General Art

SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY, 1 ST SEMESTER SY 2019-2020

How does the past affect the
present? Future?
 OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the underlying history and philosophy of the era
or the movement.
2. Present the history and movements of the arts through a
timeline by citing their important characteristics such as
historical background, influential persons, socio-political
issues, and relevant artists and their art forms and media,
and functions.
PRIMITIVE ART
Primarily focused on creating both practical and beautiful
artworks. This form of art often represented scenes of
hunting and deities. It is often referred to the cultural
artifacts of primate peoples, and that is, those ethnic groups
believed to have quite different historical periods and
remote creations from the geographical point of view.
Oceanic Art (Pacific Islands), African Art (Sub-Saharan), and
The Aboriginal Art (Australia) together with the other types
of Rock Art from South-East Asia and the Americas
Prehistoric Art is not Primitivism
All sculpture (eg. Venus Figurines) and painting (eg. cave
painting) created during the Paleolithic Era (Stone Age) -
that is, during the period up to 10,000 BCE - is classified
as Prehistoric Art. Since all humans of this period lived a
primitive existence, the term "primitive art" does not apply
to the prehistoric age.
Traditional Congolese Figurine (c.1900)
Fetish effigy of Nkisi Nkondi
BNK collection. A vivid example of
so-called "primitive" African sculpture.
Adam (1938, Harewood House)
By Jacob Epstein.
The Dream (1910)
Museum of Modern Art,
New York.
By Henri Rousseau.
A masterpiece of primitivist
naif art.
EGYPTIAN ARTS (3100 BCE - 395 CE)
Produced by the civilization in the lower Nile Valley from
5000 BCE to 300 CE included sculpture, painting,
architecture, and other arts. Considerable sophistication in
sculpture and painting was reached during this period. The
emphasis on life after death and the preservation of
knowledge of the past were the goals of the artist from this
period; hence, much of the surviving art comes from
monuments and tombs. In a narrower sense, it refers to
those developed from 3000 BCE to the third century.
Tuthankamen's famous Burial Mask
(c.1323 BCE) Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

Includes 11 kilograms of solid gold.

A wonderful piece of precious
metalwork from the New Kingdom.
Hypostyle Hall, Karnak temple, Luxor.
(Begun 16th century BCE)

The photo clearly illustrates the

massive scale of monumental
Egyptian architecture, which
dwarfs anything erected at the
time in Europe.
Scene from
the Book of
the Dead
(Thebes
Dynasty
c.1000 BCE)
Fayum Mummy Portrait (Louvre)
From c.100-200 CE,
after the Rules of Painting were
relaxed under the influence of Greek
art.
GREEK ART (c.650-27 BCE)
Geometric, Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic are the
typical period in this ancient art. These periods,
collectively span roughly from 1000 BC to 323 BC.
Images of gods, images of humans and images of
heroes are what it is all about. The culture of self-
awareness is manifested in the manner they decided
to mirror themselves and the world, both real and
imaginary.
Discus Thrower (Discobolus)
Roman copy of the original bronze by
Myron (425 BCE)
National Museum, Rome.
The Parthenon
(447-422) Athens
A treasury of Greek
architecture, full
of sculpture, like
statues, friezes and
reliefs; painting
and decorative art.
Built under the
orders of Pericles,
designed by Ictinus
and Callicrates,
and sculpted by
Phidias, during
Athens' golden
age.
Temple of
Hephaistos (449)
Athens.
The intact Doric
style columns and
pediments are still
clearly visible,
but the friezes and
other decorations
have been lost.
Doryphorus (440) by Polykleitos.
Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples.
Among the greatest works of sculpture
from ancient Greece.

See the contrapposto stance which

creates tense and relaxed parts of the
body.
Venus de Milo (c.100 BCE)
(Aphrodite of Melos)
Louvre, Paris.
An icon of Hellenistic sculpture.
PAINT PIGMENTS
ROMAN ART (c.500 BCE - 500 CE)
It was greatly influenced by the Greeks. It spans
around three continents: Europe, Africa and
Asia. It was in 509 BCE that the first Roman art
was dated and lasted until 330 CE included in
these artworks were a broad spectrum of media
including painting, marble, silver and bronze
work, terracotta, and gems.
