Designation: C 134 – 95 (Reapproved 1999)

Standard Test Methods for

Size, Dimensional Measurements, and Bulk Density of
Refractory Brick and Insulating Firebrick1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 134; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope intended configuration with respect to size, bulk density, flat

1.1 These test methods cover procedures for measuring size, surfaces, and right angles. These test methods are particularly
dimensional measurement, bulk density, warpage, and square- suited for use under field conditions and provide a means to
ness of rectangular dense refractory brick and rectangular determine whether the brick meets the requirements considered
insulating firebrick. More precise determination of bulk density necessary to assure a satisfactory refractory construction.
of refractory brick can be made by Test Methods C 20. Stack SIZE AND BULK DENSITY
height is generally determined only for dense refractories.
NOTE 1—Test Methods C 830 and C 914 are also used to determine 4. Apparatus
bulk density of refractory brick, by different procedures. 4.1 Rule, steel, hook, 12 in. (305 mm) in length, graduated
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order: in 0.02-in. (0.5-mm) divisions, for use in measuring individual
Sections
brick. The rule has a rigid hardened steel hook consisting of a
Size and Bulk Density 4 through 7 right-angled piece on one end to fix the zero point of the scale
Warpage of Refractory Brick 8 through 10 against one face of the brick. The hook is about 1⁄4 in. (6 mm)
Squareness of Refractory Brick 11 through 14
in width and extends about 1⁄4 in. beyond the back face or,
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded preferably, the edge of the rule.
as standard. The values in parentheses are provided as infor- 4.2 Rule, stiff steel, hook, 36 in. (914 mm) in length,
mation only. graduated from each end in 0.02-in. (0.5-mm) divisions, for use
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the in measuring stack height and the larger individual brick. The
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 36-in. rule has the same design as the 12-in (305-mm) rule.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
NOTE 2—Check the hook rules periodically to determine that they have
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- not become worn or distorted in use. Other measuring equipment may be
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. used, provided the results are at least as accurate as those obtained with
the hook rule.
2. Referenced Documents
4.3 Weighing Scale, having a capacity of 20 lb (9 kg) or
2.1 ASTM Standards:
more and a sensitivity under load of at least 0.01 lb (4.5 g).
C 20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorp-
tion, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of 5. Sampling
Burned Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water2
5.1 A sample consists of ten brick selected at random.
C 830 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorp-
5.2 Preparation of Specimens—Remove any blisters or fins
tion, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of
from the specimens by lightly rubbing them together. Omit this
Refractory Shapes by Vacuum Pressure2
step in the case of insulating firebrick.
C 914 Test Method for Bulk Density and Volume of Solid
Refractories by Wax Immersion2 6. Procedure
3. Significance and Use 6.1 Length and Width—Measure the length and width of
each of the ten specimens across the middle of each of the faces
3.1 Refractory brick are used as modular units in furnace
of largest area to the nearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm). Make and
construction and should not deviate significantly from the
record the individual measurements of the two opposite faces
of each specimen.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on 6.2 Thickness—Determine the thickness of insulating fire-
Refractories and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical brick and record in the same manner as the length and width,
Tests and Properties.
Current edition approved May 15, 1995. Published July 1995. Originally as indicated in 6.1. Make the thickness measurements at the
published as C 134 – 38. Last previous edition C 134 – 94. centers of the longer sides of the brick. Determine the thickness
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.01.

Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 C 134
of dense refractory brick in the same manner or, when required
by specification, calculate the average thickness from the stack
height determined as in 6.3.
6.3 Stack Height—Stack the ten specimens vertically on a
plane surface with their faces of largest area together to form a
smooth column, without regard to the position of any brand
marks on the specimens. Measure the height of the stack to the
nearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) from the plane surface to the top of NOTE—SI Equivalents (Dimensions are in inchs.)
the stack at the center of each side. Record the individual
measurements of the four sides of the stack. in. mm
6.4 Weight—Dry at 230°F (110°C), cool, and weigh each of 0.5 13
the specimens to the nearest 0.01 lb (4.5 g), and record the 2.5 64
weight. FIG. 1 Measuring Wedge

