International Journal on Future Revolution in Computer Science & Communication Engineering ISSN: 2454-4248

Volume: 4 Issue: 1 44 – 48
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Analysis of Existing Losses of 220 kV Substation With Possible Suggestions Of
Reduction

Ashish Dandotia BhaveshVyas Surendra Kumar Khichar Garima Tiwari

Asst. Professor, EE Dept. Asst. Professor, EE Dept. Asst. Professor, EE Dept. Asst. Professor, EE Dept.
Arya College of Engineering & I.T Arya College of Engineering & I.T Arya College of Engineering & I.T Arya College of Engineering & I.T
Jaipur, India Jaipur, India Jaipur, India Jaipur, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— Every Power System consists of basic electrical assembly and end to end protection zone. But during the long lifetime operation of a
GSS possibility of faults and disoperation do exists. Majority of problems existing in these working stations remains same basic difference lies in
the suitability of preventive actions taken to cope up with those critical situations. Thus following research paper carries practical case study for
the existing losses of a real time 220 kV GSS. In the Indian Power System shunt capacitor banks have been installed at 33 kV voltage level at
EHV substations to compensate load reactive power demand. But the capacity of installed shunt capacitors does not match with load reactive
power demand which results in excessive reactive power flow on lines and transformers. Reflectively it results higher transmission losses,
increased loading and poor voltage profile of the network. In this research paper case study of Rajasthan power system has been studied to
evaluate the losses existing at 33 kV voltage level on transmission and other assemblies deployed. 220 kV GSS Sri Dungargarh located in Churu
district has been selected to carry out the detail studies. Actual system condition of 220 kV GSS Sri Dungargarh existing in September 2016 has
been simulated in Software. Impact of optimal reactive management at 33 kV voltage level has been analyzed on transmission losses, lines and
transformers loading and network voltage profile. From simulation studies it is found out that significant transmission loss at 33 kV voltage level
are obtained. Along with that various assemblies not in proper usages and dead conditions have been marked out along with their contribution in
losses. These measures could be taken as guideline for the utilities to prepare a manageable guidebook over preventive measures for loss
reduction at transmission level GSS.

Keywords— Reactive Power losses, Transformer Taps; Load flow studies; transmission loss reduction; voltage profile improvement.

__________________________________________________*****_________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Simulation case

