. Scattered fragments D. Remains

27. After receiving a lump sum for his pension, he splurged a large amount on clothes and fancy
accessories.
A. Spent extravagantly B. Invested on C. Deposited immediately D. Gave generously
28. The exquisite design of the building made of corals enthralls the guests of the blessing.
A. Capture B. Secure C. Impress D. Charm

29. Circling the virgin forest is a placid river where you can swim peacefully in the late afternoon and
enjoy the cool breeze from the forest.
A. Serene B. Beautiful C. Flowing D. Exciting

30. The beautiful facade of the building elicited admiration from the guests.
A. Lobby B. Decoration C. Paintings D. Front

31. The main protagonist acted out the part with great elan.
A. Great pride B. Supervised movement’s C. Enthusiasm and style D. Memorized dialogue

32. The candidate from Pasay City is predicted to win in his bailiwick come election day.
A. A place where one is well-known. B. One's sphere of operations
C. A place where one was born. D. A place where one lives.

33. You cannot help but notice his profane activities being a religious man himself.
A. Irreverent B. Modest C. Respectful D. Illegal

34. A dash of baby powder and a red lipstick enhanced the beauty of her visage.
A. Projection B. Face C. Lips D. Personality

35. The volunteer workers in the orphanage treat the orphans and wayward children with motherly
solicitude.
A. Perfect discipline B. Strong commitment C. Care or concern D. Kindness and generosity

36. Everyone in his department hates their irascible superior who is fond of shouting at a small
mistake.
A. Irritable B. Disrespectful C. Frightening D. Fond of cussing

37. His cook magazine comes out in the market fortnightly.

A. Every two months B. Every quarter C. Every two weeks D. Every month

38. His flamboyant personality easily attracts the girls in their neighborhood.
A. Magnetic B. Exotic C. Exuberant D. Hot

39. The newly-crowned Miss Universe basks in the light of international recognition.
A. Receives B. Wallows C. Smiles D. Wonders

40. Her immaculate image was destroyed by the latest rumors about her that circulated in the social
media.
A. Exciting B. Protected C. Spotless D. Beautiful

41. The lake attracts thousands of local and foreign tourists because of its unparalleled beauty.
A. Elegant B. Immeasurable C. Charming D. Exceptional
42. The impressive lighting produced different hues on her photograph.
A. Reflections B. Impressions C. Colors or shades D. Shadows

43. His long journey ended up in a hamlet at the foot of a great mountain.
A. Prosperous village B. Small settlement C. Waterless community D. Remote barrio

44. As she gets her hand at the newspaper, she will look for her horoscope.
A. Success in business B. Prediction of a person's wealth
C. A forecast of a person's future D. Success in love

45. The newly-opened store attracts more customers because of its lively, easy-to-remember slogan.
A. Song B. Jingle C. Advertisement D. Promo

46. He never forgets to bring cakes and flowers to his sweetheart when he visits her.
A. Steady B. Girlfriend C. Beloved D. Wife

47. He was lambasted for his stand on same-sex marriage.

A. Criticized harshly B. Praised highly C. Reprimanded sternly D. Blamed quickly

48. Her impeccable manners draw out admiration and inspirations from her female co-workers.
A. Demure B. Flawless C. Exciting D. Charming

49. The terrain was so unfamiliar that the retreating troops were vanquished easily by the enemies.
A. Surrounded B. Killed mercilessly C. Defeated thoroughly D. Captured

50. The wealthy couple celebrated their 25th wedding anniversary in their palatial mansion in
Makati's millionaires' district.
A. Architecturally-modern B. Ancestral home C. Spanish-styled D. Spacious
GRAMMAR

51. The prisoners were accused of robbery, assault, embezzlement, and forging. No error.
A. were accused B. assault C. embezzlement D. forging E.no error

52. As the dawn approached, the farmers starting for the rice fields. No error.
A. approached B. the farmers C. starting D. rice fields E. no error

53. If you want me to express my opinion, I think that Report A is equally as good as Report B. No
error.
A. to express B. think that C. my opinion D. equally as good as E. No error

54. In winter, days are warm than night. No error.

A. In winter B. are C. warm than D. night E. No error

55. Have anyone of you experienced working in a company? No error.

A. Have B. you C. experienced D. a company E. No error

56. Offer the nomination to whoever commands the respect of the people. No error.
A. Offer B. whoever C. respect D. of the people E. No error