Marble Portrait of the
Emperor Antoninus Pius
Alcantara Bridge,
Spain (104-6 CE)
Roman stone
arch bridge over
the Tagus River.
Trajan's Column (106-113)
Showing pedestal, shaft, capital and statue of St Peter on top.
The Severan Tondo: panel
painting
of the Imperial Family (c.200 CE)
Marcus Aurelius' Column (193 CE)
Erected in the Piazza Colonna, Rome.
Depicts the "rain miracle of Quadi". God
rescues the Roman Legion from destruction by
barbarians by creating a terrible storm.
CHINESE ART (c.1700 BCE - 2000 CE)
It covers a vast and ever-changing geopolitical
landscape whose traditions are continuous in
the world. Due to the change in times and
change in dynasties, its traditional art has
varied. It can be traced to 5000 BC when the
Stone Age people made decorated objects of
bones, stones and pottery.
Gilt Bronze Human-Shaped Lamp
Western Han Dynasty (c.172 BCE)
Hebei Museum, Shijiazhuang, China.
A masterpiece of Asian art.
Ming Dynasty Flask (1600-50)
Museum Rietberg, Zurich.
Wood-carved Statue of Guan Yin
Liao Dynasty (Northern China)
Shanxi Province, China, (907-1125).
JAPANESE ART (c.14,500 BCE - 1900)
It shows unique styles and means of expression,
including ceramics, sculpture, painting and
calligraphy on silk and paper, the ukiyo-e woodblock
prints, origami, and more recently manga, as well as a
vast array of other types of artworks. It is considered
one of the greatest treasures of the world. The period
starts from the beginning of human settlements, in
about 10,000 BC, to the present.
Guardian Deity
(Kongorikishi) (711)
Temple sculpture in
clay & wood
Dogu Clay Figurine from the
Late Jomon Period.
MEDIEVAL ART (c.1000-1400)
It spans from 300 AD, the fall of the Roman
Empire to 1400 AD, the beginning of the
Renaissance. Art evolved in the Middle Ages as
the traditional and the new subjects were
continuously addressed by humans. Biblical
subjects, Christian dogmas, and classical
mythology were included.
Shrine of the Three
Kings (1180-1225)
Cologne Cathedral,
Germany.
By Nicholas of Verdun,
one of the
finest medieval
goldsmiths.
Sainte Chapelle,
Paris (1241-48)
Famous for its
walls of
magnificent
stained glass.
High Relief stone carving by French
sculptor Gislebertus, showing
Judas Iscariot hanging himself,
helped by devils. (1120-35)
Cathedral of Saint Lazare, Autun.
RENAISSANCE ART (c.1400-1600)
It can be traced totally in the late 13th and 4th
centuries. Under the combined influences of an
increased awareness of nature, a revival of
classical learning, and a more individualistic
view of man, different artworks were produced
in Europe. Some of these include literature,
architecture, music, sculpture, and painting.
Detail showing the
face of Venus
from the Birth Of
Venus (c.1486)
By Botticelli. One of
the great examples
of mythological
painting of the
Florentine
Renaissance.
The Dome of Florence Cathedral, designed by Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446), was a public symbol of Florentine
superiority during the early Italian Renaissance. See: Florence Cathedral, Brunelleschi and the Renaissance (1420-36).
The Florentine duomo was a symbol of Renaissance culture in the same way that the Parthenon was the supreme symbol
of classical Greek architecture.
Mona Lisa (1503-6) By Leonardo.
The Last Judgement fresco on the wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, (1536-41) by
Michelangelo. One of the great works of Biblical art in the Vatican.
School of Athens (1509-11) by Raphael, in the Stanza della Segnatura in the Raphael
Rooms at the Vatican.
MANNERISM ART (c.1520-1600)
It is an artistic style that predominated in Italy
from the end of the High Renaissance in the
1520s to the beginnings of the Baroque style
around 1590. It originated in Florence and
Rome between 1510 and 1520 and spread to
Northern Italy and, ultimately, to much of
Central and Northern Europe.
Jacopo Pontormo, Entombment,
1528; Santa Felicità, Florence
An Allegory with Venus and Cupid
(1545) By Medici painter Il
Bronzino.
National Gallery, London.
The Rape of the
Sabine Women
(1583)
by Giambologna
Wedding Feast at
Cana (1563) (detail)
Louvre, Paris. By Paolo
Veronese.
