1.

Educational Planning:
Being the first aspect in the scope of educational management,
planning implies a basic function that is how the aims and objectives
are to be realized. Before launching upon a particular educational
programme and implementing it the person or authority in-charge or
at the helm of affairs is required to take decisions about the methods
and strategies for effectively and efficiently achieving the objectives.
This means planning has to be done for managing the total
educational programme and for this, the basic facts and figures,
background, date and profile are necessary.

A plan is conceptualized as a predetermined strategy, detailed skills or

programme of action related to the achievement of an objective. It
implies some kind of mental activity during the course of analysis or
laying out a method of achieving something.

ADVERTISEMENTS:

As educational plan for making efforts to plan and bring deliberate

change stands in the system of education for achieving identified and
relevant objectives. Modern planning which are prevailing now and
top most necessity of the prevailing society needs to be democratic,
scientific and decentralised. There must be adequate participation of
all concerned in the planning process. The decisions which can effect
others must be taken in consultation with others. “Grassroot
Planning” is therefore encouraged which means planning from
bottom, not from top. Decisions need be taken from within not from
without.
Nothing should be imposed from top, but should come from bottom.
In view of the objectives and size, the plans may be long term, medium
term and short term. This kind of planning usually promotes high
moral, enthusiasm and motivation for work and success of the
institutions or organisations.

Meaning Of Educational Planning:

According to Hagman and Schwartz, “Planning selects among
alternatives, explores, routes before travel begins and identifies
possible or probable outcomes or action before the executive and his
organisation is committed to any. Educational planning has been one
of the early instruments of independent governments. Resources have
to be used as effectively and systematically as possible.

Today, educational planning is an absolute requirement. The

complexities of modern technology in the prevailing society have given
rise to the need for planning in education. Educational planning is a
process utilized by an administrator while performing the role of a
leader, decision maker, change agent and so on. It is a basic
management task and a meas of achieving higher levels of
effectiveness.

Nature and Characteristics of Educational Planning:

ADVERTISEMENTS:

The nature and characteristics of Educational Planning are

as follows:
a. Goals and objectives:
Educational planning is a means of creating relevant present and
future goals and objectives for any educational institution or
organisation.

b. Team Work:
ADVERTISEMENTS:

Modern educational planning doesn’t put stress on the fact that only
the top administrator of the government should be involved in
planning. Rather planning should be the responsibility of all people
concerned with the desired change. For this a team of experts in the
related area, responsible people and those who will implement the
plan should determine the goals and appropriate ways of attaining
them.

c. Decision-Making:
Educational planning is the preparation of pre-courses in the decision
making process. It has to help for determining the optional to be
taken. While educational administration is mostly decision making,
planning in education is only the other side of it.

d. Forecasting:
ADVERTISEMENTS:

Educational planning describes or defines determining events, needs

and conditions of future time. It implies forecasting or projection of
important factors in education such as number and types of pupils and
expansion of facilities needed for them.
e. Social and Economical goals:
Modem educational planning emphasizes that the goals of a
democratic society should be social and economic in nature
concerning with the welfare and progress of all citizens rather than the
self-centred or selfish goals of some special interest groups. The
expected goals of the society and needs of children and young pupils in
the schools and colleges should be the broad frame of reference.

f. Anticipation:
ADVERTISEMENTS:

Modern educational planning anticipates probable developments and

needed change in future, much ahead of time so that proper facilities,
supporting media and required resources for implementing the
planned change may be secured. Hence, relevant changes and efforts
are avoided and the changes are effectively implemented.

g. Remedial Measures:
This nature or characteristic of modern educational planning indicates
that it is remedial and guidance oriented in nature and approach. With
appropriate planning procedure it is possible to identify
maladjustments or deficiencies in the system that causes educational
problems. Identifying causes or the educational problems and
suggesting relevant solution is the main objective of educational
planning.

h. Choice of best alternative:

Modern educational planning is a logical, systematic and scientific
process different from the elementary kinds of procedure utilized in
the part of bringing about changes in the system of education.

