220/132/33KV SUBSTATION NAYAGAON,

JABALPUR (M.P.)
A VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT

Submitted By :

HARSHIT RAJ PATEL 0206EE151031

BE 7th Sem.

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

GYAN GANGA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE,

JABALPUR (M.P.)

SESSION : 2018-19
 220/132/33KV SUBSTATION NAYAGAON,
JABALPUR (M.P.)
A VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT

Submitted By :

MANSHI TAMREKAR 0206EE151045

BE 7th Sem.

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

GYAN GANGA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE,

JABALPUR (M.P.)

SESSION : 2018-19
 220/132/33KV SUBSTATION NAYAGAON,
JABALPUR (M.P.)
A VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT

Submitted By :

DILEEP CHOUHAN 0206EX151013

BE 7th Sem.

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

GYAN GANGA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE,

JABALPUR (M.P.)

SESSION : 2018-19
 220/132/33KV SUBSTATION NAYAGAON,
JABALPUR (M.P.)
A VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT

Submitted By :

ALOK JOSHI 0206EX151006

BE 7th Sem.

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

GYAN GANGA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE,

JABALPUR (M.P.)

SESSION : 2018-19
MADHYA PRADESH
POWER
TRANSMISSION
COMPANY LIMITED

VOCATIONAL TRANING REPORT

ON

220/132/33 kV Substation MPPTCL,

Jabalpur
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am highly thankful to 220/132/33 kV Substation,

NAYAGAON ENGINEERS AND TECHNICAL STAFFS for
providing me vital and valuable information about the different facts
of a Sub Station. I express my gratitude to Human Resource And
Development department for giving me the chance to feel actual
power transmission environment and its working in 220/132/33 kV
Substation, MPPTCL, NAYAGAON, Jabalpur and I am thankful to
all Engineers and Staff members for giving their precious time and
help me in understanding various theoretical and practical aspect of
my training under whose supervision I accomplish my training.
 PREFACE
At very outset of the prologue it becomes imperative to insist a vocational
training is an integral part of engineering curriculum. Training allows us to
gain an insight into the practical aspect of various topics, with which we
come across while pursuing our B.E. i.e. vocational training gives us
practical implementation of various topics we already have learned and
will learn in near future. Vocational training always emphasizes on logic
and common sense instead of theoretical aspect of subject.

On my part I pursued two weeks training at 220/132/33 kV Substation,

MPPTCL, NAYAGAON, Jabalpur. The training involved a study of
various departments of the organization as per the time logically scheduled
and well planned given to us.

The rotation in various departments was necessary in order to get an

overall idea about the working of the organization.
 INTRODUCTION
This is a report on vocational training I received at 220/132/33 kV Substation, MPPTCL,
NAYAGAON, Jabalpur (M.P.) during 08/06/2015 TO 20/06/2015. This enabled me to learn
the process of POWER TRANSMISSION between different voltage levels. This helped to
learn each vital accessories of a Sub Station like transformer, Lightning Arrestors, Current
and Potential Transformers and Protective devices etc.

PICTURE OF A SUBSTATION
DETAILS OF SUB STATION

Name of Sub Station:- 220/132/33 kV Substation MPPTCL, Jabalpur

Capacity in MVA :- 400 MVA

Details of Power Transformer:-

220/132/33 kV

1) 3x 40 MVA BHEL made transformer (Single Phase Unit)(Auto transformer)

Current Rating:-
220 kV 315 Amp
132 kV 525 Amp
33 kV 303 Amp
2) 3x 40 MVA MITSUBHISI Japan made transformer (Single Phase Unit)(Auto
transformer)
Current Rating:-
220 kV 315 Amp
132 kV 525 Amp
33 kV 303 Amp
3) 160 MVA GEC made Transformer (Auto Transformer)
Current Rating:-
220 kV 420 Amp
132 kV 700 Amp
33 kV 874.8 Amp

Details of 132/33 kV Power Transformer (2 Winding Transformer):-

1) 63 MVA ABB made Transformer No. 1

Current Rating:-
132 kV side 275 Amp
33 kV side 1102.2 Amp

2) 63 MVA VIJAI made Transformer No. 2

Current rating :-
132 kV side 275 Amp
33 kV side 1102.2 Amp

Details Of Station Transformer 33/0.4 kV (for Sub Station Supply)

1) 200 kVA Telaware made Transformer No. 1

Current Rating :-
33 kV (HV side) 3.50 Amp
0.4 kV (LV side) 266 Amp
2) 200 kVA System Control made Transformer No. 2
 Current Rating :-
33 kV (HV side) 3.50 Amp
0.4 kV (LV side) 266 Amp

CIRCUIT BREAKER
220 kV side:-

1) SF6 gas circuit breaker

2) ABCB (Air Blast Circuit Breaker)

132 kV side:-

1) SF6 Gas circuit breaker

2) MOCB (minimum oil circuit breaker)

33 kV side:-

1) VCB (Vacuum circuit breaker

2) MOCB (minimum oil circuit breaker)