See also: Feast in the
House of Levi
(1573, Venice Academy
Gallery).
BAROQUE (c.1600-1700)
It is an art history that began at the beginning of the
17th century and continued to evolve until the 18th
century. Its origin was in Italy but later spread to
most of countries of Europe and to the colonies of
the Americas. It specifically flourished din the visual
arts like painting, sculpture and architecture.
Nevertheless, theater, music and dance were other
forms of art which were also transformed during this
time.
Samson and Delilah (1609-1610)
by Peter Paul Rubens, the great
Flemish Baroque painter.
The Raising
of the Cross
by Rubens
The Apotheosis of
St Ignatius
(1694) San Ignazio,
Rome, by Pozzo.
One of the
Baroque's most
inspiring religious
paintings ever
created.
ROCOCO (18th Century)
It is an interior design style. This art includes
decorative arts, painting, architecture, and sculpture
which began in Paris in the early 18th century but was
soon adopted throughout France and later in other
counties, specifically Germany and Austria. It is
derived from a French word that denotes the shell-
covered rock work that was used to decorate artificial
grottoes.
Housed at The Frick Collection on
Manhattan’s Upper East Side,
Jean-Honoré Fragonard’s The
Meeting (1771–72) was commissioned as
part of a set of four paintings for King Louis
XV’s mistress, the Comtesse du Barry.
A Young Girl Reading (c.1776)
National Gallery of Art,
Washington DC.
By Jean-Honore Fragonard.
Rococo Nymphenburg Porcelain group
(1756) Bavarian National Museum.
By Franz Anton Bustelli.
Pilgrimage to
Cythera (1717)
Louvre, Paris.
By Jean-Antoine
Watteau.
NEO-CLASSICISM (Flourished 1770-1830)
It was developed in Europe in the 18th century, which is a
revival of the classical past. This form of art started when
Greek and Roman antiquity and painters of the Renaissance
were imitated by artists as a reaction of the Baroque’s and
Racoco’s excessive style. It was first developed in Rome at
the beginning of the 18th century, but later on spread all
over Europe. There was increased fascination and curiosity
for antiquity which led artists to create their own “new”
classical style, using their new knowledge of the past in
their art.
"Aeneas Tells Dido the
Misfortunes of the Trojan
City" (c. 1815)
painting by French artist
Baron Pierre-Narcisse
Guérin.
Cupid and Psyche (1786-93, Louvre)
A Neoclassical masterpiece by the
Italian sculptor Antonio Canova.
Baltimore Basilica (1806-21).
Influential example of American
neoclassical architecture, designed
by the famous 19th-century
architect Benjamin Latrobe.
ROMANTICISM (c.1770-1920)
It spans over a period from the late 18th century to the mid-
19th century. This form of art is an attitude or intellectual
orientation which was characterized by many works of
literature, painting, music, architecture, criticism, and
histography in Western civilization. It is observed as a
disagreement of the precepts of order, calm, harmony,
balance, idealization, and rationality that exemplified
classicism in general and late 18th century Neoclassicism in
particular.
Two Men Contemplating
the Moon (1830)
Alte Nationalgalerie,
Berlin.
By the German
Romantic painter
Caspar David Friedrich.
The Lady of Shalott
(1888)
Tate Collection,
London.
By John William
Waterhouse.
The Nightmare (1781)
Henry Fuseli.
Detroit Institute of Arts.
A masterpiece of
surreal Romanticism.
REALISM (19th & 20th Century)
It was an artistic movement that began in the 1850s,
rejected the dominated French literature and art of
Romanticism. Real contemporary people and
situations with truth and accuracy, including all the
unpleasant or sordid aspects of life were what artists
sought to portray. People of all class in ordinary life
situations, which often reflected the changes brought
about by the Industrial and Commercial Revolutions
were depicted.
The Gleaners by
Jean-François Millet
The Gross Clinic (1875)
By Thomas Eakins.
Sunshine, Brittany (1884).
By Nathaniel Hill of the Irish School
The Stone
Breakers
(1849)
By Gustave
Courbet.
IMPRESSIONISM (c.1870-1886)
It is a major movement, first in painting and later in
music that flourished principally in France during the
late 19th and early 20th centuries. A group of artists
sharing a set of related approaches and techniques
produced artworks comprising this paintings before
about 1867 and 1886. This music conveyed an idea
through a wash of sound rather than a strict formal
structure.