57. Each of the students who all come from the community was briefed on how to lead their friends in
civic projects. No error.
A. Each B. come C. was briefed D. their E. No error

58. If the manager would have planned more carefully, bankruptcy might have been avoided. No error
A. would have B. more carefully C. bankruptcy D. might have E. No error

59. Her father gave him money for her tuition fee. No error.
A. gave B. him √ C. her D. tuition fee E. No error

60. You hope to finish high school this year, aren’t you? No error.
A. hope B. finish C. this D. aren't you E. No error

61. In our community, our neighbors we help each other. No error.

A. our B. neighbors C. we D. help E. No error

62. A person on diet must not take more calories than what are needed. No error.
A. must B. not take C. than D. are E. No error

63. It was him who was responsible for making all the arrangements for the successful completion of
his studies. No error.
A. It was him B. was C. making D. his E. No error

64. The coach with his entire team are traveling by plane. No error.
A. coach B. his C. are D. by plane E. No error
65. In our barangay, our neighbors organized a disaster brigade. No error.
A. our B. neighbors C. organized D. brigade E. No error

66. Linda is the best pianist among the sisters in the family. No error.
A. is B. best pianist C. among D. sisters E. No error

67. Mother bought a new dress for me yesterday. No error.

A. bought B. for C. me D. yesterday E. No error

68. His green tie was not write for his suit. No error.
A. green tie B. was C. write D. suit E. No error

69. The increasing mechanization of life have led us farther away from daily contact with nature and
the craft of farm. No error.
A. increasing B. have led us C. daily contact D. the craft E. No error

70. Since there was no evidence to indicate who’s ring it was, the presiding magistrate dismissed the
case. No error.
A. who's B. ring it was C. presiding D. dismissed E. No error

71. Two astronauts were disappointed because they had hoped to have made the first trip to the
moon. No error.
A. astronauts B. had hoped to C. have made D. trip E. No error

72. A computer virus works exactly like the biological one which invade the human body. No error.
A. works B. biological1 C. which D. invade E. No error

73. The snow fell during the night so that it was laying in big drifts on the highway the next morning.
No error.
A. during the night B. laying C. on the highway D. the next morning E. No error

74. Zone 61 was adjudged the most cleanest community in Metro Manila. No error.
A. Zone 61 B. was adjudged C. most cleanest D. Metro Manila E. No error

75. I know that you will enjoy receiving flowers that smell so sweetly. No error.
A. enjoy B. receiving C. smell D. sweetly E. No error

76. It was hard to believe that conscientious pupils could misspell so many words in their quizzes. No
error.
A. hard B. conscientious C. misspell D. quizzes E. No error

77. Neither Leonora nor Filipina are to be held responsible for the hospital deaths. No error.
A. Neither B. nor C. are D. held E. No error

78. We had swam across the lake before the sun rose. No error.
A. swam B. across C. before D. rose E. No error
79. Female employees who works efficiently will be given clothing allowance. No error.
A. employees B. works C. will be given D. allowance E. No error

80. On the time of the opening ceremony of the theatre a large crowd had assembled. No error.
A. On the time B. the opening C. of the theatre D. had assembled E. No error

81. “Frank’s dog is still in the yard, ” my father said, “perhaps he had better stay there until we have
finished our dinner. No error.
A. Frank's dog B. said,"perhaps C. had better stay D. until we have finished E. No error

82. A group of young people have been working for the local barangay. No error.
A. A group B. people C. have been D. working E. No error

83. The student argued he would not cheat in his final examination even if he would failed. No error.
A. argued B. would not cheat C. even D. would failed E. No error

84. The loud noise of the cars and trucks annoys those who live near the road. No error.
A. loud noise B. annoys C. who D. near the road E. No error

85. One of the members of the Red Brigade who killed Aldo More refused to plead guilty. No error.
A. One B. members C. killed D. plead E. No error

86. The three last chapters of this book are very interesting. No error.
A. The three last B. this book C. are D. very interesting E. No error

87. Neither you nor I needs the typewriter now. No error.

A. you B. I C. needs D. now E. No error

88. By his perseverance, he succeeded in overcoming the apathy of his pupils. No error.
A. perseverance B. overcoming C. apathy D. his E. No error

89. Pepe would be happy if his parents can send him to college. No error.
A. would be B. his C. can send D. him E. No error