studies were performed to exhibit the coordinated reactive
Power system is anendless energy dissipating system in the power support of the OLTC, and SCs which resulted in
form of electrical resistance [1]. India has one of the highest improved voltage quality.
levels of electricity losses in the world. These losses imply
electricity that is generated but does not reachingto customers. The importance of OLTC operation was also discussed by
India's T&D losses are almost 25% of generation, i.e more Z. Hu in 2003 [7] where by determining the optimum dispatch
than twice the world average [2]. schedules for on-load tap changer (OLTC) at substations
operations were decided. The shunt capacitor switching
Utilities are unaware of skillful ways to handle the depends on day-ahead load forecast. Switching operations
operating of grids. The naïve behavior towards reactive power modified for OLTC at substations, and time-interval based
management is aging the system equipment’s by making them control strategy was adopted with genetic algorithm to ensure
to work under capability. Thus promoting unskilled operation less switching operations than maximum allowed once to
and laying way to increase in power losses of the system. obtain a better voltage profile was continued. The proposed
In this research work the existing losses of 220 kV has strategy minimized the power loss and improved the voltage
been identified and its effect on subsidiary 132 kV grid sub- profile by maintaining proper volt/var control of the system.
stations, at 33 kV voltage level has been presented. Load carrying capability of the line also enhanced by
controlling the reactive power flow of capacitor banks. Shunt
Rajasthan State Power system has been considered for capacitors compensation power loss reduction by maintain
research studies [4]. As observed from the past literature system voltage profile and reducing the lines and transformer
works shunt capacitor banks deployment can effectively loading were briefed by A.A. Sallam et al. in 2002 [8].
reduce the power loss and provide additional benefits for Similarly a better smart grid technology work was showed by
system operation. Practice laid by, Yan Xu Zhao in 2013 [5] G. Vamsi Krishna Kartheek [9] by suggesting options for
the power loss on transformers can account for a considerable reactive power management with coordinated voltage control
portion of the overall loss. This work had proposed a method at generators tap changers and switched shunt capacitors for
for optimal placement of capacitor banks to the transformers enhanced voltage stability was put forwarded as a possible
to reduce power loss. The capacitor bank locations are recommendation for coordinated operation of grid with
considered at the low-side of transformers. In 2013 by Young pronounced skillful operation of utilities.
Jin Kim et al. [6] researched techniques to control steady-state
voltage of test network by using reactive power ancillary The location of generation and load pockets is large, the
service. The reactive power was managed in coordination with centralized monitoring and control of Thermal Power Stations
on-load tap changer (OLTC) and shunt capacitors (SCs) to from substations, becomes difficult. Also limited functionality
reduce distribution line power losses. Mixed-integer nonlinear is available for transmission infrastructures that are outside of
optimization problem was formulated & solved by using a substations. It has been observed that in Rajasthan Power
System work is not carried towards optimum reactive power
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International Journal on Future Revolution in Computer Science & Communication Engineering ISSN: 2454-4248
Volume: 4 Issue: 1 44 – 48
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management [10]. As a result underutilization of power
system equipment’s causes unnecessary burden over the
power generating assemblies of the system. Consequently
increasing system losses, operation and maintenance cost of
the grid therefore system requirements of reactive power must
be fulfilled timely[ 11].
II. OBJECTIVES OF CASE STUDY OF REAL TIME 220 KV GSS
Rajasthan Power System is a vast system the test network
considered is directly obtaining its power from 400 kV
substations. Thus objectives fulfilled will directly improvise
the whole grid. Thepurposes intended are briefed below.
1. To simulate the actual load flow of 220 KV GSS Sri
Dungargarh as per actual data collection.
Fig.2 Single Line Diagram of Test System
2. To identify the losses of 220 KV and subsidiary connected
132 KV GSS with identification of out of service capacitor TABLE I TRANSFORMERS DATA
banks.
Name of Transformers Details
3. Ways of loss reduction of Test System suitable for 220 KV Voltage MVA % X/R
GSS
voltage level. Ratio Capacity Impedance Ratio
220/132 kV 100 12.39 67.7
III. TEST SYSTEM DATA 220 kV Sri 220/132 kV 100 12.39 67.7
Dungargarh 132/33 kV 40/50 11.93 37.74
Rajasthan State Power System has an area of 1,32,147 Square 132/33 kV 20/25 10.09 28.98
miles and had a population of 6.86 Crores [6]. The highest 132 kV Sri 132/33 kV 20/25 10.43 28.02
transmission voltage in Rajasthan is 765 kV. There are two 765 Dungargarh 132/33 kV 20/25 9.80 29.86
kV GSS, twenty one 400 kV GSS, one hundred eleven 220 132 kV 132/33 kV 40/50 11.93 37.74
KV GSS, three hundred ninety three 132 kV GSS as on 31st Dulchasar 132/33 kV 20/25 10.09 28.98
march 2016. Power map of Rajasthan power system is placed 132/33 kV 20/25 9.80 29.86
132 kV Riri
132/33 kV 20/25 9.91 29.86
at Fig. 1. 132 kV 132/33 kV 20/25 9.66 29.44
Upani 132/33 kV 20/25 10.05 30.63

