VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi-590018, Karnataka, India

“DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY

TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT”
In partial fulfillment of the course requirements for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering (B.E) Degree

In
Aeronautical Engineering
Submitted by

Ms.Hafsa Shaikh (1ay16ae018)

Ms.M Harshini (1ay16ae025)
Mr.Prayag Raj Upadhayay (1ay16ae059)
Ms. Sashiman Shrestha (1ay16ae061)
Under the professional guidance of

Ms. Varsha N
Assistant Professor
Department of Aeronautical Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Bengaluru-560107

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University,Belgavi,Recognized by AICTE)
Acharya Dr. Sarvepallipalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soldevanahalli, Bengaluru,
Karnataka 560107,India
 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

DECLARATION

We, Hafsa Shaikh, M.Harshini, Prayag Raj Upadhayay, Sashiman

Shreshta bearing USN: 1AY16AE018, 1AY16AE025, 1AY16AE059,
1AY16AE061, respective students of VII semester B.E in Aeronautical
Engineering, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru hereby declare
that, the project work “DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF HIGH
CAPACITY SHORT RANGE AIRCRAFT” has been independently
carried out by us during the academic year 2019-2020, in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of BACHELOR
OF ENGINEERING in AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING under
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi.

We further declare that to the best of our knowledge the work reported
here does not form in the part or full of any other thesis or dissertation
on the basis of which a degree award was conferred on an earlier
occasion of this or any other candidate in this or any other university.

Date: 11/26/2019

Place: Bengaluru

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soldevanahalli,
Bengaluru-560107

ACHARYA

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project entitled “DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF
SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY AIRCRAFT” carried out by ,
Hafsa Shaikh, M.Harshini, Prayag Raj Upadhayay, Sashiman Shreshta
bearing USN: 1AY16AE018, 1AY16AE025, 1AY16AE059,
1AY16AE061, a bonafide student of Acharya Institute of Technology
in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in
Aeronautical Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belgaum during the year 2019-20. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been
incorporated in the Phase-1 report deposited in the departmental library.
The project Phase-1 report has been approved as it satisfies academic in
respective of project work prescribed for respective said degree.

GUIDE HOD PRINCIPAL

Ms.Varsha. N Dr. S K Maharana Dr. Prakash M.R

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

ABSTRACT

As the world economy has advanced, more of the world has accessed to commercial air travel. A
recurring problem that arises with this increase in air travel is the congestions of major
commercial airports, results in delays, not enough flights to meet the demands. Thus, high
capacity short range transport aircraft is design to alleviate airport congestion without the size
and a cost that comes with long range capability.

This report introduces the High capacity short range aircraft design process with focus
on the preliminary sizing process of transport aircraft. For that purpose, High capacity short range
aircraft is used to re-design a reference aircraft, which was chosen to be the Boeing B777-9.

This aircraft will have a passenger capacity of 400 dual class configuration and 3500 nautical miles
of range.

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives us utmost pleasure to present my engineering project report entitled, “Design and
analysis of high capacity short range transport aircraft”. We owe a bunch of thanks to a great
many individuals who encouraged, helped, motivated and supported us throughout the second
phase of this engineering project.

We were greatly overwhelmed for the encouragement, guidance, motivation and inspiration
that Ms. Varsha N, Assistant Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Acharya
Institute of Technology, has had administered during the conceptual design of this aeronautical
project. Ms. Varsha N not only undertook a responsibility to scrutinize the project details, but
also contributed her precious time to provide us with the necessary guidelines whenever
needed.

We take this opportunity to express my sincere appreciation to Prof. Dr. S.K. Maharana, Head
of Department (HOD), Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Acharya Institute of
Technology, for sharing his pearls of wisdom with us during the course of this Project Work. We
are highly grateful for both his comments on earlier versions of this manuscript and for his
valuable suggestions and continuous motivation to improve this manuscript significantly.

We owe our deep gratitude to Prof. Dr. Prakash M R, Principal, Acharya Institute of
Technology, Bengaluru who took a keen interest in our engineering project. Prof. Dr. Prakash
encouraged and guided us to opt for a bright career in the field of aeronautical engineering.

