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Performance Based Analysis of Solar PV Emulators: A Review

Conference Paper · September 2018

DOI: 10.1109/CCTES.2018.8674082

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2018 International Conference on Computational and Characterization Techniques in Engineering & Sciences (CCTES)
Integral University, Lucknow, India, Sep 14-15, 2018

Performance Based Analysis of Solar PV

Emulators: A Review
Mohammad Shahabuddin Mohammed Asim Adil Sarwar
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Integral University, Integral University, Aligarh Muslim University
Lucknow, India Lucknow, India Aligarh, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Ahmed Riyaz Mirza Mohammad Shadab Anas Anees

Department of Electrical and Renewable Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Energy Integral University, Aligarh Muslim University
BGSB University Lucknow, India Aligarh, India
Rajauri, India [email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]

Abstract—Ever increasing demand of energy and in nature [1]. Moreover, the characteristics changes, due to
continuous depletion of accessible standard energy resources change in environmental condition (Fig. 1). This leads to
has diverted the mind of researchers towards the efficient operation at a point away from knee point of I-V curve
utilization of renewable resources of energy like sun, wind & (where maximum power is available), hence decreasing the
sea water movement etc. for generation of electrical energy. overall efficiency of PV panel. The effective installation and
Among all the renewable energy resources, solar energy is utilization of solar PV panel depends on tracking this knee
abundantly and almost uniformly available in most part of the point of operation. So research in solar PV area revolves
world and is seen as a potential player in future energy market around to find better materials for solar PV and developing
around the world. The advantages of electrical energy
better algorithms (known as maximum power point tracking
generation through sun include pollution free electricity
generation, negligible maintenance and free availability.
algorithms) for effective utilization of sun’s energy falling on
Electrical energy can be generated from sun by either directly panel. The nonlinear power characteristics of solar PV panel
converting the sunlight into dc electricity or through solar have been modelled by various researchers to understand and
thermal energy. Energy through solar photovoltaic[SPV] has study the performance of solar PV based system [1]-[7].
seen an enormous funding in research and development with Solar PV emulator refers to the system which emulates the
ministry of new and renewable energy sources [MNRE], solar PV characteristic and behavior and can be used to
government of India, pumping in vital funds for its effective power solar PV based systems which is under testing,
utilization in India. Electrical energy can be extracted from research or development stage for the purpose of analysis
solar photovoltaic module or array during sunny days in the and evaluation of its performance and behavior under
form of dc and can be converted to ac by the use of inverters varying atmospheric conditions [8]. Various methods have
and can be stored by using batteries for the use in night or in been reported in literature in formulating a practical solar PV
durations of unavailability of solar irradiations in rainy emulator [9]-[19]. But there is a lack of concentrated effort to
seasons. Solar PV module or array could be a combination of gather all these work at a single platform which provides a
PV cells that can be connected in either series or parallel or central point for the researchers to do innovative work in the
combination of both to enhance the power output to the match development of less costly and simple PV emulator. Only
the load demand. The output power of these photovoltaic few papers are available which have comprehensively
modules is affected by varying environmental conditions like classified the PV emulators [20]. In this paper, the
variation in irradiations and operating cell temperatures etc.
authors administered an avid effort to compile the literature
The present work pertains to reviewing the development of
solar PV emulator for testing and carrying out research
that are otherwise scattered in the area of development of
activities on solar PV based system thereby providing the solar PV emulator. Because of the presence of few
problems posed by its intermittent nature of dependence on the manufacturers the cost of solar PV emulator in market is
weather conditions. A through and critical analysis of various very high and hampers the institutions in doing effective
power electronic and conventional analog technologies in research because of the cost constraints.
development of solar PV emulator has been carried out. The
performance comparison of solar PV emulator presented in
literature based on various parameters has also been
presented.