TABLE II TRANSMISSION LINES DATA

Line
Type of Length Type of
From GSS To GSS Voltage
Circuit (km) Conductor
(kV)
220 kV Sri 132 kV Sri
132 S/C 2.6 Panther
Dungargarh Dungargarh
220 kV Sri 132 kV
132 S/C 35 Panther
Dungargarh Dulchasar
220 kV Sri 132 kV
132 S/C 16.5 Panther
Dungargarh Riri
Fig.1 Rajasthan Power Map 132 kV 132 kV
132 S/C 12.5 Panther
Riri Upani
220 kV GSS Sri Dungargarh is located in the Churu district
and feed load of 132 kV GSS at Dulchasar,Sri Dungargarh,
Riri and Upani through 132 kV lines. It is connected from 400 TABLE III PANTHER CONDUCTOR POSITIVE SEQUENCE
kV GSS Bikaner through 59 kM long 220 kV S/C line and also PARAMETERS
connected from 400 kV GSS Ratangarh through 62 kM long
220 kV S/C line. A generator has been connected to 220 kV System Resistance(R) Reactance Susceptance
Particulars (Ohm/kM) (X) (Ohm/kM) (B/2) (mho/km)
bus of 220 kV GSS Sri Dungargarh and treated as a swing
bus.Rajasthan Discoms 33 kV feeders are emanating from 33 Values 0.1622174 0.3861158 1.46349e-006
kV bus of 220 kV and 132 kV substations and aggregated load
of these 33 kV feeders has been represented at respective
substations at 33 kV voltage level. Single line diagram of test IV. ACTUAL SYSTEM DATA
system is placed at Fig-2 and details are abstracted here under. To simulate the actual system condition, bus voltage, power
flow on lines and transformers, actual tap setting of
transformers, load, and status of capacitor banks of 220 kV
GSS Sri Dungargarh and connected 132 kV substations have
been gathered on 10 Sep 2016 at 1.0 PM and discussed in the
following paragraphs:
a) Load Data

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International Journal on Future Revolution in Computer Science & Communication Engineering ISSN: 2454-4248
Volume: 4 Issue: 1 44 – 48
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
As per information gathered on 10-9-2016 at 1 PM the 220 kV Bus 132 kV Bus 33 kV Bus
recorded load of 33 kV feeders at the substations is provided in 220 kV Sri Dungargarh 224 131 35
Table IV. 132 kV Sri Dungargarh 133 34
132 kV Dulchasar 128 33
TABLE IV LOAD DATA Nil
132 kV Riri 131 34
Recorded Load
S.No. Name of GSS 132 kV Upani 130 34
MW Power Factor
1 220 kV GSS Sri Dungargarh 29 0.85
2 132 kV GSS Sri Dungargarh 36 0.85
3 132 kV GSS Dulchasar 30 0.85 e) Line Power flow
4 132 kV GSS Riri 26 0.85
5 132 kV GSS Upani 28 0.85 Transmission Line power flows details to model the system
Total 149 0.85 as per actual recorded data is provided in Table VIII.
TABLE VIII TRANSMISSION LINE POWER FLOWS
b) Shunt Capacitor Bank Data
Power flow
Name of Line
Shunt Capacitor Banks are connected to 33 kV buses of MW MVAR
substations. Net capacity capacitors connected at various 132 kV S/C Sridungargarh-Riri-Upani Line 55.69 16.11
132 kV S/C Sridungargarh-Dulchasar Line 30.1 7.97