We would also like to draw your attention towards the rest of the faculty members at Acharya
Institute of Technology. The striving effort of the faculty members never failed me to gain
relative guidance, support and enthusiasm in making Acharya Institutes a better learning place.
We were greatly obliged to the university administration for providing us a platform to think
bigger and to mark my way into the vast aeronautical and aerospace world.

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents
I. ABSTRACT
II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
III. TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTERS
1. INTRODUCTION
2.PROBLEM STATEMENT
3.AIM AND OBJECTIVE
4.METHODOLOGY
5. MOTIVATION
6. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
7. LITERATURE SURVEY
8.REFERENCE DATA
9. CONSTRAINT DIAGRAM

10. WORK TO BE ACCOMPLISHED

11. EXPECTED OUTCOMES

12. REFERENCES

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

1.INTRODUCTION

An aircraft is the vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force
of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil or in a few cases
the thrust produced from jet engines.

Flying model craft and stories of manned flight go back many centuries ,however, the first
manned ascent and safe descent in modern times took place by the larger hot-air balloons which
were developed in the 18th century. Later on each of the two worlds war led to great technical
advances and this is how the gradual development of aircraft took place.

DESIGN PROCESS

Aircraft are design according to many factors such as customer and manufacturer
demand, safety protocols and physical and economic constraints. For many types of aircraft the
design process is regulated by national airworthiness authorities.The design of any aircraft starts
out in three phase:

Conceptual design of a Breguet 673

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

1.CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

Aircraft conceptual design involves sketching a variety of possible configurations that meet the
required design specifications. By drawing a set of configurations, designers seek to reach the
design configuration that satisfactorily meets all requirements as well as go hand in hand with
factors such as aerodynamics, propulsion, flight performance, structural and control systems.
Fundamental aspects such as fuselage shape, wing configuration and location, engine size and
type are all determined at this stage. Constraints to design like those mentioned above are all
taken into account at this stage as well. The final product is a conceptual layout of the aircraft
configuration which are put on paper or computer screen, to be reviewed.

2.PRELIMINARY DESIGN

The design configuration arrived at in the conceptual design phase is then tweaked and
remodelled to fit into the design parameters. In this phase, wind tunnel testing and
computational fluid dynamics calculations of the flow field around the aircraft are done. Major
structural and control analysis is also carried out in this phase. Aerodynamic flaws and structural
instabilities if any are corrected and the final design is drawn and finalized. Then after the
finalization of the design lies the key decision with the manufacturer or individual designing it
whether to actually go ahead with the production of the aircraft.

3.DETAIL DESIGN PHASE

This phase simply deals with the fabrication aspect of the aircraft to be manufactured. It
determines the number, design and location of ribs ,spars sections and other structural elements.
All aerodynamic, structural, propulsion, control and performance aspects have already been
covered in the preliminary design phase and only the manufacturing remains. Flight simulator for
aircraft are also developed at this stage.

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

CONSTRUCTION
The key parts of an aircraft are generally divided into three categories:

 The structure comprises the main load-bearing elements and associated equipment.
 The propulsion system (if it is powered) comprises the power source and associated
equipment, as described above.
 The avionics comprise the control, navigation and communication systems, usually
electrical in nature.

STRUCTURE
The approach to structural design varies widely between different types of aircraft. Some, such
as paragliders, comprise only flexible materials that act in tension and rely on aerodynamic
pressure to hold their shape. A balloon similarly relies on internal gas pressure, but may have a
rigid basket or gondola slung below it to carry its payload. Early aircraft, including airships, often
employed flexible diploid aircraft fabric covering to give a reasonably smooth aeroshell stretched
over a rigid frame. Later aircraft employed semi-monocoque techniques, where the skin of the
aircraft is stiff enough to share much of the flight loads. In a true monocoque design there is no
internal structure left.

AEROSTATS
Lighter-than-air types are characterised by one or more gasbags, typically with a supporting
structure of flexible cables or a rigid framework called its hull. Other elements such as engines or
a gondola may also be attached to the supporting structure.

