REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

According to Aikat (2016) reading plays a very important role in enhancing the

minds of young individuals developing their capacity for focused attention as well as

their imaginative growth (p.699). Past research has shown a positive relationship between

people reading habits and their active involvement in other endeavors.

Aikat (2016) also cited Louise M. Roseblatt an influential professor of literature

and scholar of reading. Aikat stated that “The act of reading is a dynamic transaction

between the reader and the text” (p. 700) an idea taken from Rosenblatts’s 1978 book

“the Reader, The Text, The Poem”

According to Aforementioned book there are two kinds of reading for leisure,

called esthetic Reading and Efferent Reading in order to gain information. Efferent

readers read for the purpose of the facts they will learn, while aesthetic readers read for

the reading experience making it easier for them to “connect emotionally” to the text.

Edward William Dolch’s 1951 book Psychology and Teaching or Reading

reading was defined as “imagining thinking and feeling about ideas and thoughts made

from past experiences that are suggested by perception of printed words” (6.9). On the

other hand Aikat (2007) stated that “the act of reading is a dynamic ‘transaction’ between

the reader and the text” (p.700), an idea taken from Louise M. Rosenblatt’s 1978 book

The Reader The Text, The Poem.

Efferent readers read for the purpose of the facts they will learn, while aesthetic

readers read for the reading experience making it easier for them to “connect

emotionally” to the text. In order for readers to attain this connection and fully
comprehend the text they read, Dolch (1951) asserted that the process of reading requires

the different capabilities of the mind, as the reader processes words and their meanings.
FOREIGN LITERATURE

According to Harris and Sipay (1995) attempts to remediate reading failure date back

to the beginning of the seventeenth century. Morgan a British Ophthalmologist published

the first report of case of reading disability in 1896. He used the term “congenial word

blindness” to describe a 14-year old boy who had not learned to read although he seemed

to be intelligent. Many investigations began in Europe regarding these problems but these

attracted relatively little notice from psychologists and educators in Great Britain.

The same author reported the first report published in the United States in 1916 was

as attempt to diagnose individual reading and prescribed treatment like other

neurologists, Samuel Orton (as cited by Harris and Sipay, 1995) studied the causes of

delays in learning to read but he was mainly interested in the reading disability. His

works attracted wide attention among psychologists.

According to Strong (1997) reading is a tool subject, without knowing how to read

the pupil cannot learn and progress in other fields of endeavor if he knows how to read.

He will be able to deal with his environment and perform his daily activities in life . As a

result, this will enable him to adjust emotionally and socially to different situations

making him a useful and productive citizen of his country

According to Manila bulletin reading-disable students attempt to learn, and fail, they also

cannot meet their own expectations for achievement. This lowers their expectations for

failure success until a generalized fear of failure dominates their attitudes and behaviors.

Response generalization to other social, academic, and school-related activities is

inevitable and a pattern of learned helplessness results. One of the principal aspects of

that syndrome is that motivation to achieve deteriorates, negating self-concept and self-

reliance (Sabatino, 1991).

According to Manila bulletin The possible causes of reading disability are numerous. A

single factor seldom causes reading disability. The difficulty is due to a composite of

related conditions. Lalunio (1994) calssifies the four causative factors or reading

disability into four, namely: physical, external, intelligence, and educational: (a) Physical

deficiencies. Include visual, binocular difficulties, auditory deficiencies, motor, speech,

and glandular disturbances and general health. Visual deficiencies and hyperopia, myopia

and astigmatism. Binocular difficulties occur when the visual image of words and objects

are blurred and when more serious two images of words and objects are blurred and when

more serious two images are seen. The pupils use many fixations and regressions or

backward movements.