90. In the near future, man hopes to send computerized spaceship to explore Mars. No error.
A. hopes to send B. computerized C. spaceship D. to explore E. No error

91. I don't know few people at this party, do you? No error.

A. don’t B. few C. at this party D. do you E. No error

92. Although we had tickets, we had made waiting for an hour. No error.
A. Although B. we C. had made waiting D. an hour E. No error

93. Neither she nor her friend will have invited to the party. No error.
A. Neither B. nor C. will have D. to the party E. No error
94. He always gets up at 5 o'clock in the morning, moreover on holiday. No error.
A. He B. at C. in the morning D. moreover E. No error

95. I'd like to change 100 dollars with pesos, please. No error.
A. I’d like B. change C. dollars D. with E. No error

96. Where did you live when you were a child? No error.
A. Where B. did C. live D. were E. No error

97. When I asked him if did he see the keys, Bob said he had no idea where they were. No error.
A. if did he see B. had C. where D. they were E. No error

98. This could have hardly done better- we sealed the deal and signed the contract. No error.
A. could have B. done C. we sealed D. contract E. No error

99. There are strict rules against students are using their mobile phones at the school premises. No
error.
A. strict B. against C. are using D. at the E. No error

100. You will need any further information; do not hesitate to contact me. No error.
A. You will need B. further C. do not D. hesitate E. No Error
ENGLISH READING COMPREHENSION

Directions (Q. 101 to 105): Read the following passage and answer the questions given below it in the
context of the passage.

I was very fond of the old soldier in our little town. He had only one leg, having lost the other
somewhere in Assam in 1942. He used to tell me about his adventures. He told me that he had run away
from home to join the army. He had experienced his first battle in the Libyan Desert. Out of his dozens
of war stories, the one I liked best was the one of his escape from a Japanese prison-of-war camp in
Burma. He told me again and again how he walked two hundred miles in two weeks. On the way he was
bitten on the toe by a poisonous snake and he had to cut off part of the toe in order to survive. But by
the time he got to an Indian camp the wound had turned septic and the leg had to be amputated. He is,
however, quite contented with his lot.

101. The author was very fond of the old soldier because
A. he had lost one of his legs in war
B. he used to tell the author about his adventures
C. he was contented with his lot
D. he had been to many countries

102. Why did the old soldier repeatedly tell that he walked two hundred miles?
A. He ran away from home to join the army
B. He had to cross the Libyan Desert
C. He had to escape from a prison-of-war camp
D. He was a strong soldier

103. The story of the old soldier that the author liked most was that about
A. his running away from home to join the army
B. his first battle in the Libyan Desert
C. the loss of his leg in Assam
D. his escape from a Japanese prison-of-war camp

104. The old soldier, according to the author, was

A. unhappy about his life
B. satisfied with his lot
C. angry about his late
D. disgusted with his misfortune

105. The soldier leg had to be amputated because

A. he had walked two hundred miles in two weeks
B. he was wounded in war
C. the wounded toe turned septic
D. he was shot in the leg while escaping from the Japanese camp
Directions (Q. 106 to 110): Read the following passage and answer the questions given below it in the
context of the passage.

Our voyage was very prosperous, but I shall not trouble the reader with a journal of it. The captain called
in at one or two ports and sent in his long-boat for provisions and fresh water, but I never went out of
the ship still we came into the Downs, which was on the 3rd day of June, 1706, about nine months after
my escape. I offered to leave my goods in security for payment of my freight, but the captain protested
he would not receive one farthing. We took kind leave of each other, and I made him promise that he
would come to see me at my house in Redriff. I hired a house and a guide for five shillings which I
borrowed from the captain.

106. When the writer uses the word Prosperous to describe the voyage, he means that
A. it made him rich B. it made him healthy
C. it was very pleasant D. it was uneventful

107. on the voyage, the author

A. left the ship at intervals B. was not able to leave the ship because it did not stop
C. never left the ship at all D. never left the ship till they came into the Downs

108. In the context of the passage, the word Provisions means

A. mainly food B. mainly security C. money D. mainly ammunition

109. for the payment of the author freight, the captain

A. kept his goods as security B. refused to accept any money
C. protested against being paid only a farthing D. accepted a sum of money

110. From the passage, it is clear that the captain attitude to the author was
A. one of hostility B. one of indifference
C. one of extreme friendliness and kindness D. one of disgust and irritation

Directions (Q. 111 to 115): Read the following passage and answer the questions given below it in the
context of the passage.