AERODYNE
Heavier-than-air types are characterized by one or more wings and a central fuselage. The
fuselage typically also carries a tail or empennage for stability and control, and an undercarriage
for take-off and landing. Engines may be located on the fuselage or wings. On a fixed wing
aircraft the wings are rigidly attached to the fuselage, while on a rotorcraft the wings are
attached to a rotating vertical shaft.

AVIONICS
The avionics comprise the aircraft flight control system and related equipment, including
the cockpit instrumentation, navigation, radar, monitoring, and communication system.

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

DESIGN CONSTRAINTS

PURPOSE
The design process starts with the aircraft's intended purpose. Commercial airliners are designed
for carrying a passenger or cargo payload, long range and greater fuel efficiency whereas fighter
jets are designed to perform high speed maneuvers and provide close support to ground troops.
The purpose may be to fit a specific requirement, or fill a perceived "gap in the market"; that is,
a class or design of aircraft which does not yet exist, but for which there would be significant
demand

AIRCRAFT REGULATIONS
Another important factor that influences the design of the aircraft are the regulations put
forward NATIONAL AIRWORTHINESS COMMITY.
Airports may also impose limits on aircraft, for instance, the maximum wingspan allowed for a
conventional aircraft is 80 m to prevent collisions between aircraft while taxiing.

FINANCIAL FACTORS AND MARKET

Budget limitations, market requirements and competition set constraints on the design process
and comprise the non-technical influences on aircraft design along with environmental factors.
Competition leads to companies striving for better efficiency in the design without compromising
performance and incorporating new techniques and technology.
Increasing automation in engineering and manufacturing allows faster and cheaper
development. Technology advances from materials to manufacturing enable more complex
design variations like multifunction parts.

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
An increase in the number of aircraft also means greater carbon emissions. Environmental
scientists have voiced concern over the main kinds of pollution associated with aircraft, mainly
noise and emissions. Aircraft engines have been historically notorious for creating noise pollution
and the expansion of airways over already congested and polluted cities have drawn heavy
criticism, making it necessary to have environmental policies for aircraft noise.
Improved noise regulations have forced designers to create quieter engines and
airframes. Emissions from aircraft include particulates such as carbon dioxide (CO2), Sulphur
dioxide, Carbon monoxide (CO), various oxides of nitrates and unburnt hydrocarbons. To combat
the pollution, ICAO set recommendations in 1981 to control aircraft emissions. Newer,
environmentally friendly fuels have been developed and the use of recyclable materials in
manufacturing have helped reduce the ecological impact due to aircraft. Environmental
limitations also affect airfield compatibility. Airports around the world have been built to suit the
topography of the particular region. Space limitations, pavement design, runway end safety areas
and the unique location of airport are some of the airport factors that influence aircraft design.
However, changes in aircraft design also influence airfield design as well.

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Despite the fact that the Indian civil aviation industry is currently considered as the third largest
domestic civil aviation market in the world, the industry is suffering from several problems.

The aviation sector is one of the fastest growing sectors of Indian economy. Tony Tyler, Director-
General and CEO of International Air Transport Association (IATA) has stated that the global world
is focussing on Indian Aviation, starting from manufacturers ,businessmen, airlines ,global
business, tourism to individual travellers and shippers.

MARKET SIZE:
It has been reported that the air traffic in India has increased over the last five years both in terms
of aircraft movement and passenger traffic. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of total
aircraft movement was 3.3% and that of passengers 5.6% during FY11 to FY14.

According to the Directorate General of Civil Aviation, India’s passenger traffic grew at 16.52%
year on year to reach 308.75 million (12.72%).

In 2000-01, it stood at a partly 14 million passengers and In 2007, Indian airlines flew nearly 140
million passengers and most of them were domestic.

Domestic passenger traffic grew around 18.28% to reach 243million in 2018-19 and is expected
to become 293 million in 2020.

When it comes to the international passengers, it grew by 10.43%to reach 65 million in 2018 and
is traffic expected to be 76 million in 2020.