Lady in Blue (1900-04)
Hermitage, St Petersburg.
Moscow. By Paul Cezanne.
Misty Morning (1874)
Musee d'Orsay, Paris.
By Alfred Sisley.
The Blue Dancers (1899)
Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts
Moscow. By Edgar Degas.
Poppy Field
(Argenteuil) (1873)
Musee d'Orsay. By Claude
Monet.
POST IMPRESSIONISM (c.1880-1905)
It is an art movement concentrated on the artists’
subjective visions, as artists opted to evolve emotions
rather than realism in their work. Painting during this
era transcended its traditional role as a window onto
the world and instead became a window into the
artists’ mind and soul. Groups which were influenced
by the far-reaching aesthetic impact of this
movement arose during the turn of the 20th century.
The Scream by Edvard Munch
Two Tahitian Women with Red Flowers
(1899) Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY.
By Paul Gauguin.
The Iles d'Or (The Iles d'Hyeres)
(c.1892)
Musee d'Orsay, Paris.
By Henri-Edmond Cross, friend of
Henri Matisse and exponent of
Pointillism, one of the most
influential modern art movements
of the 1880s and 1890s.
Nude (Black and Gold) (1908)
Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
By Henri Matisse.
SYMBOLISM (c.1886-1900)
It is also known as Synthetism, was an important
move away from the naturalism of the impressionists.
It showed a preference for feeling over
intellectualism. The period spans from around 1885
and continued until 1910.
Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer
I (Gustav Klimt)
Island of the Dead (1886) Museum of Modern Art, Leipzig. By Arnold Bocklin.
CONSTRUCTIVISM (c.1914-1932)
It rejected the idea of autonomous art. It was an
artistic and architectural philosophy that originated in
Russian beginning in 1913. Its goal is to construct,
thereby emphasizing on building and science, rather
than artistic expression.
Hanging Spatial
Construction
No.9, Original work
1920-1921
Alexander Rodchenko
Monument to the Third International
(1920) Museum of Modern Art,
Stockholm. By Vladimir Tatlin.
Nouveau Realisme (New Realism) (1960-62)
It is a French term meaning “new art”, was popular
between 1890 and 1905. This art was practiced in the
fields of architecture and applied art. It was
developed as a reaction against the late 19th century
academic art and was replaced by the development
of the 20th century modernist styles.
Zodiac an example of Alfons Mucha's
floral Art Nouveau style
Large Blue
Anthropometry (ANT
105)
(1960) Guggenheim
Museum, New York
By Yves Klein.
A typical example of
Klein's "New Realism."
Instead of a
paintbrush, Klein applied
paint via live nude
models (his "living
brushes") who created
patterns by rolling
around on board or
paper.
Freedom (1960s)
Epinal, France.
Nouveau Realiste Sculpture by
the contemporary artist Cesar.
FAUVISM (Paris c.1905-7)
This is a style of painting that became popular in
France and was formed around friendships between
artists around the turn of the 20th century. Artists
painted directly from nature with works invested.
With a strong expressive reaction to the subjects
portrayed. Though this art movement was highly
fashionable, it was short-lived for it lasted only a few
year, 1905-1908.
The Green Stripe (La Raie Verte), also
known as Portrait of Madame Matisse. The
Green Line, is a portrait by Henri Matisse of
his wife, Amélie Noellie Matisse-Parayre.
Champs de Ble and Restaurant at Bougival
(1905-6) Musee d'Orsay, Paris.
By Maurice de Vlaminck.
Portrait of Matisse (1905)
Tate Modern, London.
By Andre Derain.
Charing Cross bridge I (1906)
Whitney Museum, New York.
By Andre Derain.
EXPRESSIONISM Expressionism in Art
(c.1890-present)
It emerged in Germany as a reaction to the more
passive style of Impressionism. It is a term usually
denoting the late 19th century to the present.
Distortion and exaggeration for emotional effect was
used during this period. Subjective emotions and
responses that objects and events arouse in the
artists rather than objective reality were depicted by
this art movement.
The Large Blue Horses
(1911)
Walker Art Centre,
Minneapolis.
By Franz Marc. One of
the greatest 20th
century paintings
of the expressionist
school.