Principles of Educational Planning:

Educational planning or modem educational planning has
the following principles:
1. Educational planning must be one aspect of general national
planning.

2. Research is planning based on system analysis.

3. Planning must be a continuous process.

4. Planning should find a definite place in educational organization.

5. Planning should take into consideration resources and establish

conditions of work.

6. Planning must be realistic and practical.

7. Planning must ensure active and continuing participation of all

interested individuals and groups.

8. The content and scope of planning should be determined by the

needs of the individuals and groups to be served.

ADVERTISEMENTS:

9. Planning should utilize the services of specialists without allowing

them to dominate.
10. Planning should provide opportunity for all persons and groups to
understand and appreciate the plans.

11. Planning should provide for continuous evaluation.

12. Planning should have opportunity for modification for further

action.

2. Educational Administration:
ADVERTISEMENTS:

Educational administration is another vital task of educational

management so far its scope is concerned. It plays a vital role in
making management of every educational programme grand success.
It is a specialized set of organisational functions whose primary
purpose is to ensure the efficient and effective delivery of relevant
educational services as well as implementation of legislative policies
through planning, decision making and leadership behaviour. This
keeps an organisation to make focus on predetermined objectives of
the programme or system.

According to Graham Balfore, “Educational Administration is to

enable the right pupils to receive the right educational administration
is to enable the right teacher at a cost within the means of the state
under conditions which will enable the pupils best to profit by their
training.”

J.B. Sears, to him “Educational Administration contains much that we

mean by the word government and is closely related in content to such
words as supervision, planning, oversight, direction, organisation,
control, guidance and regulation.”

Characteristics of Educational Administration:

The term educational administration is characterised in the
following grounds:
1. Making all efforts and agencies work together in joint venture.

2. Assisting in the realization of the aims and objectives of education.

3. Rendering service to society in its progress and progress of

individuals.

4. Educational Administration is concerned with diverse human

beings, the teachers, students, parents and public and co-ordination of
their efforts.

5. It is concerned with all those activities undertaken and fullest

utilization of resources for education.

Scope of Educational Administration:

Educational administration constitutes the following aspects
in its jurisdiction as its scope:
1. Production

2. Assuring Public

3. Finance and Accounting

4. Personnel, and
5. Co-ordination

a. Production:
In education it means realization of the goals of education which have
been set up by society. Hence educational administration has to
interpret the aims of education to the educational workers so that they
may shape the final product of education in the desired form and
behaviours.

b. Assuring Public:
It is the business of educational administration to define the
operations needed to make them known and to promote them so that
the final educational product is good for public use.

c. Finance and Accounting:

Educational administration is also concerned with receiving and
spending money necessary for the operation and activities of the
educational machinery. It should measure and record the monetary
and other resources invested in the educational enterprise and also
evaluate the inputs and outputs.

d. Personnel:
Personnel is the framing and operation of policies and procedures for
recruitment of workers and maintainance of goodwill and personal
relationships among them. The purpose behind it is to ensure fullest
interest, co-operation, moral and loyalty of all the persons working in
the organization. This is specially important for the educational
enterprise where the whole work is centred round the impact of one
type of human beings, the teachers upon another types of human
beings and the students.

e. Co-ordination:
It is an important activity of educational administration, which
ensures the close inter-relation and integration of all the functional
activities of the organization such as personnel, finance and
production for desired results. Such integration has to be brought
about not only of the structure of the organisation but also of the
attitudes and efforts of the workers, so that all of them pull together in
the direction of the desired goals and achieve them.

Functions of Educational Administration:

Educational Administration discharges the following
functions:
1. To delegate authority and responsibility.

2. To strengthen local initiative and local control.

3. To secure the greatest return from the money spent.

4. To secure the goodwill of personnel, public education department

and other social agencies and institutions.

5. To implement a democratically determined programme.

6. To determine policies and implement them.

7. To utilise special capacities of personnel and material resources.

3. Educational Organisation:
An organisation be defined as stable pattern of interaction, among
conditions or groups having a collective identity (a name and a
location) pursuing interest and achieving given tasks and co-ordinated
through a system of authority. Organisations are social units
deliberately constructed and reconstructed to seek specific goals.

