CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
OF MUNICIPAL
CORPORATION
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION OF MUNICIPAL CORPORATION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Meaning of Municipal Corporation 2

1.3 History of Municipal Corporation 5

1.4 Characteristics of Municipal Corporation 10

1.5 Features of Municipal Corporation 14

1.6 Main Characteristics of Urban Local Government 17

1.7 Need of Municipal Corporation 18

1.8 Importance of Municipal Corporation 19

1.9 Municipal Corporation Act 21

1.10 Functions of Municipal Corporation 22

1.11 Organization Structure of Municipal Corporation 27

References 29
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION OF MUNICIPAL CORPORATION

1.1 Introduction

The Municipal Corporation in India, like its counterpart the country

borough in England, is the highest form of municipal government designed

for the administration of civic affairs of the top class cities in the country.

Municipal government in India has been in existence since the year 1687

with the formation of Madras Municipal Corporation and then Calcutta and

Bombay Municipal Corporations in 1726. In 1850, the improvement in

Towns Act was passed by the government of India that established a system

of councillor and gave them administrative authority. Subsequently, Lord

Mayo's Resolution of 1870 instituted the system of city municipalities and

called for the introduction of an elected president of lead them. In 1882,

Lord Ripon's Resolution of Local Self Government created the outline and

structure of Municipal Governance in India. In 1935 another Government of

India Act brought local government under the purview of the state or

provincial government and specific power were given."

' Dr. Maheshwari Shriram, Local Government of India, Orient Longmain Publication, New
Delhi, April 1971, Page No. 1 - 30, 171 - 192.
- Publicadminstrationtheontheon.blockspot.in/2012/09/urban-local-govemment-
municipal-html/
 Municipal Corporation is the top and highest form of urban local

government as it enjoys comparatively more powers and autonomy in day-

to-day administration. Unlike rural-local government, urban local

government in India is not hierarchical. The municipal corporation as an

institution is more respectable and enjoys a greater measure of autonomy

than other forms of local government.

1.2 Meaning of Municipal Corporation^

The word 'municipal' has a variety of meaning in our state

constitutions and statues. In some instances, it is employed to designate

cities, villages, and incorporated towns: in other words it has been applied to

any unit of government below the level of country. But whether used in

either the strict or the elastic sense, 'municipal' applies to a unit of

government which acts as an agent of the state.

The municipal corporate concept is Roman in origin and its

development as a juristic entity stems largely from Roman practice. When

Rome extended its sway over most of the world it knew, it found itself face

to face with gigantic problem in administration—how to control the

provinces without, at the same time, provoking the displeasure of the local

^ Benjamin Baker, Urban Government, Dr. Van Nostrand Company, INC, Toranto, 1957, Page
No. 37.
inhabitants. It met this difficulty by making the cities of the provinces its

administrative agents. Wherever Rome established its influence, the mother

city, which had extensive power over its own inhabitants, granted similar

privilege to the municipal. The Roman endowed their cities with corporate

status, and it is from the Romans that we have obtained the idea of a

municipal corporation.

''A municipal corporation is a city, town, village, or borough that

has governmental powers. A municipality is a city, town, village, or in

some states, a borough. A corporation is an entity capable of conducting

business, cities, towns, village, and some boroughs are called municipal

corporations because they have the power to conduct business with the

private sector.''

The word 'municipaF has a variety of meaning in many state

constitutions and statutes all over the world. In some instance, it is employed

to designate cities, villages and incorporated towns, in other words it has

been applied to any unit of government below the level of the country. The

municipal corporate concept is Roman in origin and its development as a

juristic entity stems largely from Roman practice. The term 'Municipal

Corporation' has been defined by the number of scholars.

 According to American Encyclopedia A Municipal Corporation is a

legal institution formed by the sovereign power creating a popular

community of prescribed area and continues succession and for the purpose

and with authority of subordinate self- government for improvement and

administration of the affairs of the area. In more concrete tenns, a municipal

corporation is a body politic, created by the incorporation of the people of a

prescribed locality and invested with subordinate powers of legislation, for

the purpose of assisting in the civil government of the state and regulating

and administering its local and internal affairs.

In the words of W. B. Mumo "A municipal corporation is a

subordinate political body established by the authority of law, its existence

evidenced, by general or special character with a corporate name, with

defined limits and population and with delegated powers of local

government. It is created by law and depends for its existence as well as its

powers upon the state or nation."