Landscape Near Dresden
(1910)
Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin
By Erich Heckel.
Portrait of Frau Reuther (c.1921)
Almost a caricature painting
by Oskar Kokoschka. One of
the great expressionist portraits.
Interior at Petworth
(1837)
Tate Collection,
London.
By JMW Turner, an
outstanding pioneer of
expressionist painting.
How else can we
understand this
extraordinary interior
of Petworth.
CUBISM (c.1907-14)
Is an artistic movement that made its debut in 1907
and ended in 1912. It was a movement that used
techniques and ideas influencing many creative
disciplines. Perspectives, which had been used to
depict space since the Renaissance, were abandoned
by the artists. The artists also turned away from the
realistic modeling of figures.
Les Demoiselles D'Avignon (1907)
Museum of Modern Art, New York.
By Pablo Picasso.
The first Cubist picture and one of
the greatest 20th century paintings.
Portrait of Ambroise Vollard (1909)
by Pablo Picasso. Pushkin Museum.
Violin and Candlestick (1910)
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.
By Georges Braque.
Harlequin With Guitar (1919)
By Juan Gris. Private Collection.
FUTURISM (1909-1914)
It was derived from the Italian Futurismo, was an
artistic and social movement that started in the early
20th century. It focused on progress and modernity,
sought to sweep away traditional artistic notions, and
replaced with an energetic celebration of the
machine age.
Aeroritratto di Mussolini aviatore (aerial
portrait of Mussolini) (1930)
Artist: Alfredo Ambrosi
Unique Forms of Continuity in Space
(1913, casts in MoMA New York
Tate London and elsewhere)
Umberto Boccioni.
Dynamism of a Dog on a
Leash (1912)
Albright-Knox Art Gallery,
Buffalo
By Giacomo Balla.
This image became an
important influence on
animation art later
in the 20th century.
The Cyclist (1913)
By Goncharova.
Russian Museum,
St.Petersburg.
DADAISM (c.1916-24)
It was invented by refugee artists and intellectuals from European
capitals beset by World War 1 began in the mid-1910s in Switzerland
and spread across Europe and into the United States, which was a
safe haven for many writers during World War 1. Though influenced
by cubism, futurism, and expressionism, it grew out of anger over
the proponents perceived as an unjust and senseless war. This ant-
war politics art movement made its way to the world through art
manifestoes, literature, poetry, and eventually graphic design and
the visual arts.
In "Dadaist Disgust," in the final section of his Dada
Manifesto (1918) (the argument begins with a section
titled "Dada Means Nothing"), the poet Tristan Tzara
stated that Dada is "a protest with the fists of its whole
being engaged in destructive action." "Every product of
disgust capable of becoming a negation... is Dada," he
declared. Tzara’s rabid negativism re-appeared two years
later in Francis Picabia’s Dada Manifesto, which, after
trashing Cubism -- "cubed paintings of the primitives,
cubed Negro sculptures, cubed violins, cubed guitars,
cubed the illustrated papers, cubed shit," all designed to
"cube money" -- declared that "Dada itself wants
nothing, nothing, nothing, it’s doing something so that
the public can say: ‘We understand nothing, nothing,
nothing.’" Picabia, who said he "knows nothing, nothing,
nothing," declared that "the Dadaists... will come to
nothing, nothing, nothing." It is "farce, farce, farce, farce,
farce." It is hard to find a more consummate statement
of nihilism -- what Richard Huelsenbeck, one of the first
Dadaists, called Dada’s "nihilism and its love of
paradox"(3) -- in the history of avant-garde art
LHOOQ (1919), Marcel Duchamp
Portrait of Cezanne (1920)
Francis Picabia
SURREALISM (c.1924-2004)
Its emphasis was a positive expression. This
movement was formed as early as 1917 in Europe
between World War 1 and 2 as a reaction against
what its proponents saw as the destruction brought
about by rationalism.
The Persistence of Memory
(1931)
showing his "melting" watches.
This particular work is one of the
greatest 20th century paintings
and contributed greatly to Dali's
reputation as the leading
surrealist.
Lobster Telephone
(1936) Salvador Dali.
The Listening Room (1933)
Rene Magritte.
The Human Condition (1933)
Rene Magritte.