Here it is essential to mention that the educational organisations or

institutions are also considered as the social organisations. So schools,
colleges, universities and training institutions may well be considered
as social organisations. Educational organisation means two things;
one is the educational institution and the other is organisation of
resources. Let us discuss the organisation of resources first and then
the educational organisation or institution.

All types of resources meant for the educational programme are

organised or made available in an organisation or institution for
realizing the educational objectives or goals that are prefixed. Because
poor organisation leads to wastage and bad outcomes.

Interpersonal relations need to be improved for making an

organisation effective and adequate. Any formal organisation has to be
strengthened and supported by informal network of personal contacts
and relations. There should be decentralisation of facilities, delegation
of powers and greater autonomy among the personnel.

The hierarchical structure of administration is to be vested upon every

person involved in the programme. It is desirable to create the feeling
of involvement and to develop adequately various advisory and
consultative services within the organisations. Here the educational
organisation means the school organisation.

The school organisation is a combination of two words. One is school

and the other is organisation. In order to understand the meaning of
school organisation, it is essential to understand the meaning of
school and organisation separately.

But as our concern is to know the features of school organisation, let

us know it’s different features.

1. All teachers without any discrimination should get the same

facilities.

2. Teachers should get equal pay for equal work and similar
qualifications.

3. Provisions for retirement and the corresponding benefits should be

the same for all teachers.

4. Rules for the appointment of teachers should be the same.

5. Conditions of service should be the same despite differences in

management.

4. Educational Direction:
It is essential that there must be an authority or an order or a policy
for providing direction to the management of every educational
programme and for taking decisions in solving the problems. For this
direction is necessary for giving leadership in order to implement the
programmes and carrying out the entire management.

Democratisation of management seeks to encourage the pride,

enjoyment and growth among the individuals working in the
organisation. Each individual must work according to his needs,
interests and capabilities.

5. Educational Co-Ordination:
For making smooth management of every educational programme for
resulting in adequate realization of its goals or objectives, there is need
of ensuring co-ordination and co-operation among the multifarious
resources. Through this coordination all facilities will be unified and
all services are harmonized. So through this aspect of educational
management different kinds of resources especially human resources
have to be interrelated or co-ordinated for utilizing the resources
properly in an effective manner.

6. Educational Supervision:
Educational administration and supervision are now regarded as the
total process of making any educational programme a grand success.
For this, there is the need of ensuring and maintaining good inter-
personal relationships between the administrator and supervisor, the
supervisor and teachers, teachers and pupils, school and community
etc.

Educational supervision is the means to co-ordinate stimulate and

direct the growth of the teachers, to stimulate and direct the growth of
every individual pupil through the exercise of his talents towards the
achievement of richest goals.

In the modern perspective, educational supervision is an expert

technical service primarily concerned with studying and improving the
conditions that surround learning and pupil growth. So educational
supervision is now conceived as process which has for its purpose for
the general improvement of the total teaching-learning situation.

Characteristics of Educational Supervision:

The following are the characteristics of educational
supervision in relation to the management of an educational
programme:
1. It is a creative and dynamic expert technical service.

2. It provides leadership with extra-knowledge and superior skills.

3. It promotes co-operative educational efforts in a friendly

atmosphere.

4. It stimulates the continuous growth of teachers and development of

pupils.

5. It gives co-ordination, direction and guidance to teacher’s activities.

6. It helps in achievement of appropriate educational aims and

objectives.

7. It improves instruction and the teaching-learning situation.

7. Educational Control:
Controlling is exercised through proper technique that is the
evaluation. Controlling is not similar to evaluation but it is meant to
fulfill the purposes of evaluation. In order to fulfill the purposes of
evaluation, the techniques of control are the policies, the budget,
auditing, time table, curriculum, personal records etc.

Educational controlling involves the human elements in relation to the

management of an educational programme. Both men and women
involved in the educational programme should have to discharge their
duties efficiently and effectively by being controlled.