7. Calculation and Report

7.1 Size—Report the individual measurements and the cal- 9. Procedure
culated average for the two individual measurements for
9.1 Measuring a Concave Surface:
length, width, and thickness for each specimen.
9.1.1 Measure and record the length of the diagonal of a
7.2 Stack Height and Average Thickness— Report the
concave surface to the nearest 0.1 in. (3 mm) with the
individual measurements and the calculated stack height as the
graduated straightedge. Place the straightedge across the di-
average of the individual measurements of the four sides of the
agonal. Insert the wedge (Fig. 2) at the point of maximum
stack if required. Report “average thickness by stack height” as
warpage, and record the maximum obtainable reading to the
the average stack height divided by ten. For bricks over 31⁄2 in.
nearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm).
(89 mm) in thickness, report the average thickness of the
9.1.2 Repeat the procedure in 9.1.1 for the other diagonal.
individual specimens.
9.2 Measuring a Convex Surface:
7.3 Bulk Density—Calculate and report the bulk density for
9.2.1 Measure and record the length of the diagonal of a
each specimen, using Eq 1 or Eq 2 as appropriate and the
convex surface to the nearest 0.1 in. (3 mm) with a caliper or
average dimensions obtained in accordance with 7.1 and the
hook rule. Place the straightedge across the diagonal, and insert
weight obtained in accordance with 6.4.
one wedge at each end of the straightedge (Fig. 3). Adjust the
~lb/ft3!B 5 ~d 3 1728/l 3 w 3 t! (1) wedges so that equal readings are obtained on each, making
or certain that the straightedge is in contact with the brick surface
at the point of maximum convexity. Record the reading to the
B 5 ~d/l 3 w 3 t! (2)
nearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm).
where: 9.2.2 Repeat the procedure in 9.2.1 for the other diagonal.
B = bulk density, lb/ft3(g/cc), 9.2.3 Alternatively, set the shape on its convex surface, on a
d = dry weight, lb (g), plane surface, and insert one wedge at each end of a diagonal
l = length, in. (mm), until each wedge is in contact with the diagonal (Fig. 4). Adjust
w = width, in. (mm), and until equal readings are obtained on each wedge, making
t = thickness, in. (mm). certain that contact is maintained at the vertices of the diagonal
and at the point of maximum convexity. Record the reading to
WARPAGE OF REFRACTORY BRICK the nearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm).
9.2.4 Repeat the procedure in 9.2.3 for the other diagonal.
8. Apparatus
8.1 Steel Straightedge, stiff, having sufficient length to span 10. Calculation and Report
the diagonal of the largest shape to be measured, and graduated 10.1 Calculate the percent warpage for each of the diagonal
in 0.02-in. (0.5-mm) divisions. positions using Eq 3:
8.2 Measuring Wedges, two, steel, 2.5-in. (64-mm) long by
0.5 in. (13 mm) wide by 0.5 in. thick at one end, and tapered
from a line 0.5 in. from one end to zero thickness at the other
end. The wedge shall be graduated and numbered along the
slope to show the thickness of the wedge between base AB and
slope AC in 0.02-in. (0.5-mm) divisions (Fig. 1).
8.2.1 Similar Wedges, of equivalent size and slope (that is,
rising 1 mm vertically for each 4 mm horizontally), and
graduated along the slope to show the thickness of the wedge
between base AB and the slope AC in SI units may be
employed in conjunction with a straightedge calibrated in SI FIG. 2 Method of Measuring Warpage of a Concave Surface
units.