A well-dressed young man entered a big textile shop one evening. He was able to draw the attention of
the salesmen who thought him rich and likely to make heavy purchases. He was shown the superior
varieties of suit lengths and sarees. But after casually examining them, he kept moving to the next
section, where readymade goods were being sold and further on to the hosiery section. By them, the
salesmen had begun to doubt his intentions and drew the attention of the manager. The manager asked
him what exactly he wanted and he replied that he wanted courteous treatment. He explained that he
had come to the same shop in casual dress that morning and drawn little attention. His pride was hurt
and he wanted to assert himself. He had come in good dress only to get decent treatment, not for
getting any textiles. He left without making any purchase.

111. The young man was well-dressed because

A. it was his habit to dress well B. it was his wedding day
C. he wanted to meet the manager of the shop D. he wanted to impress the salesmen
112. The salesmen in the shop are described as people who pay attention to
A. only young men and women B. pretty women
C. only rich customer’s D. regular customers

113. The young man moved away to the hosiery section because he
A. was not interested in purchasing anything now B. did not like the readymade clothes
C. wanted better clothes D. was restless

114. The manager asked the young man what he wanted because
A. he would give him exactly what he was looking for
B. the salesman had drawn his attention to the indifferent attitude of the young man
C. he thought they could do more business with him that way
D. he thought the visitor was dissatisfied

115. The young man left without making purchases because he

A. did not have money
B. could not find any item of his choice
C. had come only to make a point about the indifferent attitude of the salesmen towards casually
dressed customers
D. decided to come to make the purchases later on

Directions (Q. 116 to 130): Read the following passage and answer the questions given below it in the
context of the passage.

In the words of Thomas De Quincey, “It is notorious that the memory strengthens as you lay burdens
upon it.” If, like most people, you have trouble recalling the names of those you have just met, try this:
The next time you are introduced, plan to remember the names. Say to yourself, “I’ll listen carefully; I’ll
repeat each person’s name to be sure I’ve got it, and I will remember.” You’ll discover how effective this
technique is and probably recall those names for the rest of your life.

116. (The quotation from De Quincey indicates that the memory)

A. improves if it is used often. B. becomes unreliable if it tires.
C. breaks down under great strain. D. always operates at peak efficiency.

The games we used to play when we were young have been sidelined by modern gadgets. Nowadays,
we no longer see children and teens playing piko, tumbang preso, luksong baka, patintero and other
enjoyable games our parents used to play. The young generation of today is so hooked on gadgets that
they even have no time to talk to each other during their free time. This is very unhealthy according to
some social scientists.

117. From the passage, we can conclude that:

A. Children and teens that use modern gadgets are sickly.
B. The young generation of today prefers modern gadgets over piko, patintero and the likes.
C. Children and teens will not enjoy playing piko, patintero, luksong baka and tumbang preso.
D. Modern gadgets should be totally banned to protect our children.
Spending time volunteering for charity is important to Company X. Company X offers their employees
paid time off to volunteer.

118. How is the second sentence related to the first sentence?

A. It reinforces the first statement. B. It contradicts the first statement.
C. It offers a solution. D. It reveals the first statement.

A utility cooperative is a type of cooperative that is tasked with the delivery of a public utility such as
electricity, water or telecommunications to its members. Profits are either reinvested for infrastructure
or distributed to members in the form of 'patronage' or 'capital credits', which are essentially dividends
paid on a member's investment into the cooperative. Each customer is a member and owner of the
business with an equal say as every other member of the cooperative, unlike investor-owned utilities
where the amount of say is governed by the number of shares held.

119. A utility cooperative is most similar to which of the following types of organizations?
A. A partnership. B. A military organization. C. A monarchy. D. A dictatorship.

As the popularity of tattoos continues to grow, so does the concern about potential risks. Some risks,
such as the spread of infections through the use of unsterilized needles, have long been known. But
what isn't clear is the safety of tattoo inks. Getting inked may have long-term consequences beyond just
having to live with your ex-girlfriend's name on your bicep for decades.

120. What conclusion can we draw from the passage?

A. Tattoo inks are not safe.
B. Having tattoos may pose danger to one's health.
C. Having tattoos is definitely dangerous to one's health.
D. Parents are advised to disallow their children to have tattoos on their bodies.