Keywords—Renewable energy system, Solar PV emulator,

Maximum power point tracker (MPPT), Buck converter

I. INTRODUCTION
There has been an increase in application of renewable
energy in daily uses. Solar photovoltaic system leads other
renewable energy sources as potential energy player
particularly in the area where grid supply is not available. Fig. 1. Power output versus PV Voltage (MPP refers to maximum power
The output I-V characteristic of solar PV panel is non-linear point)

978-1-5386-4254-2/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE 94

 II. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) EMULATOR literature, emulator based on one diode model approximation
is the oldest (Fig. 2). The emulator requires a dc current
A. The need for a PV emulator source and diode in parallel to replicate the IV characteristics
The high dependence of output of a PV panel on the of solar cell. Resistances in series and parallel accounts for
atmospheric condition makes it difficult to use it for lab losses within the cell [21]-[23]. The disadvantage with one
testing of various power electronic interfaces. Thus, there is a diode model it that it doesn’t replicate the IV & PV
requirement of a system which could emulate the actual characteristics for varying environmental (temperature and
behavior [I-V and P-V characteristics] of a PV panel under solar insolation) situations effectively [21]. Hence as
varying atmospheric condition [temperature and solar replacement, a two diode model approximation was proposed
insolation]. The emulation should also ensure that the desired (Fig. 3). The results came within the range of effective
I-V characteristic corresponding to the real atmospheric performance at low irradiation (insolation) level. [21]. But
condition should be generated depending on the test there is great complexity involved in PV panel models
requirement. This would ensure invariance of the test results available as single diode model and two diode model as they
and could be replicated again for repeated testing of power involve evaluation of five parameter and seven parameters
electronic interface. Moreover, the space constraint and high respectively.
cost of installation also limits the use of actual PV panel for
testing purpose. To reduce the complexity two separate interpolation
methods were proposed by author in [24]. The first method
B. Requirements of an ideal PV emulator requires series resistance to produce accurate model and the
x The highly nonlinear IV and PV characteristics of a second method requires the I-V curve factor and one more
PV panel should be closely emulated corresponding point on I-V curve to produced improved result.
to the atmospheric temperature and solar insolation RS IC
x It should have the ability to be interfaced with any
type of power electronic converter for testing
purpose. IO
x It should be programmable and could effectively L
emulate the panels available from solar panel I SC VC o
D a
manufactures.
d
x The real situation and circumstances like partial
shading and rapid changing atmospheric condition
could also be replicated without any control issues. Fig. 2. Model for one diode approximation
x The cost of the emulator should be low so that it RS IC
could be procured easily by academic and research
institutes for enhanced research activity in the area
of solar PV for the benefit of humanity.
III. TYPES OF PV EMULATORS L
The development of solar PV emulators has been playing I SC VC o
D1 D2 RP
an important role in ascertaining the application area of solar a
PV system. Various manufacturers of PV emulators like A 1 A 2 d
Ecosense, Ametek, itech power etc. are supplying PV
emulators and their products are replicating exact PV
characteristics of PV panels manufactured by leading Fig. 3. Model for two diode approximation
companies in area of solar panel. In this section, the PV
emulators reported in literature have been grouped under B. Programmable dc supply based PV emulator and Power
following headings and discussed. electronic converter based PV emulator
A. Conventional type PV emulator A DC-DC converter is an important part of PV emulator
based on converter logic. Different types of converter such as
B. Programmable dc supply based PV emulator and Power buck converter, SEPIC converter, LLC resonant converter
electronic converter based PV emulator had been used. The basic topology of a PV emulator based
on converter logic is shown in Fig. 4. The author in [12]
C. Microcontroller/DSP/FPGA based PV emulator
proposed an approach for designing and implementing power
D. Hardware in Loop (HIL) based PV emulator electronic based PV emulator which emulates the output
characteristics of the PV module using buck converter. A
E. Commercial solar PV emulators lookup table corresponding to the data of sun power solar
A. Conventional type PV emulator panel module has been obtained. A power factor corrected
buck converter based on look up table data is used to observe
In this section PV emulators based on analog circuits and the behavior of panel at various solar irradiance and
simple single diode and double diode model has been temperature condition. MATLAB/Simulink based modeling
categorized as conventional PV emulators. PV emulator A and simulation has been used to obtain the results of the
PV emulator which is based on basic analog electronic output characteristics which coincides with the actual PV
circuit was designed and implemented by the authors of [8]. modules characteristics.
Among various types of PV emulators available in the