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 C 134
12. Procedure
12.1 Place the test specimen on the metal plate so that it
rests securely on a width face (Fig. 5).
12.2 Abut the square at about midpoint of the long dimen-
sion.
12.3 Insert the steel wedge at the point of maximum
departure between the square and brick surface (Fig. 5).
FIG. 3 Method of Measuring Warpage of a Convex Surface 12.4 Read and record the deviation to the nearest 0.02 in.
(0.5 mm).
12.5 Repeat the procedures in 12.2, 12.3, and 12.4 for the
opposite vertical face and each end.
12.6 Reposition the specimen to rest securely on a thickness
face.
12.7 Repeat the procedures in 12.2, 12.3, and 12.4 for both
FIG. 4 Alternative Method of Measuring Warpage of a Convex
major vertical faces and each end.
Surface
13. Report
13.1 Report the following:
W 5 ~R/D! 3 100 (3) 13.1.1 Brick brand and nominal size.
13.1.2 Individual deviation obtained from each measured
where: face for each specimen in the sampling.
W = warpage, %,
R = wedge reading, in. (mm), and 14. Precision and Bias
D = length of diagonal, in. (mm).
14.1 Precision:
14.1.1 Interlaboratory Test Program—An interlaboratory
10.2 Consider the larger of the warpage figures as that of the
study was conducted by six laboratories on ten specimens
specimen. Report the warpage values for the individual speci-
using two replications and two duplicate runs on the same
mens to two significant figures.
specimen. The specimens were stiff mud extruded and pressed
SQUARENESS OF REFRACTORY BRICK super duty brick.
14.1.2 Repeatability—The maximum permissible difference
11. Apparatus due to test error between two test results obtained by one
11.1 Metal Plate, 24 by 24 by 1-in. (610 by 610 by 25 mm) operator on the same material is given by the repeatability
thick, with one surface ground to a flatness of 60.005 in. (0.13 interval and the relative repeatability interval (coefficient of
mm), or an equivalent abrasion-resistant flat surface. variation). The 95% repeatbility intervals are given in Table 1.
11.2 Precision Square, 12 by 9 in. (305 by 229 mm). Two test results that do not differ by more than the repeatability
11.3 Measuring Wedge, steel, 2.5 in. (64 mm) long by 0.5 interval will be considered the same, and, conversely, two test
in. (13 mm) wide by 0.5 in. thick at one end, and tapered from results that do differ by more than the repeatability interval will
a line 0.5 in. at one end to zero thickness at the other end. The be considered different.
wedge shall be graduated and numbered along the slope to 14.1.3 Reproducibility—The maximum permissible differ-
show the thickness of the wedge between base AB and slope ence due to test error between two test results obtained by two
AC in 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) division (Fig. 1). operators in different laboratories on the same type of material

A—Width face
B—Thickness face
C—End face
FIG. 5 Method of Measuring Squareness

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 C 134
TABLE 1 Precision Statistics

Precision Data Relative Precision Data

Attribute Average, Std. Std. Deviation Repeat- Reproduc- Within Between Relative Relative
in. Deviation between ability ibility Lab Vr Lab VR Repeatability, Reproducibility,
within Lab SR Interval Interval R %r %R
Lab Sr
Length 8.941 0.007 0.01 0.017 0.028 0.072 0.11 0.199 0.308
Width 4.356 0.007 0.011 0.017 0.027 0.135 0.227 0.38 0.631
Thickness 2.96 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.020 0.25 0.56 0.69
Diagonal Warpage 0.265 0.079 0.124 0.22 0.348 30.099 52.529 84.277 147.08
Squareness of Width 0.022 0.011 0.015 0.035 0.043 69.39 84.731 194.29 237.247
Squareness Max 0.04 0.018 0.019 0.053 0.056 50.043 53.23 140.121 149.045
Deviation Midpoint of
Length
Squareness Max 0.032 0.012 0.012 0.032 0.039 36.413 44.168 101.96 123.67
Deviation Midpoint of
Thickness
Squareness Max 0.034 0.01 0.011 0.027 0.034 29.549 36.674 82.736 99.89
Deviation Midpoint of Width
10 High Stack Oriented 29.83 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.1 0.05 0.12 0.14 0.35
10 High Stack Random 29.83 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.9 0.07 0.11 0.19 0.30
Bulk Density Pounds per 138.036 0.427 0.729 1.196 2.046 0.31 0.529 0.866 1.482
Cubic
Foot

using the same type of test equipment is given by the the true values of the properties of the reference material are
reproducibility interval and relative reproducibility interval not defined.
(coefficient of variation). The 95% reproducibility intervals are
given in Table 1. Two test results that do not differ by more 15. Keywords
than the reproducibility interval will be considered the same
and, conversely, two test results that do differ by more than the 15.1 bulk density; dimension; insulating firebrick; refracto-
reproducibility interval will be considered different. ries; size; squareness; warpage
14.2 Bias—No justifiable bias statement is possible since

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