There are no effective boundaries when it comes to pollutants. Studies have shown that toxic
insecticides that have been banned in many countries are riding the wind from countries where they
remain legal. Compounds such as DDT and toxaphene have been found in remote places like the Yukon
and other Arctic regions.

121. This paragraph best supports the statement that:

A. DDT and toxaphene are the two most toxic insecticides in the world.
B. studies have proven that many countries have ignored their own anti-pollution laws.
C. more pollutants find their way into polar climates than they do into warmer areas.
D. toxic insecticides such as DDT have not been banned throughout the world.

The movie Close to You, a romantic comedy, was graded A by the Films Rating Board. It opened
simultaneously in fifty theaters in Metro Manila on a Wednesday. The following day, it was reported
that not even one of the fifty theaters where it was shown played to an SRO audience. The producers of
the movie were shaking their heads, asking one another how they could recoup their investments.

122. What could be said about the movie?

A. Most grade A movies did not enjoy commercial success. B. The movie was a dismal flop.
C. Romantic comedy is not popular with moviegoers. D. The theaters in Metro Manila are big.
Deadweight tonnage is a measure of how much weight a ship is carrying or can safely carry. It is the sum
of the weights of cargo, fuel, fresh water, ballast water, provisions, passengers, and crew.

123. Which of the following does NOT go into the calculation of dead weight tonnage?
A. weight of crew B. weight of passengers
C. weight of ballast water D. weight of the ship

Myths are stories, the products of fertile imagination, sometimes simple, often containing profound
truths. They are not meant to be taken too literally. Details may sometimes appear childish, but most
myths express a culture's most serious beliefs about human beings, eternity, and God.

124. The main idea of this passage is that myths:

A. are created primarily to entertain young children.
B. illustrate the values that are considered important to a society
C. provide the reader with a means of escape from reality
D. are purposely written for the reader who lacks imagination

In 1970 about sixty small and medium-sized factories in the United States adopted a four-day workweek.
According to the plan, workers work forty hours but instead of the usual five-day week, they now work
only four days. Workers are enthusiastic about the three-day weekly vacation. According to
management, productivity has increased about 18% since the inception of the new plan. Absenteeism
has dropped by 69% and lateness is almost non-existent.

125. The passage suggests that a four-day workweek may result in

A. increased productivity, enthusiasm, and attendance.
B. 40 hour workweeks for factory workers.
C. 69% lateness or absenteeism among workers.
D. significant changes in the 1970s.

Mula sa salitang Griyego na Krystallos na nangangahulugang frozen light, ang Kristal ay sumisipsip,
tumutuon at nagbibigay ng electromagnetic energy. Hindi kataka-taka dahil sa loob ng mahabang
panahon ay nakabaon sa lupa ang mga kristal, kaya nga ang mga sinaunang mistikong manggagamot ay
naniniwalang ito ay likas na mangagagamot ng mundo. Nagbibigay ito ng masuyo at mabilis na
kagalingan na tumutugon sa manggagamot sa loob ng ating katawan, isang mekanismong nag-aayos at
nagbabalik ng balance sa loob ng katawan.

126. Ang talata sa itaas ay isang pagtalakay tungkol sa:

A. salitang Griyego B. panggagamot C. electromagnetic energy D. kristal

"In the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king." - Desiderius Erasmus

127. What does this proverb mean?

A. Even someone with minor ability is considered special by those with no ability at all.
B. Someone who can see will be able to take advantage of others who cannot see.
C. It would be easy for someone who can see to become king in a land of people who cannot see.
D. It's more advantageous to be able to see, even a little bit, than to be blind.
The Philippines is experiencing its worst drought in fifteen years. Corn and rice prices are expected to be
very high this year.

128. What does the second sentence do?

A. It gives an example. B. It states an effect.
C. It restates the idea found in the first. D. It analyzes the statement made in the first.

Most researches in needy countries are based on the thinking and approach of the highly developed
Western world, and seldom have they been directed toward meeting the countries' own development
needs.

129. The sentence best supports the statement that

A. most researches done in needy countries are missing their objectives
B. most researches have universal application.
C. needy countries need researchers to help them reach the status of the western world.
D. highly developed countries offer the best guide for the development of needy countries

Democracy's real test lies in its respect for minority opinions." Ellery Sedgwick

130. Showing respect for a minority opinion_____ democracy.

A. Validates B. Defies C. Invalidates D. Intimidates