DETAILS OF ACSR CODUCTIORS

1) ACSR Panther Conductor (used for 132 & 33 kV)
Materials:- Aluminum Steel
Total No. Of strands/diameter:- 30/3.0mm 7/3.0mm
Current carrying capacity:- 427 Amp
2) ACSR Zebra conductor (used for 132 & 220 kV)
Materials:- Aluminum Steel
Total No. Of strands/diameter:- 54/3.18mm 7/3.18mm
Current carrying capacity:- 740 Amp
3) ACSR Moose conductor (used for 400 kV)
Materials:- Aluminum Steel
Total No. Of strands/diameter:- 54/3.53mm 7/3.53mm
Current carrying capacity:- 830 Amp
PROTECTION :-
1) MAIN PROTECTION (Primary Protection)
a) For Transformer:- Differential Relay
b) For Line:- Differential Protection Relay
2) BACK UP PROTECTION (Secondary Protection)
a) For Transformer:- Over Current & Earth Fault Relay
b) For Line:- Over Current & Earth Fault Relay

DETAILS OF BATTERY SET:-

Two separate sets of battery are used. Each contain 55 cells these are provide 110V supply to
the relay connected in substation

Both set of batteries are connected alternatively on monthly basis .

1- SET A- 110V

Made by Exide

No. of cell 55

Capacity 300AH

2-SET B - 110V

Made by Exide

No. of cell 55

Capacity 600AH

TYPES OF POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

220 kV side:-

1) 220 kV P.T. No. 1

2) 220 kV P.T. No. 2

132 kV side:-

1) 132 kV P.T. No. 1

2) 132 kV P.T. No. 2
33 kV side:-

1) 33 kV P.T. No. 1
2) 33 kV P.T. No. 2

TYPES OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER:-

1) 100-200 / 1-1 Amp 2) 200-400 / 1-1 Amp 3) 200-400 / 1-1-1 Amp

4) 400-800 / 1-1-1 Amp 5) 600-1200 / 1-1-1-1 Amp 6) 1200/ 1-1-1 Amp

TYPES OF INSULATORS
1) SINGLE PHASE
2) With earth switch
a) Single break
b) Double break
3) Without earth switch
a) Single break
b) Double break

DETAILS OF THE EQUIPMENT USED FOR EACH OF THE

FEEDERS
1) Circuit breaker
2) Current transformer
3) Lightning arrestor
4) Wave trap
5) CVT/CC (Capacitive voltage transformer/coupling capacitor)
6) Isolators etc.

TYPES OF PROTECTION:-
There are two types of protection called main and primary protection and back up or secondary
protection.

a) MAIN OR PRIMARY PROTECTION:- The main protection is the first line of defense and
it ensures quick acting and selective clearing of faults within the boundary of the circuit
section or element it protects.
 b) BACK UP AND SECONDARY PROTECTION:- It is the second line of defense which
functions to isolate a fault sections of the system in case main protection fails to function
properly.

c) L.B.B PROTECTION:- In the event of any C.B. failing to trip on receipt of trip command
from protection relay all circuit breakers connected to the bus section to which the faulty
circuit breaker is connected are required to the tripped with minimum possible delay
through L.B.B protection.

d) BUS BAR PROTECTION:- This is required to be provided for high speed sensitive
clearance of bus bar faults by tripping all the circuit breaker connected to faulty bus.

CONDUCTORS:-
Conductors normally used for 400 kV and 220 kV lines are given below with their electrical and
mechanical properties:-

a) MOOSE conductor:-
Stranding/wire diameter – 54/3.53 mm for aluminum and 7/3.53mm for steel.
Voltage level used for – 400kV
Capacity – 830 Amp
b) ACSR ZEBRA conductor:-
Stranding/wire diameter – 54/3.19 mm for aluminum and 7/3.18mm for steel.
Voltage level used for – 220 kV & 132 kV
Capacity – 740 Amp
c) ACSR PANTHER conductor:-
Stranding/wire diameter – 30/3.00 mm for aluminum and 7/3.00mm for steel.
Voltage level used for – 132kV & 66kV& 33kV
Capacity – 427 Amp
d) AAAC:- All Aluminum Alloy Conductor. It is used for 132kV, 33kV and 11kV sides.
e) AAC:- All Aluminum Conductor. It is used for 132kV, 33kV and 11kV sides.

LIGHTNING ARRESTORS:-
It is used to discharge excessive voltage building up on the line to earth due to lightning.