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 Programmable dc DC-DC converter
power supply

Controller

Load

Fig. 4. Block diagram of PV emulator based of converter logic

The role of these converters is generally to ensure D. Hardware in Loop (HIL) based PV emulator
operation at maximum power point [13-14]. In the case of Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) platform has been
buck converter, the generated voltage/current from PV panel recognized as a powerful prototyping tool in the testing and
is compared with reference voltage/current depending on the validation of renewable energy based system.
type of MPP algorithm. In the case of constant voltage
technique, voltage of PV panel is compared with a fraction of The author of paper [28] presented a real time
open circuit voltage. The error is then passed to the PWM supervision HIL emulator for partial shaded solar PV array.
generator and then to the buck converter. The author in [15] The work emulates the real time behaviour of a shaded PV
proposed a PV emulator based on single ended primary panel necessary for evaluation of fault detection method
converter [SEPIC] with high accuracy. using HIL approach. A high level specification of embedded
system (HiLeS) for automatic very high-speed integrated
C. Microcontroller/DSP/FPGA based PV emulator circuit hardware description language (VHDL) code
The real time controllers have increased the effectiveness generation has been employed for emulating the photovoltaic
and accuracy of the PV emulator. The modeling used for it is system behaviour. Experimental results validate a near IV
generally a single diode model except in few cases as in behaviour of the emulator.
ARM controller based PV emulator double diode model is
used [25]. These controllers have the added advantage that A hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) implementation of solar
they give accurate results for almost every condition such as Photovoltaic module has been reported in [29] .It utilizes
rapidly changing atmospheric conditions and partial shading sliding mode control for the operation of a dc–dc boost
conditions. These controllers are also flexible as well as converter and a current controlled-voltage source converter.
robust. They generally work by collecting data from the The experimental results promises regulation of voltage and
manufacturer datasheet with the help of which an interface is frequency in case of grid connected system and overcurrent
build. According to these data, different signals are sent to protection for standalone storage system like battery.
track the optimum point of operation on the IV characteristic. A real-time simulator of a PV array which is based on
The various types of real time controllers used by various self-supervised neural networks Growing Neural Gas (GNG)
authors are dspace, FPGA, Microcontroller, ARM controller, algorithm has been presented in [30]. Current-voltage-
and RT-Lab controller [12], [17] and [19]. Digital Signal irradiance temperature mapping, given by the growing neural
Controller (DSC) dsPIC33E64MC202 based PV emulator gas algorithm, drives the DC-DC converter and claimed to
has been developed by [10]. It utilizes the power quasi accurately describe the characteristics of a PV array. The
sliding mode control scheme for implementing the control characteristic of solar PV output which depends heavily on
for fast changing atmospheric condition. Fixed frequency the solar insolation and PV cell temperature is also reported
sliding mode control has been investigated further as the to be incorporated. The stability of the said PV emulator was
filter design for fixed frequency sliding mode control is also tested in discrete domain.
simple compared to its hysteresis counterpart. A
metaheuristic technique (Artificial Bee Colony and The authors of [31] proposed and analyzed a PV active
Differential Evolution) has beed adopted by authors of [26] power tracking algorithm and a four phase interleaved boost
to study the faults occurring in a building integrated PV converter was selected for the implementation. Automatic
system (BIPV). They had developed a PV emulator based on code generation of MATLAB software is used to generate
one diode model. The authors of [27] have shown a PV the codes while HIL device was used to emulate the power
emulator based on a Digital Signal Processor stage.
(TMS320F28335) and DC-DC converter- capable of E. Commercial Solar PV emulators:
simulating the IV and PV characteristics of a real solar PV
The section gives a brief account of some of the
panel. The designed PV emulator has a fast transient
commercial PV emulator available in market. It does not
response. Moreover, the steady state operating points fits
intend to compare the performance of the products nor does
well with the theoretical characteristic.