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

RESEARCH SURVEY

INCREASE IN AIRLINE TURBINE FUEL (ATF) PRICES:

 ATF remains a big pain in Indian carrier’s neck ,the Centre charges 14% excess duty on
ATF .The state pile on their own sales tax that can go as high as 29%.
 Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF) prices in India are higher than the International market. For
the past one year, the ATF price has witnessed an increase of nearly 30% and around 25%
in just last six months.
 The airline industry’s operational cost component is dominated by the cost of the ATF.The
ATF cost accounts for nearly 45%of the operational expenses. A 10% increase in fuel price
would push up by at least 4%,thus causing a dampener on the financial health of an airline
business.

AIRPORT CONGESTION:

 Congestion in airports are mainly due to increased air traffic ,presently these capacity
constraints are reported mainly at Delhi and Mumbai.
 Congestion leads to a huge wastage of fuel .It is estimated that if a flight hovers in the sky
for an additional half an hour due to delay in allocation of landing slot ,it can consume
between 25 to 30%of extra fuel ,thereby increasing the operational cost of the airline.
 Half an hour of hovering costs an airline anywhere over Rs 50,000/-.there are over 40
flights that operate about 80 trips between Mumbai to Delhi every day ,If all of them have
an average circling time of 30 minutes each ,around Rs 40 Lakhs of Fuel is wasted in a day.

CLOSURE OF OLD AIRPORTS:

 With the commissioning of the new private airports at Bengaluru(BIAL) and

Hyderabad(HIAL),the older airports at HAL and Begumpet respectively had to be
decommissioned.
 There would be a huge wastage of the existing infrastructure and if the infrastructure is
not utilized for aviation related or ancillary activities ,it would be colossal waste of public
money.
 Thus introduction of shorter range aircraft might be helpful in utilizing the existing
airports or might be the source of building one.

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

CONNECTIVITY TO NEW AIRPORTS:

 Locating the airport on the outskirts of the city has made the commuters to spend more
time for travelling to the airports even for the shorter duration routes.
 This has led to the commuters preferring ground travelling for the shorter routes.

HIGH AIRPORT COST:

 High Airport Charges levied by Airport Authority of India are higher ,the charges payable
at International Airports are higher than those payable at the airports designated as
Domestic airports.
 As a result ,the domestic airlines in India are incurring additional costs at the international
designated airports without deriving any extra facilities .
 According to latest survey ,the airport charges levied by the Indian airports are amongst
the highest in Asian and the Gulf countries.

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES:

 Infrastructure constraints one of the biggest obstacle to the growth of Indian Civil Aviation
,a good deal has already been invested in airport development.
 PM NARENDRA MODI Government has planned to give lot of importance to improve
connectivity in the sensitive border states by having the airports.
 Regional Connectivity Scheme(RCS)- It will not allow the airlines to charge more than 2500
Rs for one hour flight between two small cities .This scheme came to effect in second
quarter of 2016-17 through NCAP Policy.
 Country’s plan to develop and modernize airports at 35 secondary cities.
 The construction of the Navi Mumbai Airport ,which is meant to relieve congestion at
Mumbai’s main Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport ,has encountered repeated
delays.
 The Government of Andra Pradesh is planning to develop Greenfield airports in six cities-
Nizamabad ,Nellore ,Kurnool ,Ramagundam ,Tadepalligudem and Kothagudem under the
PPL model,for expanding existing terminals and constructing 15 new ones.
 No new airport within the range of 150km of another rule should be removed
recommended by the Ministry of Civil Aviation Naresh Chandra.
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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

RESEARCH GAP

Too little infrastructure will harm in the airlines and too much infrastructure will harm the
airports .Congestion may be a signal for a need to expand

India’s aviation industry has a huge potential and offers huge growth opportunities. The shorter
range aircraft would perfectly fit in if the airports are made within the range.

This would promote the new tourist destination to foreign tourists, as the foreign tourists has
been restricted to only few well-known destinations.