Voltage for Each Side Lightning Arrestor Rating

a) 220 kV 198 kV
b) 132 kV 120 kV
c) 33 kV 24, 27 & 30 kV
d) 11kV 9 kV
 ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION
Now days the electrical power demand is increasing very rapidly. For fulfilling these huge
power demands the modern time requires creation of bigger and bigger power generating
stations. These power generating stations may be hydro – electric, thermal or atomic.
Depending upon the availability of resources these stations are constructed different places.
These places may not be nearer to load centers where the actual consumption of power takes
place. So it is necessary to transmit these huge power blocks from generating station to their
load centers. Long and highvoltage transmission networks are needed for this purpose. Power
is generated comparatively in low voltage level. It is economical to transmit power at high
voltage level. Distribution of electrical power is done at lower voltage levels as specified by
consumers. For maintaining these voltage levels and for providing greater stability a number
of transformation and switching stations have to be created in between generating station and
consumer ends. These transformation and switching stations are generally known as
electrical substations. Depending upon the purposes, the substations may be classified as-

Step Up Substation

Step up substations are associated with generating stations. Generation of power is limited to
low voltage levels due to limitations of the rotating alternators. These generating voltages
must be stepped up for economical transmission of power over long distance. So there must
be a step up substation associated with generating station.

Step Down Substation

The stepped up voltages must be stepped down at load centers, to different voltage levels for
different purposes. Depending upon these purposes the step down substation are further
categorized in different sub categories.

Primary Step Down Substation

The primary step down sub stations are created nearer to load center along the primary transmission
lines. Here primary transmission voltages are stepped down to different suitable voltages for
secondary transmission purpose.

Secondary Step Down Substation

Along the secondary transmission lines, at load center, the secondary transmission voltages
are further stepped down for primary distribution purpose. The stepping down of secondary
transmission voltages to primary distribution levels are done at secondary step down
substation.

Distribution Substation

Distribution substation are situated where the primary distribution voltages are stepped down
to supply voltages for feeding the actual consumers through a distribution network.

Bulk Supply or Industrial Substation

Bulk supply or industrial substation are generally a distribution substation but they are
dedicated for one consumer only. An industrial consumer of large or medium supply group
may be designated as bulk supply consumer. Individual step down substation is dedicated to
these consumers.

Mobile Substation
The mobile substations are also very special purpose sub – station temporarily required for
construction purpose. For big construction purpose this substation fulfills the temporary
power requirement during construction work.

Depending upon the constructional feature categories of sub – station may be divided into
following manner-

Outdoor Type Substation

Outdoor type substation are constructed in open air. Nearly all 132KV, 220KV, 400KV
substation are outdoor type substation. Although now days special GIS (Gas insulated
substation) are constructed for extra high voltage system which are generally situated under
roof.

Indoor Substation

The substations are constructed under roof is called indoor type substation. Generally 11KV
and sometime 33KV substation are of this type.

Underground Substation

The substation are situated at underground is called underground substation. In congested

places where place for constructing distribution substation is difficult to find out, one can go
for underground sub – station scheme.

Pole Mounted Substation

Pole mounted substation are mainly distribution substation constructed on two pole, four pole
and sometime six or more poles structures. In these type of substation fuse protected
distribution transformer are mounted on poles along with electrical isolator switches.

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.

Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several
other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may
flow through several substations at different voltage levels.

A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission
voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different
transmission voltages. The word substation comes from the days before the distribution
system became a grid. As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants
were converted to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant
instead of using their own generators. The first substations were connected to only one power
station, where the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

In power engineering, a one-line diagram or single-line diagram (SLD) is a simplified

notation for representing a three-phase power system. The one-line diagram has its largest
application in power flow studies. Electrical elements such as circuit breakers, transformers,
capacitors, bus bars, and conductors are shown by standardized schematic symbols. Instead
of representing each of three phases with a separate line or terminal, only one conductor is
represented. It is a form of block diagram graphically depicting the paths for power flow
between entities of the system. Elements on the diagram do not represent the physical size or
location of the electrical equipment, but it is a common convention to organize the diagram
with the same left-to-right, top-to-bottom sequence as the switchgear or other apparatus
represented.
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 220/132/33KV SUB STATION NAYAGAON JABALPUR

TYPES OF POWER SYSTEMS

Balanced systems

The theory of three-phase power systems tells us that as long as the loads on each of the three
phases are balanced, we can consider each phase separately. In power engineering, this
assumption is often useful, and to consider all three phases requires more effort with very
little potential advantage. An important and frequent exception is an asymmetric fault on only
one or two phases of the system.

A one-line diagram is usually used along with other notational simplifications, such as the
per-unit system.

A secondary advantage to using a one-line diagram is that the simpler diagram leaves more
space for non-electrical, such as economic, information to be included.

Unbalanced systems

When using the method of symmetrical components, separate one-line diagrams are made for
each of the positive, negative and zero-sequence systems. This simplifies the analysis of
unbalanced conditions of a polyphase system. Items that have different impedances for the
different phase sequences are identified on the diagrams. For example, in general a generator
will have different positive and negative sequence impedance, and certain transformer
winding connections block zero-sequence currents. The unbalanced system can be resolved
into three single line diagrams for each sequence, and interconnected to show how the
unbalanced components add in each part of the system.