substations on 10.9.2016 at 1 PM are provided in Table V. 132 kV S/C Sridungargarh (132 kV GSS)-
37.09 8.31
TABLE V SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS DATA Sridungargarh (220 kV GSS) Line
132 kV S/C Riri-Upani Line 28.3 4.029
Capacity of Shunt Capacitors
(MVAR) Due to some errors in the measurement and also some time
Name of GSS
Installed “ON”
(MVAR) capacitors difference of measurement, some deviations may be observed
220 kV GSS Sri Dungargarh 2x5.43 1x5.43 in measured values.
132 kV GSS Sri Dungargarh 3x5.43 3x5.43
f) Substation Power flow
132 kV GSS Dulchasar 2x5.43 2x5.43
132 kV GSS Riri 2x5.43 2x5.43 Substation power flows of MW and Mvar as per database
132 kV GSS Upani 2x5.43 2x5.43 recorded by system engineer is provided in Table IX.
Total 59.73 54.30
TABLE IX SUB-STATION POWER FLOWS
One 5.43 MVAR capacity shunt capacitor bank is out of Power flow
service at 220 kV GSS Sri Dungargarh due to damage of Name of GSS Particulars
MW MVAR
circuit breaker and RVT. 132 kV side 144.08 44.22
220 kV Sri Dungargarh
33 kV side 28.81 14.12
c) Transformer TapPosition 132 kV Sri Dungargarh 33 kV side 36.06 5.537
Substation operators vary the tap position of transformers to 132 kV Dulchasar 33 kV side 29.67 8.65
control the LV bus voltage. Tap position of transformers at 132 kV Riri 33 kV side 25.9 3.86
132 kV Upani 33 kV side 28.27 5.7
various substations on 10.9.2016 at 1 PM is abstracted in the
followingtable:-
g) Swing Bus Data
TABLE VI TRANSFORMERS TAP POSITION DETAILS
220 kV bus of 220 kV GSS Sridungargarh is represented as
Transformers Tap Details swing bus. Actual bus voltage and power drawal from
Name of Min.Tap / Max.Tap /
Nomi.Tap / Actual Rajasthan grid by 220 kV GSS Sridungargarh on 10.9.2016 at
GSS MVA Min.Tap Max.Tap 1 PM is tabulated here under
Nomi.Tap Tap
Capacity Voltage Voltage
Voltage (kV) Position
(kV) (kV) TABLE X SWING BUS DATA
100 1/187 21/242 9/220 11
100 1/187 21/242 9/220 11 Swing Bus Voltage (kV) MW flow MVAR flow
220 kV Sri Particulars
40/50 1/138 17/112 5/132 9 224 145 57
Dungargarh
20/25 1/138 17/112 5/132 9
132 kV Sri 40/50 1/138 17/112 5/132 8 V. SIMULATION OF ACTUAL SYSTEM CONDITION
Dungargarh 20/25 1/138 17/112 5/132 8 Test system has been modeled in the MiPower software and
132 kV 20/25 1/138 17/112 5/132 9
system condition of 10.9.2016 at 1.0 PM has been
Dulchasar 20/25 1/138 17/112 5/132 9
20/25 1/138 17/112 5/132 9 simulated.This case is identified as Case-I. IEEE data format of
132 kV Riri test system is placed at Appendix-1. Load flow study has been
20/25 1/138 17/112 5/132 9
132 kV 20/25 1/138 17/112 5/132 8 carried out using Newton Raphson method. Results of load
Upani 20/25 1/138 17/112 5/132 8 flow study of Case-I are plotted at Fig-3. Results of load flow
study are near to actual values.
Table VI also denotes the actual transformer tap setting.