According to the Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, "Municipal

Corporations are purely political institutions created by the legislative power

without the necessary consent of the people. As organs or agencies of state,

they are endowed with government powers, but these rights, privileges and

powers are conferred upon as trustees of the public welfare and are subject
4
to the legislative powers of the state within the limits of the constitutions,

within the sphere assured to them by their charters. However, they are

independent corporate entities."

1.3 History of Municipal Corporation^

Urban local government is the responsibility of the department

of Local Govemment in the state. In India a local government is widely

known as local self-government. This term originated when the country was

under British administration and did not enjoy any self-government either at

the centre or state levels. When a decision was taken by the British

Govemment to associate Indians in administering local affairs it meant a

slice of self- govemment for the people. But today the term self govemment

has lost its significance as the country enjoys self -government both at the

central and state levels. In fact, in the Indian constitution the term used is

local govemment. The term 'local govemment' being a moral in nature, is to

be preferred to virtue-embodying 'local self- govemment'. When people

begin to live together in a locality, certain problems arise from communal

living. These problems relate to provision of civic amenities like supply of

water, removal of mbbish, drainage, lighting, health facilities, roads, etc. As

"* www.shodhganga.com - Powers & Functions and Control of Municipal Corporation of Patiyala, Chapter
No. 5, Page No. 192-193
' http://www.unescap.org
the population increases and the locaHty grows, more problems like

regulation of trade and commerce, dangerous and unhealthy occupation

facilities for education, public health, etc.arise and become more intense. All

these amenities which make living better, physically, socially, economically,

and culturally constitute the responsibility of local government. In fact local

government is today much more important in the daily life of a citizen than

the state or central government.

1 Entry 4 in List III (state list) of the seventh schedule reads : "Local

government, that is to say, the constitutions and powers of municipal

corporations, improvement trusts, district boards, mining settlement

authorities and other local authorities for the purpose of local self-

government or village administration."^

The essential attributes of a local government are, firstly, its statutory

status; secondly, its power to raise finance by taxation in the area under it's

jurisdiction; thirdly, participation of the local community in decision-

making in specified subjects and their administration; fourthly, the fi-eedom

to act independently of central control; and lastly it's general purpose in

contrast to single purpose character. Although local government existed in

^ Dr. Maheshwari Shriram, Local Government of India, Orient Longmain Publication,

New Delhi, April 1971, Page No. 13 - 16, 173.
India in an ancient times, in it's present structure and style of functioning it

owes existence to the British rule in India. A beginning of local government

may said to have been made in 1687 when, for the first time a local

government body a municipal corporation was set up for the city of Madras.

Local government is thus slightly less than three centuries old in India.

Broadly it may be divided into the following five periods, each period

characterized by a definite aim and purpose.

Table No. 1.1 Progress of Local Government

1687-1881 Local government was viewed and utilized to case central
and provincial finances.
1882-1919 Local government began to be review as self- government.
1920-1937 Local government came within the jurisdiction of
provinces and further was transferred to popular control.
1938-1949 Local government was in a state of repair and
reconstruction.
1950-1991 Local government has been keyed to the requirement of the
constitutions.
(Source: Local Government in India by Dr. Shriram Maheshwari, page No. 14.)

A municipal corporation was set up in 1687 in Madras. It was

modeled after similar institutions then in vogue in Britain and clothed with

the authority to levy specified taxes. The municipal corporation was set up

because the East India Company believed that the people would willingly
pay. In 1726 the municipal corporation was replace by a mayor's court,

which was more a judicial body than an administrative one. The evolution of

local government in India had to wait until 1793 when it acquired a statutory

base the charter act of 1793 established municipal administration in the three

presidency towns of Madras, Calcutta and Bombay by authorizing the

Governor-General of India to appoint justices of the peace in these three

towns. A fresh impetus to the growth of local government came in 1863

when the Royal Army Sanitary Commission expressed its concern.

The year 1870 makes a further stage in the evolution of local

government. In that year Lord Mayo's famous resolution was advocated a

measure of decentralization from the desirability of associating Indian's in

administration and indicated the Municipal Govemment as the most

promising field for this purpose. Lord Ripon is known as father of local

self- government in India.

The Rural Urban Relationship Committee (1966) recommended a

corporation form of govemment only for cities which have a population of

not less than 5 Lakh and annual income of not less than one crore of rupees.

Such qualifying tests as those of population- cum -revenue appear to be

rather too rigid and cannot become exclusive criteria for the conversion of a

municipality into a corporation.