One of the key factors which favours such a expectation is that 40% is upwardly middle class are
starting to prefer air travel as the perfect mode of transportation, this paved a path for the
increase in development of shorter range low cost aircrafts.

Even today, access to aviation is still a distant dream for the poor and the lower middle-class
sections of its vast population. So, there is large untapped potential for growth in the industries
as well.

The New Civil Aviation Policy (NCAP) 2016 scheme help every citizen of Indian to have an air
travel with affordable price between two small cities.

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

AIM AND OBJECTIVE

AIM

Designing a 400 passenger carrying aircraft in a dual class configuration which has range of
3500 nautical miles (nmi) - (6482km)

OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE

• To understand the design specifications (requirements) defined by AIAA

• To carry out conceptual design of the aircraft using constraint diagram
• To carry out initial sizing of the major components : fuselage, wings, empennage and
power plant

METHODOLOGY

• Literature review and data survey on the existing short range aircraft was carried out by
referring journals, books, manuals , design reports and related documents
• Performance requirements where thoroughly understood based on the literature review
• Constraints diagram was drawn using which the feasible design space was identified
• Initial sizing of the plane parts was carried out based on thumb rules and empirical
formula available in the literature
• CFD analysis for 3D wing and wing airfoil was carried out using low fidelity inviscid codes
to ensure the wing produces the desire lift throughout the mission profile

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

MOTIVATION
• As the world economy has advanced, the problem arises with this has increased in air
travel, congestion of major commercial airports.

• Market survey analysis was done for short range high capacity transport aircraft

• Providing equal importance for every smaller satellite airport

• The request for proposal (RFP) is for design of an aircraft that addresses congestion of
airport as major problem
• Reducing Aviation’s environmental impact through high capacity aircraft for short ranges
PM Narendra Modi government plan of giving a lot of importance to improve connectivity
in the sensitive border state.

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

• To understand the design specifications (requirements) defined by AIAA
• To carry out conceptual design of the aircraft using constraint diagram
• To carry out initial sizing of the major components: fuselage, wings, empennage and
power plant
• To integrate the individual part and perform subsequent iteration to ensure there are no
design clashes that has an impact on the specifications to be met.

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

LITERATURE SURVEY

Year Title of the work Authors contribution Remarks

COLLABORATIVE Johannes Hartmann, 1) The overall aircraft
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A Till Pfeiffer, Berit performance improving
MID-RANGE AIRCRAFT Breymann, Daniel by applying HLFC on the
UNDER CONSIDERATION Silberhorn, Erwin upper side of the wing
OF ADVANCED METHODS Moerland leads to a block fuel
FOR TECHNOLOGY reduction potential of
ASSESSMENT around 3% for the
advanced midrange
aircraft.
2) HLFC(Hybrid Laminar
Flow Control ) and CO2
managed cabin
2010 A Conceptual Design of Andrew S.Hahn The penalities resulting
short take off and landing NASA Langley from reducing the take
regional jet airliner research off and landing Field
centre,Hamoton length for a 100
passenger class STOL has
been qualified.
Choice of aircraft size – Moshe Analysing the choice of
Explanations and Givoni aircraft size depending
implications Piet Rietveld upon the market
demand.
Reducing Aviation’s Gaetan On a 1,500 nm flight, a
Environmental Impact K.W LASR aircraft designed
Through Large Aircraft Kenway, for 1,500 nm reduces
For Short Ranges Ryan CO2 emissions per
Henderson, passenger by 5.4% and
Jason E. 13% relative to an A320
Hicken, and an A330-200
Nimeesha
B.
Kuntawala,
David W.
Zingg

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

DATA SURVEY

The following reference data of Boeing-777-9 is taken from the text book “A conceptual
approach by Daniel Raymer”, chapter-9.