ELEMENTS OF A SUBSTATION

 power lines
 Ground wire
 Overhead lines
 Transformer for measurement of electric voltage
 Disconnect switch
 Circuit breaker
 Current transformer
 Lightning arrester
 Main transformer
 Control building
 Security fence
Substations generally have switching, protection and control equipment, and transformers. In
a large substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any short circuits or overload currents
that may occur on the network. Smaller distribution stations may use recloser circuit breakers
or fuses for protection of distribution circuits. Substations themselves do not usually have
generators, although a power plant may have a substation nearby. Other devices such as
capacitors and voltage regulators may also be located at a substation.

.TRANSFORMER

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more
circuits through electromagnetic induction. Commonly, transformers are used to increase or
decrease the voltages of alternating current in electric power applications.

A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the transformer's secondary
winding. This varying magnetic field at the secondary winding induces a varying
electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary winding. Making use of Faraday's
Law in conjunction with high magnetic permeability core properties, transformers can thus be
designed to efficiently change AC voltages from one voltage level to another within power
networks.

Since the invention of the first constant potential transformer in 1885, transformers have
become essential for the AC transmission, distribution, and utilization of electrical energy.[3]
A wide range of transformer designs is encountered in electronic and electric power
applications. Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic centimeter in
volume to units interconnecting the power grid weighing hundreds of tons.

Classification parameters

Transformers can be classified in many ways, such as the following:

Power capacity: From a fraction of a volt-ampere (VA) to over a thousand MVA.

Duty of a transformer: Continuous, short-time, intermittent, periodic, varying.

Frequency range: Power-frequency, audio-frequency, or radio-frequency.

Voltage class: From a few volts to hundreds of kilovolts.

Cooling type: Dry and liquid-immersed – self-cooled, forced air-cooled; liquid-immersed –

forced oil-cooled, water-cooled.

Circuit application: Such as power supply, impedance matching, output voltage and current
stabilizer

or circuit isolation.
Utilization: Pulse, power, distribution, rectifier, arc furnace, amplifier output, etc..

Basic magnetic form: Core form, shell form.

Constant-potential transformer descriptor: Step-up, step-down, isolation.

General winding configuration: By EIC vector group – various possible two-winding

combinations of the phase designations delta, wye or star, and zigzag or interconnected
star;[p] other – autotransformer, Scott-T, zigzag grounding transformer winding.

Rectifier phase-shift winding configuration: 2-winding, 6-pulse; 3-winding, 12-pulse; . . . n-

winding, [n-1]*6-pulse; polygon; etc.

TYPES

Various specific electrical application designs require a variety of transformer types.

Although they all share the basic characteristic transformer principles, they are customize in
construction or electrical properties for certain installation requirements or circuit conditions.

Autotransformer: Transformer in which part of the winding is common to both primary and
secondary circuits.

Capacitor voltage transformer: Transformer in which capacitor divider is used to reduce

high voltage before application to the primary winding.

Distribution transformer, power transformer: International standards make a distinction

in terms of distribution transformers being used to distribute energy from transmission lines
and networks for local consumption and power transformers being used to transfer electric
energy between the generator and distribution primary circuits.
Phase angle regulating transformer: A specialised transformer used to control the flow of
real power on three-phase electricity transmission networks.

Scott-T transformer: Transformer used for phase transformation from three-phase to two-
phase and vice versa.

Polyphase transformer: Any transformer with more than one phase.

Grounding transformer: Transformer used for grounding three-phase circuits to create a

neutral in a three wire system, using a wye-delta transformer, or more commonly, a zigzag
grounding winding.

Leakage transformer: Transformer that has loosely coupled windings.

Resonant transformer: Transformer that uses resonance to generate a high secondary

voltage.

Audio transformer: Transformer used in audio equipment.

Output transformer: Transformer used to match the output of a valve amplifier to its load.

Instrument transformer: Potential or current transformer used to accurately and safely

represent voltage, current or phase position of high voltage or high power circuits.[88]

Pulse transformer: Specialized small-signal transformer used to transmit digital signaling

while providing electrical isolation, commonly used in Ethernet computer networks as
10BASE-T, 100BASE-T and 1000BASE-T.

Transformers are also used extensively in electronic products to decrease (or step-down) the
supply voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage circuits they contain. The transformer
also electrically isolates the end user from contact with the supply voltage.

Signal and audio transformers are used to couple stages of amplifiers and to match devices
such as microphones and record players to the input of amplifiers. Audio transformers
allowed telephone circuits to carry on a two-way conversation over a single pair of wires. A
balun transformer converts a signal that is referenced to ground to a signal that has balanced
voltages to ground, such as between external cables and internal circuits.
 TRANSFORMER ACCESSORIES

1) Main Tank
2) Wheels
3) Radiator
4) Cooling Fan
5) Bushing
6) Conservator
7) Buchholz relay (Gas Actuated Relay)
8) MOG (Magnetic Oil Gauge)
9) Explosion Vent
10) PRV/PRD (Pressure Relief Device)
11) OLTC (On Load Tap Changer/ OFF Load Tap Changer)
12) OLTC Conservator
13) OLTC Buchholz (Oil Surge Relay)
14) Oil Temperature Indicator
15) Winding Temperature Indicator

Main tank

This is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the roof the transformer main
tank. The main function of conservator tank of transformer is to provide adequate space for
expansion of oil inside the transformer.