8
 The following criteria may be considered sufficient for setting up a

municipal corporation for the city:

• Existence of thickly populated area.

• Existence development of the municipality and scope for its future

development.

• Financial position of the municipality- present and prospective.

• Ability and willingness of the people to bear the burden of increasing

taxation.

• Public opinion in favours of a corporation.

There are certainly no exact criteria. Indeed, all these would considered

valid for constituting any kind of urban government in an area. The truth is

that the state is the sole judge of which city should be converted into a

corporation, towns and when generally speaking a sustained public opinion

in favour of a municipal corporation and the bigness of a city induce the

state government to confer on it the status of a municipal corporation.

Although corporations vary both in population and revenue, they all share

some characteristics in common.

 n

1.4 Characteristics of Municipal Corporation

1. A corporation is set up only as a result of statute to be passed by the

state legislative assembly.

2. A corporation form of urban government is generally based on the

separation of deliberative from executive functions.

3. The Mayor is the head of the corporation and holds office for a

renewable term of one year.

4. The State Government retains powers of control and supervision

including even the power to dismiss the council and take over the

administration.

The term corporation lends itself to two meanings. It may mean the

complete entity which embraces both deliberative and executive wings.

Under sub- section (2) and (3) of section 5 of the Bombay Provincial

Municipal Corporation Act 1949 THE State Government was empowered to

fix by notification in the official Gazette, for each city for which a

corporation was constituted. The study group appointed by the Government

of India in the matter of constitution, power and laws of the Urban Local

Goel S.L., Urban Local Self-Govemment Administration & Management in the 21'
Century, Deep & Deep Publication Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi, Page No. 90 - 91.
10
Bodies and Municipal Corporations under the chairmanship of the Chainnan

of All India Council of Mayors.

The number of urban local governments has been increasing as a result of

increase in urban and suburban population.

Various Forms of Urban Government^

1 Municipal Corporation

Municipal Corporations are set up only in big cities. The 74

Amendment Act provide that the area for different types of urban bodies

would be specified by the Governor of the State, taking into account the

population, density of the population there -in, revenue generated by the

local body, percentage of employment has statutory status as it is created

by an act of the State legislature or of the parliament in case of union

territory. It is popular body that provides representation to local people.

It does not have a sovereign status or inherent power. An important

feature of a municipal corporation is that there is a statutory separation

of the legislative (or the deliberative) wing and the executive wing. Most

of their members are directly elected on the basis of adult franchise. The

Mayor heads the council of a corporation and its standing committees

8
http://publicadministrationtheone.blogspot.in/2012/09/urban-local-govemment-
municipal.html.
11
 constitutes the deliberative wing which taken decisions. The Municipal

Commissioner is the executive authority responsible for enforcing these

decisions. Collectively the council headed by the Mayor. The standing

committees and the Municipal Commissioner make up the corporation.

2 Municipal Council/Committee/Municipality

A Municipal Council is statutory body created by an Act of the State

Legislature and the criteria for setting it up vary from state to state. The

size of municipality is determined by the State government, but the

minimum number of councillors should be five. Members of Municipal

Councils are elected representative for a period of five years. The town

is divided into wards according to its population and representatives are

elected from each ward. Wards may be grouped together into ward

council. The members elect a President among themselves to preside

over and conduct meeting of the municipality. The State government

also appoints an Executive Officer in the municipal council for the

conduct of general administrative work. The functions of municipal

council are broadly similar to those of a municipal corporation.

3 Notified Area Committees

In urban planning, a Notified Area is any land area put aside by legal

provision for the further development. The Notified area Committee is

12
 set up for an area which does not yet fulfill all the conditions necessary

for the constitution of a municipality but which state government

otherwise considers important. It is not created by statute bur by a

notification in the government gazette and hence the name 'Notified

Area'. The state government constitutes a committee called the Notified

Area Committee to administer this area. All the members of this

committee are nominated by the state government and there are no

elected members. Its Chairman also appointed by the state government.

4 Town Area Committees

It is a semi-municipal authority, constituted for small towns. Such

committees exist in several states. The Town Area Committee is

constituted and governed by an act of the state legislature and its

composition and fianctions are specified in it. The members may be

partly elected and partly nominated by the state government.

5 Cantonment Boards

When a military station is established in an area, the military

personnel move in and, to provide them with facilities of everyday life, a

sizeable civilian population also joins the developing area. This form of

urban local government is also a British legacy. Cantonment boards

were first set up under the Cantonment Act in 1924. These boards are

13
 generally administrated by the Defence Ministry. Board consists of

elected and nominated members and the officer commanding the station

is the President of the board. An elected member holds office for three

years whereas the nominated ones continue as long as they hold office in

that station.