Items Values
Overall Length 76.7 m
Wingspan 71.9m (extended), 64.8m (folded)
Wing area 466.8 sq. m.
Aspect ratio 11.07
Tail height 19.7m
Cabin width 5.96m
Economy seat width 45.7 cm
Fuselage width 6.20m
Cargo capacity 230.2 cu. cm
Maximum takeoff weight 351,534 kg
Maximum landing weight 266,000kg
Maximum zero fuel rate 255000kg
Fuel capacity 197977 ltr.
Range 13940km
Engine type GE aviation GE 9X-105B1A
Thrust 470kN
Maximum payload 73500kg
Cruise altitude 11000m
Cruise speed 950km/hr
Mach at cruise 0.89

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

Typical passenger compartment data

Item (inc) First class Economy

Seat pitch 38-40 34-36
Seat width 20-28 17-22 (avg 10)
Head room >65 >65
Aisle width 20-28 18-20
Aisle height >76 >76
Passenger/cabin staff 16-20 31-36
Passenger /lavatory 10-20 40-60
Seat recline Fully lie flat bed 4.5

Window and door

Outer window pane 0.4”thick

Middle window pane 0.2”thick
Door 8-10

Cargo volume per passenger

Aircraft Dimension Example

Small 8.6 ft^3 DC -9
Large 15.6 ft^3 B-747

Cargo containers (48LD3)

Dimension No. of containers
88”X125” 16
96”X125” 14+4LD3

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

CONSTRAINT DAIGRAM

THRUST LOADING VS WING LOADING

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

CALCULATION

Calculation of wing loading for cruise flight

The cruise flight wing loading is found by using equation

W/S =MTOW/Sw=(CL *M2)/g*(γ/2) *p(h)

M=0.84

γ=1.4

po=1013.25hpa

Ostwald efficiency factor during cruise flight ,e=0.85

That leads to zero drag coefficient of Cdo=0.016

Lift coefficient for minimum drag of Cd min =0.63

Lift coefficient during cruise flight Cl= 0.7

Cruise flight wing loading = max take off wt/wing area =0.035 P(hcr)

T/W = f(W/S)

Aspect ratio =b^2/S=71.8^2/516.7=9.96

Induced lift constant, k =1/π (AR)e=0.038

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

CRUISE PERFORMANCE

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DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

WORK TO BE ACCOMPISHMENT

Aircraft Weight Estimation

 Empty Weight (We)

 Design Gross Weight
 Useful Load
 Payload (Wp)
 Crew Weight (Wc)
 Fuel Weight (Wf)
 Ramp Weight (WR)
 Maximum Landing Weight
 Maximum Zero Fuel Weight
 Fundamental Weight Relations
 Mission Analysis

Aircraft Conceptual Layout

 Vertical Wing Location
 Impact on Airframe Design
 Impact on Flight and Operational
 Wing Configuration
 Wing Dihedral
 Wing Structural Configuration
 Cabin Configurations
 Engine Placement
 Landing Gear Configurations
 Tail Configurations

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 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT RANGE HIGH CAPACITY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

EXPECTED OUTCOMES

• High capacity short range transport aircraft design to alleviate airport congestion, without
the size and cost that comes with long range capability
• Meeting the requirements and having high operating performance
• Economical
• Fuel efficient

REFERENCES

• SNORRI GUDMUNDSSON BScAE, MScAE, FAA DER(ret.), GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT

DESIGN: APPLIED METHODS AND PROCEDURES,first edition 2014, The Boulevard,
Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451,
USA4 Elsevier Inc
• Egbert Torenbeek Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, ADVANCED AIRCRAFT
DESIGN CONCEPTUAL DESIGN, ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF SUBSONIC CIVIL
AIRPLANES John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex,
PO19 8S ;2013
• Gaetan K.W Kenway∗, Ryan Henderson†, Jason E. Hicken‡, Nimeesha B. Kuntawala†,
David W. Zingg§ Institute for Aerospace Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,
M3H 5T6, Canada ,Reducing Aviation’s Environmental Impact Through Large Aircraft For
Short Range
• Daniel P Raymer “A conceptual approach ” aircraft design textbook, published by
Americian Institutes of Aeronuatics and Astronautics.
• Kolja Seeckt , KTH, Royal institute of technology , paper name: Aircraft Preliminary Sizing
With PreSTo

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27