When transformer is loaded and when ambient temperature rises, the volume of oil inside
transformer increases. A conservator tank of transformer provides adequate space to this
expanded transformer oil. It also acts as a reservoir for transformer insulating oil.

Breather of Transformer

When the temperature changes occur in transformer insulating oil, the oil expands or
contracts and there an exchange of air also occurs when transformer is fully loaded. When
transformer gets cooled, the oil level goes down and air gets absorbed within. This process is
called breathing and the apparatus that pass through the air is called breather. Actually, silica
gel breathers controls the level of moisture, entering electrical equipment during the change
in volume of the cooling medium and/or airspace caused by temperature increasing.

Conservator Tank of a Transformer

This is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the roof of the transformer's
main tank. When transformer is loaded, the temperature of oil increases and consequently the
volume of oil in the transformer gets increased. Again; when ambient temperature is
increased, the volume of oil is also increased. The conservator tank of a transformer provides
adequate space for expansion of oil. Conservator tank of transformer also acts as a reservoir
of oil.

Explosion Vent of Transformer

The purpose of the explosion vent in a transformer is to prevent damage of the transformer
tank be releasing any excessive pressure generated inside the transformer.

Radiator of Transformer

Oil immersed transformer is always provided with radiator. In case of electrical power
transformer, the radiators are detachable and transported separately to the site. The upper and
lower portions of the radiator unit is connected with the transformer tank via valves. These
values are provided to prevent draining of oil during detaching a radiator unit from the
transformer for cleaning and maintenancepurposes

Temperature Indicator of Transformer

These are generally precision instruments. A temperature indicator of power transformer is

specially designed for protection of transformer in addition to its temperature indication and
cooling control features. That means, this device performs three functions

1) These instruments indicate instantaneous temperature of oil and windings of transformer.

2) These also record maximum temperature rise of oil and windings.

3) These instruments operate high temperature alarm at a predetermined value of allowable

temperature limit.

4) Temperature indicators of transformer can also trip the circuit breakers associated with the
power transformer when the temperature of oil or winding reaches a predetermined limit.

5) These devices also control the cooling system of transformer. Switch on the cooling
equipment when the winding attains a preset high temperature and switch it off when the
temperature drops by an established differential.

The types of temperature indicator of transformer are

1) Oil temperature indicator (OTI)

2) Winding temperature indicator (WTI)

3) Remote temperature indicator (RTI)

Oil Temperature Indicator or OTI

This device is used to measure the top oil temperature. An oil temperature indicator or OTI is
also used for protection of transformer.

Operating Principle of Oil Temperature Indicator

This device measures top oil temperature with the help of sensing bulb immersed in the
pocket by using liquid expansion in the bulb through a capillary line to operating mechanism.
A link and lever mechanism amplifies this movement to the disc carrying pointer and
mercury switches. When volume of the liquid in operating mechanism changes, the bellow
attached to end of capillary tube expands and contracts. This movement of bellow is
transmitted to the pointer in temperature indicator of transformer through a lever linkage
mechanism.

Winding Temperature Indicator or WTI

This device measures the LV and HV winding temperature. A winding temperature indicator
or WTI is also used as protection of transformer.

Operating Principle of Winding Temperature Indicator

The basic operating principle of WTI is same as OTI. But only difference is that the sensing
bulb pocket on transformer top cover is heated by a heater coil surrounded it. This heater coil
is fed by secondary of current transformers associated with transformer winding. Hence the
current through the heater coil is directly proportional to the current flowing through
transformer winding. This is because there is no scope of direct measuring of temperature
inside a winding. When load of transformer increases, the winding temperature is also
increased and this increased temperature is sensed by sensing bulb as the heater coil
surrounds it. Rest of the working principle of winding temperature indicator is same as
principle of oil temperature indicator.

Pressure-Vacuum gauge

The pressure-vacuum gauge indicates whether the gas space in the tank is under positive or
negative pressure. The pressure will vary depending on the transformer temperature. If the
transformer is de-energized or operating under light load in low ambients, the pressure may
be negative .

Pressure Relief Device

All substation transformers are furnished with aMechanical pressure relief valve (PRV),
orPressure relief device (PRD).
The cover-mounted PRD consists of a self resetting, spring-loaded diaphragm and a
mechanical operation indicator. Should the tank pressure increase above that for which the
device is set, the gas pressure will lift the diaphragm and let the gas escape quickly.
Immediately after the pressure returns to normal, the diaphragm will reset and reseal the
transformer.

A mechanical indicator will protrude vertically. This must be reset manually to indicate
subsequent operations.

Transformer Cooling Fans

In order to increase the transformer load without overheating the windings, a set of fans can
be furnished as an optional item .Fan control consists of a contact on either the liquid
temperature gauge or the winding temperature gauge (when furnished), and “Manual-Auto”
control switch .