6 Townships

Several large sized public enterprises have been set up in India. Near

the plants, housing colonies have been built for the staff and workers.

Since these industries are a source of employment, people from urban as

well as rural areas are drawn to them and, resultantly, Small Township

evolves around them. The townships are well planned and contain

facilities like water, electricity, roads, health, etc. The expenditure on

these services is shared by the industry concerned.

1,5 Features of Municipal Corporation^

1 Protective Bordered Organization

Municipal Corporations must have legally approved boundaries

otherwise they cannot exist. To be more specific, Municipal Corporation

is a protective bordered political organization having a population for

'' www.shodhganga.com - Powers, Fuctions & Control of Municipal Corporation of Patiyaia,

Chapter No. 5.

14
 that exclusive welfare it is planned. This concept is based upon two

assumptions first authority and second limits are to be compulsory upon

authority. The area or object of control must be clearly defined.

2 Legal position:

A corporation is constituted by the Act which is passed by the

government or by the assembly in case of union territory. The corporate

existence of a municipal corporation springs from the fact that it is a

creature of state and largely, a product of its law. Subject to the limit

contained in either, the constitutions or the statute, the state government

has almost unlimited authority to create such legal entities.

3 Dependent Status

Municipal Corporation has not its own power. Municipal

Corporation use only those powers which are given by the State

Government, it has no original powers. The State Government exercises

the powers for determining the area, size of its council, responsibilities

and powers, term of office, financial resources and can also dissolve it in

case of consistent default in the performance of its duties.

15
4 Right of local self-government

This is important characteristic of Municipal Corporation flows

from the concept of self- governance. The right of local autonomy is not

regarded as an absolute right but rather one that arises from the fact that

it is more suitable for the state to permit local people to handle matters

of specific concern to them. Municipal Corporation have right to make

rules and regulation for day-to-day work.

5 Principal of Contribution by people towards Expenditure

A municipal corporation is based on the principal that a major

portion of the expenditure incurred upon the services and amenities it

provides should be contributed by the people of the area. It derives its

revenues through charges a variety of taxes and fees which it is

authorized to require in addition to the grant-in-aid received from the

state government.

6 Division between Deliberative and Administrative Functions

A municipal corporation is marked by statutorily separation of

deliberative and executive wings. Municipal Corporation is a legal entity

represent the organized legal will of the community, its main

justification for existence is that it seeks to provide for the welfare of all

its citizens.

16
7 Self-administration

A municipal corporation is a self- administration because it is

managed by the people of its own area for their common welfare on the

lines of representative democracy. In essence it is democratic

government on the spot.

1.6 Main Characteristics of Urban Local Government

Table No. 1.2 Characteristics of Urban Local Government

Type of Rationale for Constitution Brief Characteristics
Municipality
Before 1992 Afterl992
Municipal *Established in metropolitan areas *Constituted in "large
Corporation or big cities urban areas"*
*Wider fiinctions and larger
powers than councils, enjoy more
autonomy and have larger revenue
resources
* Separation of deliberative from
executive functions and vesting of
all executive powers in an
appointed authority who is
independent of the elected body
Municipal *Most popular form of local *Constituted in "small
Committee/ government in urban areas urban areas"*
Council *Set up in cities and large towns
*Extent of State control is
relatively larger than corporations
Nagar Constituted after 1992 * Constituted in "areas
Panchayat in transition from rural
to urban"*

17
Notified Area *Set up by State government in Abolished
Committee medium and small towns

*Created for areas which do not

fulfill conditions for important
*Also created for newly
developing towns or areas where
industries are being established
*A11 members including chairman
are nominated by State
Government and not elected

Town Area * Semi-municipal authority Abolished

Committee constituted for small towns
*Members are either wholly
nominated or wholly elected, or
partly nominated and partly
elected
(Source: www.lse.ac.uk/ariaResearchCentre/_files/ARCWP19-Aijaz.pdf)
1.7 Need of Municipal Corporation^"

In 1961 one out of every five Indians lived in urban areas. Ten years

earlier i.e. in 1951, one Indian out of every seven was town-dweller. By

1981 one -fourth of Indian's population would be living in towns. Thus the

urban population has been increasing at an accelerated rate. The role and

significance of urban government is consequently bound to increase

entailing a realignment and reorganization of rural-urban dimensions of the

10
Dr. Maheshwari Shriram, Local Government of India, Orient Longmain Publication,
New Delhi, April 1971, Page No. 159,160.
18
society. Urbanization is an integral part of the process of development.