8. Educational Evaluation:
Being the last but not the least aspect of educational management,
educational evaluation is an integral part of it as it determines the
degree of realisation of educational objectives or goals as well as the
effectiveness of it; for this there must be evaluation short-term or
long-term, periodic or continuous and formal or informal.

This is necessary for bringing about improvement as desired in the

management of educational institutions in the light of past
experiences that may be failure or success or both. It is also desirable
that both internal and external agencies need be involved in evaluating
the achievement and performance of the individuals concerned with
management.

Various systems and subsystems should be assessed and reviewed

from time to time. For this evaluation of students achievement and
teachers performance should be done in a comprehensive and
continuous way.

At last in the light of above discussion on the scope of educational

management it can be strongly said that the management of any
educational programme will be meaningful and successful if there will
be proper co-ordination and integration among its different aspects.
The reason is that all these aspects are interrelated and
interdependent.

An Introduction to the Principles of Management

Management is essential to any organization that wishes to be efficient and achieve its aims. Without someone in a position of authority there would be organizational anarchy with no structure and very little, if any focus. It has been said that management has
four basic functions – planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Common sense dictates that without these principles of management being in place an organization would have trouble achieving its aims, or even coming up with aims in the first place! A
classic theory on the principles of management was written by Henri Fayol. It seeks to divide management into 14 principles. We’ll take a look at these basic principles of management and explain them in easy to understand terminology.

Principles of Management – Fayol’s 14 Principles

 Division of Work – This principle of management is based on the theory that if workers are given a specialized task to do, they will become skillful and more efficient in it than if they had a broader range of tasks. Therefore, a process
where everyone has a specialized role will be an efficient one.

 Authority – This principle looks at the concept of managerial authority. It looks at how authority is necessary in order to ensure that managerial commands are carried out. If managers did not have authority then they would lack the
ability to get work carried out. Managers should use their authority responsibly and ethically.

 Discipline – This principle relates to the fact that discipline is needed within an organization for it to run effectively. Organizational rules, philosophies, and structures need to be met. In order to have disciplined workers, managers must
build a culture of mutual respect and motivation.

 Unity of command – There should be a clear chain of command in place within an organization. An employee should know exactly whose instructions to follow.

 Unity of direction – Work should be organized in a way that means employees are working in harmony toward a shared objective or goal using a shared method or procedure.

 Subordination individual interests to the collective interests – The interests of the organization as a whole should take precedence over the interests of any individual employee or group of employees. This encourages a team spirit and
collective mentality of all for one and one for all.

 Remuneration – In order to motivate and be fair to employees, they should be paid a reasonable rate for the work they carry out. An organization that underpays will struggle to attract quality workers who are motivated.

 Centralization – This principle relates to whether decisions should be made centrally, as in from the top down, or in a more democratic way, from the bottom up. Different decision making processes are appropriate for different types of
decisions.

 Scalar chain – This relates to the principle of a clear chain of communication existing between employees and superiors. The chain should be respected, unless speedy communication is vital, in which case the chain may be bypassed if all
parties consent.

 Order – This relates to the proper use of resources and their effective deployment in a structured fashion.

 Equity – Managers should behave ethically towards those they manage. Almost every organization in the modern world will have a written set of policies and procedures which will outline exactly what is expected from staff at all levels.

 Stability of tenure of personnel – It is seen as desirable within an organization to have a low staff turnover rate. This is due to the benefits that come with having experienced staff and the time and expense needed to train new ones.
There should be a clear and efficient method of filling any staff vacancies that arise.

 Initiative – Employees that have an input as to how to best do their job are likely to feel more motivated and respected. Many organizations place a great deal of emphasis on listening to the concerns of staff.

 Morale – Keeping a high level of morale and team spirit is an essential part of having the most productive organization possible. Happy and motivated employees are far more likely to be productive and less absent.

Principles of Management – The Importance of the Principles

Having a clear management structure in place is vital for any successful organization. Efficient and well intentioned management sets the tone for the rest of the staff. It is common for the attitude approach of managers to filter through the entire organization,
so having managers working in an exemplary way is an excellent example for employees to follow