For continuous run, the switch is turned to the “Manual” position. In the “Auto” position, the
fans are controlled by the contacts on the temperature gauge. For contact and temperature
settings, refer to the schematic furnished with the delivered transformer.

Some transformers, instead of being liquid-filled, have their windings enclosed in sealed,
pressurized tanks and cooled by nitrogen or sulfur hexafluoride gas

De-energized Tap-Changer

.The tap-changer provides a means of changing the voltage ratio of a de-energized

transformer without breaking the transformer seal. It is operated by means of a rotatable
handle located on the side of the transformer. The tap-changer is normally provided with five
or seven positions, as indicated on the tap-changer dial plate and transformer instruction
nameplate.

Bushings

Larger transformers are provided with high-voltage insulated bushings made of polymers or
porcelain. A large bushing can be a complex structure since it must provide careful control of
the electric field gradient without letting the transformer leak oil.
RELAYS

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically

operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal or where
several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance
telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and re-
transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and
early computers to perform logical operations.

Protective Relaying

Protective relays are used to detect defective lines or apparatus and to initiate the operation of
circuit interrupting devices to isolate the defective equipment. Relays are also used to detect
abnormal or undesirable operating conditions other than those caused by defective equipment
and either operate an alarm or initiate operation of circuit interrupting devices. Protective
relays protect the electrical system by causing the defective apparatus or lines to be
disconnected to minimize damage and maintain service continuity to the rest of the system.
There are different types of relays.

 Over current relay

 Distance relay
 Differential relay
 Directional over current relay
 Over Current Relay

CONDUCTORS

In physics and electrical engineering, a conductor is an object or type of material that allows
the flow of electrical current in one or more directions. For example, a wire is an electrical
conductor that can carry electricity along its length.
In metals such as copper or aluminum, the movable charged particles are electrons. Positive
charges may also be mobile, such as the cationic electrolyte(s) of a battery, or the mobile
protons of the proton conductor of a fuel cell. Insulators are non-conducting materials with
few mobile charges and support only insignificant electric currents.
In the early days conductor used on transmission lines were usually Copper, but Aluminium
Conductors have Completely replaced Copper because of the much lower cost and lighter
weight of Aluminium conductor compared with a Copper conductor of the same resistance.
The fact that Aluminium conductor has a larger diameter than a Copper conductor of the
same resistance is also an advantage. With a larger diameter the lines of electric flux
originating on the conductor will be farther apart at the conductor surface for the same
voltage. This means a lower voltage gradient at the conductor surface and less tendency to
ionise the air around the conductor. Ionisation produces the undesirable effect called corona.
The symbols identifying different types of Aluminium conductors are as follows:-
AAC : All Aluminium conductors.
AAAC : All Aluminium Alloy conductors
ACSR : Aluminium conductors, Steel-Reinforced
ACAR : Aluminium conductor, Alloy-Reinforced

Aluminium alloy conductors have higher tensile strength than the conductor of EC grade
Aluminium or AAC, ACSR consists of a central core of steel strands surrounded by layers of
Aluminium strands. ACAR has a central core of higher strength Aluminium Alloy
surrounded by layer of Electrical-Conductor-Grade Aluminium.

The following sizes have now been standardised by CEA for transmission lines of different
voltages--

(i) For 132 KV : 'Panther' ACSR having 7-strands of steel of dia 3.00 mm and 30-Strands
lines of Aluminium of dia 3.00 mm
(ii) for 220 KV : 'Zebra' ACSR having 7-strand of steel of dia 3.18 mm and 54-Strands of
lines Aluminium of dia 3.18 mm.
(iii) for 400 KV : Twin 'Moose' ACSR having 7-Strands of steel of dia 3.53 mm and 54-
lines Strands of Aluminium of dia 3.53 mm.

ACSR

Aluminium conductor steel-reinforced is a type of high-capacity, high-strength stranded

conductor typically used in overhead power lines. The outer strands are high-purity 1350 or
1370 aluminium alloy, chosen for its excellent conductivity, low weight and low cost. The
center strands are of steel for the strength required to support the weight without stretching
the aluminium due to its ductility. This gives the conductor an overall high tensile strength.

ACSR cables are available in several specific sizes, with multiple center steel wires and
correspondingly larger quantities of aluminium conductors. For example, an ACSR cable
with 72 aluminium conductors that requires a core of 7 steel conductors will be called 72/7
ACSR cable.

The higher resistance of the steel core is of little consequence to the transmission of
electricity in large diameter conductors since it is located below the skin depth (8.5 or 9 mm
for 60 or 50 Hz) where only a small amount of AC current flows.