According to Manila bulletin reading is emotionally maladjusted disable readers are those

who show symptoms in the form of shyness or retiring behavior, inability to concentrate,

lack of self-confidence or nay kind of aggressive, compensatory behavior.

promoting children by age rather than achievement, or over emphasis on the development

of reading skills without giving permission to the development of pupils and lack of

reading readiness where in the child is plunged right away to standard reading program

before he has acquired the readiness which important to his success in classroom

activities. Other is lack of individual difference and methods of teaching

Study conducted by a nonprofit organization located in manila demonstrates that provides

age appropriate reading material and trains teachers to use it can have a significant

ability.
FOREIGN STUDY

According to Jorge steffen of University of Californina (2017) The value of reading is

so much part of modern society and well integrated into the country’s education system

that educational success is almost synonymous with reading success. A reading ability is

the gateway to the acquisition and expansion of knowledge, however there are learners

for whom reading is a struggle. These learners are referred to in this study as learners

who experience reading difficulty.

According to Bella Dudula Hlalethwa of university of South Africa (2015) most

people living in today’s modern world reading is an everyday ordinary task to which little

thought is given yet it is one of the most important skills that learners acquired at schools

as it forms the foundation for all further learning. Unlike the ability to speak, the one to

read is not inborn and a learner does not acquired it simply by watching and listening to

other readers. Many of our day to day task required reading, and a person who can read

well can function more effectively in everyday activities yet for an illiterate person, many

of life’s seemingly mundae and ordinary task which many literate people take for granted

can become insurmountable hurdles.

According to Mandy Jackson of Duke university (2016) Reading is a technical

process because we read letter by letter and word. It is automatic information processing,

for we decode each word and comprehend it is as we build understanding of the sentence

through combining their individual meaning. It is a linguistic process, as we are engaged

users of language. It is a transactional process as the reader bring meaning to the text and

constructs personal meaning through exchange with the author. It is an active search for
meaning that involves the relationship between thought and language and a cultural

process in that what counts as acceptable reading practice is culturally defined.

According to Jonah C. Celestino of College of Information and Technology of Computer

Science in Makati (2017) Reading comprehension to non readers and frustration to non

readers today is different from the past. Teacher needs to focus on extensive

comprehension instruction with all stusents, is not just successful reader. Reading

disorder is a learning disoerder characterized by a significant disparity between an

individuals general intelligence and his or her reading skills.

According to Mariases N. Apologo of Our lady of Fatima (2014) Poor readers and non

readers will be pulled out from their class to be tutored or coached by the reading teacher

. Reading related activities may be given by the specil reading teacher, he will ask school

for help or assistance of some volunteer parents who are knowledgeable enough and

willing to serve as reading teacher of poor readers during specified time either in school

or at home. Evaluation of students reading ability must be done on an individual basis in

ordr to make a diagnosis of reading disorder and distinguish it from slow learning or low

intelligence.

Acoording to Mark Joseph Isidro of Our Lady of Fatima (2014) A student will bring

home a copy of reading selection to read at home. The reading materials will vary

according to deferent types of readers ( non readers, frustration level , instructional and

independent level). The parent who will teach the students will attend a meeting with the

teachers to give knowledge on what she or he going to do with his or her child. Reading

difficulties occur on an continuum, meaning that there is a wide range of students who

experience reading difficulties. There are those students who are daiagnosed with a
reading related disability but there is an even larger group of students who still targeted

reading assistance.

According to Ma. Josefina F. Cabral of National University (2015) Reading had been

long lasting and wide spread problem among students in high school level, because they

reach their high school level without knowing how to read properly. One of the

challenges that the teachers facing is how to motivate the students to read, This study

aims to make a plan for the poor reading difficulties of students. Be aware of how each

student is doing. A student should be checked for example if he or she has much more

difficult time than other students in pronouncing or rhyming words.

According to Hesusa D. Cuenca of University of the Philippines, Los Banos (2016)

Reading Disorder is a learning disorder that invoves significant impairement of reading

accuracy, speed or comprehension to the extent that the impairment interferes with

academis achievement or activities of daily life. People with reading disorder perform

reading task well below the level one would expect on the basis of their general

intelligence, educational opportunites and physical health. Reading disorder is most

commonly called dyslexia, however usually includes deficits in spelling and writing as

well as reading.