d) Bus Voltage
220 kV GSS and 132 kV GSS bus voltages were obtained and
provided in Table VII.
TABLE VII BUS VOLTAGE
Name of GSS Bus Voltage (kV)
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International Journal on Future Revolution in Computer Science & Communication Engineering ISSN: 2454-4248
Volume: 4 Issue: 1 44 – 48
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220/132 kV Transformers at 220 kV Sri Dungargarh 155.44
132/33 kV Transformers at 220 kV Sri Dungargarh 31.37
132/33 kV Transformers at 132 kV Sri Dungargarh 36.77
132/33 kV Transformers at 132 kV Dulchasar 30.76
132/33 kV Transformers at 132 kV Riri 26.34
132/33 kV Transformers at 132 kV Upani 28.63
132 kV S/C Sri Dungargarh(220 kV GSS)-
36.77
Sri Dungargarh(132 kV GSS) Line
132 kV S/C Sri Dungargarh-Dulchasar Line 31.11
132 kV S/C Sri Dungargarh-Riri Line 55.63
132 kV S/C Riri -Upani Line 29.04

From Table XIV it is observed loading on transmission lines

and transformers have been decreased in Case-III as compared
to Case-I which is due to reduction of MVAR flow. This spare
Fig.3 Load Flow Study of Case I capacity can be used to meet the increasing demand of
respective areas and avoid the augmentation of system.
In Case-I, reactive power loading on swing bus is 54.68
MVAR. Therefore, new shunt capacitor banks have been III. Effect on Voltage
identified at EHV substations to reduce the reactive flow and
losses in the network. Additional shunt capacitor banks have Bus voltage in Test System for Case I and III are tabulated
been identified considering following factors : at table XV.
 Load MVAR requirement TABLE XIII EFFECT ON VOLTAGE
 Installed ShuntCapacitors Bus Voltage (kV)
 Improvement of power factor Name of GSS Case-I Case-III
 Available capacity of shunt capacitors 220
132 kV 33 kV
220
132 kV 33 kV
kV KV
Shunt capacitors are available of capacity 5.43 MVAR &can 220 kV Sri
224 133.91 34.72 224 136.39 34.59
be operated either full capacity or half capacity i.e. 2.715 Dungargarh
MVAr. Transmission system is capacitive and generators are 132 kV Sri
- 133.74 34.41 - 136.26 33.18
Dungargarh
stable in lagging power factor mode, therefore, substation 132 kV Dulchasar - 131.85 34.42 - 134.95 34.16
power factor is maintained lagging. 132 kV Riri - 132.20 34.55 - 135.12 34.14
132 kV Upani - 131.50 33.79 - 134.64 33.65
VI. RESULT ANALYSIS
It is observed that network voltage profile in Case-III is better
I. Effect on MVARs flow on Lines and Transformers
than Case-I.
MVAR flow on lines and transformers of Test System in
Case-I and Case-III have been tabulated at Table XIII. IV. Effect on losses
TABLE XI MVAR FLOW ON LINES AND TRANSFORMERS Total losses of 220 kV GSS Sri Dungargarh which
MVAR flow includes transformers losses at all five EHV substations and
Particulars
Case-I line losses of all four 132 kV lines for Case-I and Case-III are
220/132 kV Transformers at 220 kV Sri Dungargarh 40.13 tabulated in table XVI.
132/33 KV Transformers
Sri Dungargarh(220 kV GSS) 11.96 TABLE XIVTRANSMISSION LOSS IN CASE-I AND CASE-III
Sri Dungargarh(132 kV GSS) 4.60
Particulars Case I
Dulchasar (132 kV GSS) 6.78
MW loss 1.3842
Riri (132 kV GSS) 4.21
Upani (132 kV GSS ) 5.97
132 kV S/C Transmission Lines The MW loss of existing test system is1.3842 MW.
Sri Dungargarh (220 kV GSS)- Transmission losses are needed to be reduced. As per studies
6.99
Sri Dungargarh(132 kV GSS) Line
carried out in the complete Rajasthan network, total network
Sri Dungargarh-Dulchasar Line 7.02
Sri Dungargarh-Riri Line 12.56
saving could be doubled by providing savings in 132 kV
Riri -Upani Line 7.11 network. Therefore, total saving may be raised by adding
various power system improvement devices.Therefore, cost of
From the simulation study it is observed that reactive additional shunt capacitor banks will be recovered in the first
power loading on all four transmission lines and substation deployment year.
transformers have been reduced in Case-III as compared to
Case-I. VII. CONCLUSION
II. Effect on loading on Lines and Transformers In this paper, case study of Rajasthan power system has
been presented and studied to evaluate the losses existing at 33
Loading of substation transformers and lines in Case-I and kV voltage level in transmission network and other system
Case-III have been tabulated at Table XIV. assemblies.
TABLE XII LOADING OF TRANSFORMERS AND LINES Studies have been carried for available versus proposed
MVA Loading optimal reactive power management (Case-III). Following are
Particulars
Case-I the conclusions of studies :
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_______________________________________________________________________________________
International Journal on Future Revolution in Computer Science & Communication Engineering ISSN: 2454-4248
Volume: 4 Issue: 1 44 – 48
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Reactive power loading on transmission lines and
transformers have been reduced in Case-III as compared
to Case-I.
2. The loading on transmission lines and transformers have
been decreased in Case-III as compared to Case-I which
is due to reduction MVAR flow on lines and transformers.
This spare capacity can be used to meet the increasing
demand of respective areas and avoid the augmentation of
system.
3. It is seen that network voltage profile in Case-III is better
than Case-I.
4. MW losses are significantly reduced in Case III as
compare to Case I.
5. Cost of additional shunt capacitor banks have been
recovered in one year due to energy saving.

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