96
it present a detailed description of the product. The details of USB interfaces. A high-speed high performance photovoltaic
the product can be obtained from the respective websites / solar simulation power supply, equipped with SAS1000
[32]-[36]. solar array simulation software is being manufactured by
itech power testing solution [35]. It can accurately simulate
The Solar PV emulator from Ecosensense is a the solar array I-V curve, up to a maximum voltage of
programmable dc power supply designed to emulate solar 1000V, power can be extended to 100KW by connecting the
panels [32]. There are four independent channels of 400 emulators is series and parallel. It has a fast response time
Watts each. The IV data has been collected for different with better fast control and repeatability features along with
manufacturers developing PV panel. The atmospheric data at other superior characteristics. Solar PV emulator
different longitude and latitude is taken online and can be manufactured by AMETEK is another solar simulator for
used to emulate the system. There are three different modes testing energy storage, microgrids and various inverter test
of operation [32]: applications [36]. It has been specifically designed to
1. Fixed Mode –Emulator works like a programmable emulate the dynamic IV characteristic of solar PV array with
dc power supply. It can supply controlled voltage low output capacitance and high closed loop bandwidth for
in the range 0-50 Volts and 0-8 A from each of the easy MPPT tracking. There are other companies in the
four ports. business of developing solar PV emulators. But the basic
2. Table Mode – wherein 12 hours of data can be issue with all the products is the high cost of procurement
downloaded and emulated in the four ports of the [37], [38].
emulator. IV. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
3. Simulator Mode – A maximum of 10
preconfigured table can be downloaded and Various sorts of PV emulators have been developed
recently varying from the most basic one diode
emulated. There is no time limit for the emulation
approximation to the latest IOT based model. In this section
to run.
criterion based analysis of the PV emulator has been done
Solar array simulator from chroma is a fully
based on various performance parameters.
programmable solar PV emulator available with Standard
USB / RS232 / RS485 interface [33]. Solar cell materials can The analysis done can be useful for the researchers and
also be emulated. It is available in variety of voltage and students to assist in selection of PV emulator according to
power range. Using parallel operation solar PV output of their needs depending upon the application and financial
upto 1.5 MW can be emulated. It has a feature to test constraints. A comparative study taking into consideration
algorithms for static and dynamic MPPT. There are the below mentioned factors for different PV emulators have
provisions for testing solar inverter efficiency. It boasts of been presented in Table 1. The performance of various
very fast dynamic response. Solar array simulators from groups of PV emulator is gauged quantitatively as low,
keysight technologies formerly agilent technologies moderate and high value. The complexity in the hardware
accurately simulates the I-V curve of solar panels has been differentiated in terms of easy, not realizable and
manufactured by different companies under various difficult.
environmental conditions (such as eclipse, spin, rotation, age
and temperature) [34]. The advance emulator has a variety of
features including remote programming via GPIB, LAN and

TABLE I. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS PHOTOVOLTAIC EMULATORS REPORTED IN LITERATURE

S.no Techniques Performance for Accuracy Hardware Efficiency Price Ease of

rapidly changing development implementation
weather
condition
1 Conventional type PV emulator Satisfactory Less Easy Less Less Easy

2 Programmable dc supply based Good Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate

PV emulator

3 Power electronic converter Depends on High Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate

based PV emulator control algorithm

4 Microcontroller/DSP/FPGA Stable and High Moderate High High Difficult

based PV emulator smooth operation

5 Hardware in Loop (HIL) based Very Good Very High Complex High Very high Difficult
PV emulator

6 Commercial solar PV Very Good Very High Commercial products High Very high Manual available
emulators with plug n play
feature

97
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