The Mystery and Melancholy of a Street
(1914) By Giorgio de Chirico, a key
pioneer of surrealistic painting.
DE STIJL (1917-31)
It sought laws of equilibrium and harmony applicable both
to art and to life, worked on abstract style and originated in
Holland in 1917. The Dutch developed a style with proposed
ultimate simplicity and abstraction through which they
could express a Utopian idea of harmony and order.
Composition A (1929).
A perfect
example of Mondrian's
Neo-Plasticism:
a key style of avant-garde art.
Composition With Blue And Yellow,
(1932) Philadelphia Museum Of Art
by Piet Mondrian, one of the
leading abstract painters and
the creator of several of the
greatest 20th century paintings
of the abstract idiom.
The Rietveld
Schroder House
Built in 1924 by
Dutch architect
Gerrit Rietveld, for
his client
Mrs. Schroder-
Schrader, it is the
only known
building
constructed
entirely according
to the design
principles of De
Stijl.
ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM
This art movement, which was developed in New York in the
1940s and 1950s, was a broad movement in paintings that
break away from the traditional processes. All artists were
committed to art as expressions of the self, born out of
profound emotion and universal themes.
No. 5, 1948 (1948) Private Collection.
By Jackson Pollock. One of the
greatest 20th century paintings of
the Abstract Expressionist school.
Bought for $1,500 it is now reputed to
be worth in the region of $140 million.
Woman V (1952). Willem De Kooning
Orange & Yellow (1956)
By Mark Rothko, famous for
his large-scale colour painting.
OPTICAL ART (fl. 1965-70)
Is comprised of illusion and often appears to the human eye
to be moving or breathing due to its precise,
mathematically-based composition, emerged in the 1960s.
This art, as official movement, has been given a lifespan of
around three years. It is in print and televisions, in LP album
art, and in fashion motif in clothing and interior design
where this art can be seen.
Movement In Squares (1961).
By Bridget Riley, one of Britain's
leading abstract painters.
Victor Vasarely is considered as one
of the fathers of op-art. Born in
1906, he had a passion for
art. Painter Cezanne was his
favorite artist, and as he grew older,
his talent for art grew as well. At
first, he tried to take up a medical
career. After noticing that it was
not working out too well, he
decided to model his childhood
artist fave and started working on
various artworks, eventually
developing his own style, later
known as op-art. He continued to
work on his pieces until he died in
Paris, 1997.
Fans of op-art consider Bridget Riley to be the
mother of op-art, further developing optical
art from Victor Vasarely's style and
approach. She was born in 1931 in
Norwood. Her father, a printer, had to move
because of work, and so did the family. They
ended up in Lincolnshire, but soon relocated
to Cornwall. She grew up in a free childood,
and had already begun painting and
drawing. She took this up as her main career
until her father had been injured in a car
accident. For awhile she was unable to work
on art, but in 1958 she took it up again and
started using the op-art style to create new
things. She was very succesful, and is still
alive today.
POP ART (c.1955-70)
It presented a challenge to traditions of fine art by including
imagery from popular mass culture, emerged in the mid-
1950s, in Britain and in the late 1950s in the United States.
This art comprise advertising, news, comic books, and
mundane cultural objects. The art was a reaction to the
seriousness of Abstract Experiment Art.
Drowning Girl (also known as Secret Hearts or I
Don't Care! I'd Rather Sink) is a 1963 painting in
oil and synthetic polymer paint on canvas by Roy
Lichtenstein. Using the conventions of comic
book art, a thought bubble conveys the thoughts
of the figure, while Ben-Day dots echo the effect
of the mechanized printing process. It is one of
the most representative paintings of the pop
art movement, and part of the Museum of
Modern Art's permanent collection since 1971.
The painting is considered among Lichtenstein's
most significant works, perhaps on a par with his
acclaimed 1963 diptych Whaam!. Drowning
Girl has been described as a "masterpiece of
melodrama", and is one of the artist's earliest
images depicting women in tragic situations, a
theme to which he often returned in the mid-
1960s.
Whaam! (1963) Roy Lichtenstein. Tate Collection, London. One of the greatest 20th
century paintings of the Pop-art idiom.
Apple Core (1992)
Israel Museum, Jerusalem.
By Claes Oldenburg.
A Bigger Splash (1967),
David Hockney.
Manilyn Monroe
By Andy Warhol