There are different types of acsr conductors they are " RABBIT", "RACOON", "DOG",
"WOLF" and "PANTHER" ACSR Conductor.
BATTERY ROOM

A battery room is a room in a facility used to house batteries for backup or uninterruptible
power systems. Battery rooms are found in telecommunication central offices, and to provide
standby power to computing equipment in datacenters. Batteries provide direct current (DC)
electricity, which may be used directly by some types of equipment, or which may be
converted to alternating current (AC) by uninterruptible power supply (UPS) equipment. The
batteries may provide power for minutes, hours or days depending on the electrical system
design, although most commonly the batteries power the UPS during brief electric utility
outages lasting only seconds.

Battery rooms were used to segregate the fumes and corrosive chemicals of wet cell batteries
(often lead–acid) from the operating equipment; a separate room also allowed better control
of temperature and ventilation for the batteries.

Electrical utilities

Battery rooms are also found in electric power plants and substations where reliable power is
required for operation of switchgear, critical standby systems, and possibly black start of the
station. Often batteries for large switchgear line-ups are 110 V or 220 V nominal systems,
and feature redundant battery chargers with independent power sources. Separate battery
rooms may be provided to protect against loss of the station due to a fire in a battery bank.
For stations that are capable of black start, power from the battery system may be required for
many purposes including switchgear operations.

GROUND WIRE

In electrical engineering, ground or earth is the reference point in an electrical circuit from
which voltages are measured, a common return path for electric current, or a direct physical
connection to the Earth.

Electrical circuits may be connected to ground (earth) for several reasons. In mains powered
equipment, exposed metal parts are connected to ground to prevent user contact with
dangerous voltage if electrical insulation fails. Connections to ground limit the build-up of
static electricity when handling flammable products or electrostatic-sensitive devices. In
some telegraph and power transmission circuits, the earth itself can be used as one conductor
of the circuit, saving the cost of installing a separate return conductor (see single-wire earth
return).

For measurement purposes, the Earth serves as a (reasonably) constant potential reference
against which other potentials can be measured. An electrical ground system should have an
appropriate current-carrying capability to serve as an adequate zero-voltage reference level.
In electronic circuit theory, a "ground" is usually idealized as an infinite source or sink for
charge, which can absorb an unlimited amount of current without changing its potential.
Where a real ground connection has a significant resistance, the approximation of zero
potential is no longer valid. Stray voltages or earth potential rise effects will occur, which
may create noise in signals or if large enough will produce an electric shock hazard.

The use of the term ground (or earth) is so common in electrical and electronics applications
that circuits in portable electronic devices such as cell phones and media players as well as
circuits in vehicles may be spoken of as having a "ground" connection without any actual
connection to the Earth, despite "common" being a more appropriate term for such a
connection. This is usually a large conductor attached to one side of the power supply (such
as the "ground plane" on a printed circuit board) which serves as the common return path for
current from many different components in the circuit.

Some high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) power transmission systems use the ground as
second conductor. This is especially common in schemes with submarine cables, as sea water
is a good conductor. Buried grounding electrodes are used to make the connection to the
earth. The site of these electrodes must be chosen carefully to prevent electrochemical
corrosion on underground structures.

A particular concern in design of electrical substations is earth potential rise. When very large
fault currents are injected into the earth, the area around the point of injection may rise to a
high potential with respect to distant points. This is due to the limited finite conductivity of
the layers of soil in the earth. The gradient of the voltage (changing voltage within a distance)
may be so high that two points on the ground may be at significantly different potentials,
creating a hazard to anyone standing on the ground in the area. Pipes, rails, or communication
wires entering a substation may see different ground potentials inside and outside the
substation, creating a dangerous touch voltage.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

Instrument transformers are used to step-down the current or voltage to measurable values.
They provide standardized, useable levels of current or voltage in a variety of power
monitoring and measurement applications. Both current and voltage instrument transformers
are designed to have predictable characteristics on overloads. Proper operation of over-
current protection relays requires that current transformers provide a predictable
transformation ratio even during a short circuit.

These are further classified into two types which are discussed below.

a. Current Transformers

b. Potential Transformers

Current Transformer

Current transformers are basically used to take the readings of the currents entering the
substation. This transformer steps down the current from 800 amps to 1 amp. This is done
because we have no instrument for measuring of such a large current. The main use of this
transformer is

a. Distance Protection

b. Backup Protection

c. Measurement

A current transformer is defined as an instrument transformer in which the secondary current

is substantially proportional to the primary current (under normal conditions of operation)
and differs in phase from it by an angle which is approximately zero for an appropriate
direction of the connections. This highlights the accuracy requirement of the current
transformer but also important is the isolating function, which means no matter what the
system voltage the secondary circuit need to be insulated only for a low voltage.

The current transformer works on the principle of variable flux. In the ideal current
transformer, secondary current would be exactly equal (when multiplied by the turns ratio)
and opposite to the primary current. But, as in the voltage transformer, some of the primary
current or the primary ampere-turns are utilized for magnetizing the core, thus leaving less
than the actual primary ampere turns to be transformed into the secondary ampere-turns. This
naturally introduces an error in the transformation. The error is classified into current ratio
error and the phase error

Potential Transformer

There are two potential transformers used in the bus connected both side of the bus. The
potential transformer uses a bus isolator to protect itself. The main use of this transformer is
to measure the voltage through the bus. This is done so as to get the detail information of the
voltage passing through the bus to the instrument. There are two main parts in it
a. Measurement

b. Protection

The standards define a voltage transformer as one in which the secondary voltage is
substantially proportional to the primary voltage and differs in phase from it by an angle
which is approximately equal to zero for an appropriate direction of the connections. This in
essence means that the voltage transformer has to be as close as possible to the ideal
transformer.

In an ideal transformer, the secondary voltage vector is exactly opposite and equal to the
primary voltage vector when multiplied by the turn’s ratio.

In a practical transformer, errors are introduced because some current is drawn for the
magnetization of the core and because of drops in the primary and secondary windings due to
leakage reactance and winding resistance. One can thus talk of a voltage error which is the
amount by which the voltage isless than the applied primary voltage and the phase error
which is the phase angle by which the reversed secondary voltage vector is displaced from
the primary voltage vector.

BUS BAR

The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the instruments for
further step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the incoming feeders in la single
line. There may be double line in the bus so that if any fault occurs in the one the other can
still have the current and the supply will not stop. The two lines in the bus are separated by a
little distance by a conductor having a connector between them. This is so that one can work
at a time and the other works only if the first is having any fault.

A bus bar in electrical power distribution refers to thick strips of copper or aluminum that
conduct electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation, or other electrical
apparatus. The size of the bus bar is important in determining the maximum amount of
current that can be safely carried. Bus bars are typically either flat strips or hollow tubes as
these shapes allow heat to dissipate more efficiently due to their high surface area to cross
sectional area ratio. The skin effect makes 50-60 Hz AC bus bars more than about 8 mm (1/3
in) thick inefficient, so hollow or flat shapes are prevalent in higher current applications. A
hollow section has higher stiffness than a solid rod of equivalent current carrying capacity,
which allows a greater span between bus bar supports in outdoor switchyards. A bus bar may
either be supported on insulators or else insulation may completely surround it. Bus bars are
protected from accidental contact either by a metal enclosure or by elevation out of normal
reach.

Neutral bus bars may also be insulated. Earth bus bars are typically bolted directly onto any
metal chassis of their enclosure. Bus bars may be enclosed in a metal housing, in the form of
bus duct or bus way, segregated-phase bus, or isolated-phase bus.

CIRCUIT BREAKER

The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit if any fault occurs in any of the instrument.
These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other instrument in the station. For
any unwanted fault over the station we need to break the line current. This is only done
automatically by the circuit breaker. There are mainly two types of circuit breakers used for
any substations. They are

a. SF6 circuit breakers

b. Spring circuit breakers.

The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having high input kv
input, say above 220kv and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by force i.e. under
high pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there is a motor connected to the circuit
breaker. The motor starts operating if the gas went lower than 20.8 bar. There is a meter
connected to the breaker so that it can be manually seen if the gas goes low. The circuit
breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the torque produce in it due to any fault in the line. The
circuit breaker has a direct link with the instruments in the station, when any fault occur
alarm bell rings.

The spring type of circuit breakers is used for small kv stations. The spring here reduces the
torque produced so that the breaker can function again. The spring type is used for step down
side of 132kv to 33kv also in 33kv to 11kv and so on. They are only used in low distribution
side.

To avoid in gross of moisture, dust, and any foreign materials inside. The care should be
taken to protect the fins of radiators while unloading and storage to avoid further oil leakages.
The radiators should be stored on raised ground keeping the fins intact.

ISOLATOR
The use of this isolator is to protect the transformer and the other instrument in the line. The
isolator isolates the extra voltage to the ground and thus any extra voltage cannot enter the
line. Thus an isolator is used after the bus also for protection.
LIGHTENING ARRESTER

Lightening arrestors are the instrument that are used in the incoming feeders so that to
prevent the high voltage entering the main station. This high voltage is very dangerous to the
instruments used in the substation. Even the instruments are very costly, so to prevent any
damage lightening arrestors are used. The lightening arrestors do not let the lightening to fall
on the station. If some lightening occurs the arrestors pull the lightening and ground it to the
earth. In any substation the main important is of protection which is firstly done by these
lightening arrestors. The lightening arrestors are grounded to the earth so that it can pull the
lightening to the ground. The lightening arrestor works with an angle of 30° to 45° making a
cone.
CVT

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step-down

extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement or to
operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two
capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the
device to the supply frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-down the
voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least four terminals, a
high-voltage terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least
one set of secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay.
CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one
hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice
the first capacitor, C1, is often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This
results in a large voltage drop across the stack of capacitors that replaced the first capacitor
and a comparatively small voltage drop across the second capacitor, C2, and hence the
secondary terminals.
WAVE TRAP

Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave. The function of this trap is that it
traps the unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping wave. Its shape is like a drum. It is
connected to the main incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous
to the instruments here in the substation.