Industrialization and Urbanization are inseparable. The burden of

urbanization in India has been bom by Municipal Corporations and

Municipal Councils. Urban government includes Municipal Corporation,

notified area committees, Municipalities, town area committees, cantonment

board and township.

The migration of people in response to the needs of a rapidly

developing industrial and commercial economy was reflected in the growth

of cities. As more people congregated in urban centers, the town evolved

into the large city and finally into the metropolitan region. Step by step, as

the city developed, life for the urban people became increasingly complex.

Generally, as the individual found his self incapable of dealing with the

problems around him, municipal intervention took place on his behalf

1.8 Importance of Municipal Corporation"

Municipal Corporation is top most of urban local government. It is the

top most, not in the sense that it exercises authority over other forms of

urban government. Unlike rural local government urban local government in

India is not Hierarchical. The Municipal Corporation as an institution is

Dr. Maheshwari Shriram, Local Government of India, Orient Longmain Publication,

New Delhi, April 1971, Page No. 171.
19
more respectable and enjoys a greater measure of autonomy than other fomis

of local government. Municipal Corporation implies provision of basic

facilities and services in urban areas and regulation of growth. These

facilities and services may be listed as water supply, drainage and sewerage,

urban renewal and housing, urban redevelopment, transportation, road

construction, supply of electricity, education, etc.

Following points state the importance of Municipal Corporation:

1. To take care of the requirements and necessities of the various

communities like health, education, water supply, along with matters

relating to property and housing taxes.

2. To conduct election is to offer convenient services for the public and

its main aim is to resolve their daily complications.

3. To administer the city with such large levels of population and the

interactions are made directly with the state government to bring'

things under control, whenever the need arises.

4. To help in providing services like public administration, road water

supply, birth, death records, sewage, sanitation, flood control,

drainage and other public safety services such as ambulance and fire

services in the locality.

20
 1?

1.9 Municipal Corporation Act

• Prior to 1992, Indian local government did not have a constitutional

status but only a statutory status under state law. Therefore, the

governance of urban areas was directly under the control of the state
th

government. This changed with the enactment of the 74 Constitution

Amendment Act, 1992. For the first time in the history of urban

governance, Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) were granted a

constitutional position as the third tier of government. These bodies

were given a constitutional outline for conducting regular elections,

powers and financial devolution. The Amendment assigned local

bodies with the responsibility of providing basic services. Urban

Local Bodies are classified depending on the population :

• Nagar Panchayats : for urban areas

• Municipal Councils : for smaller urban areas

• Municipal Corporations : for metropolitan areas

The 74 Constitution Amendment Act provides the outline for elected

and nominated councillors. The number of elected councillors varies

according to the population of an area. Nominated councillors are to be

" Goel S.L., Urban Local Self-Govemment Administration & Management in the 21*
Century, Deep & Deep Publication Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi, Page No. 71-72
21
 selected by the elected councilors for their expertise in municipal

administration. However, they are not granted voting rights. The 74'

Constitution Amendment Act does not specify any specific

organizational structure for municipal administration in India. This is an

issue for state legislation and the structure differs from state to state. '^

1.10 Functions of Municipal Corporation^^

Coming to the listing of functions which are assigned to a municipal

corporation, there are two broad practices in trend in the country. Functions

assigned to corporations, particularly the obligatory ones, are more or less

the same in all states. Uniformity is, thus the key-note; any difference is

uncommon. And, what is more, the difference may occur only in the listing

of a certain functions. The following ftinctions are generally assigned to

corporations in all the states.

Obligatory functions

1. Supply of water : The management and maintenance of all municipal

water works and the construction or acquisition of new works

necessary for a sufficient supply of water for public and private

purpose.

- www.indiacode.nic.in/colweb/amend74.html
Dr. Maheshwari Shriram, Local Government of India, Orient Longmain Publication,
New Delhi, April 1971, Page No. 174
22
2. Supply of electricity : The lighting of pubHc streets, municipal

markets and public buildings vested in the corporation.

3. Road transport services : The naming or numbering of streets and of

public places vesting in the corporation and numbering of premises.

4. The construction and maintenance of public hospitals and

dispensaries : For the isolation and treatment of persons suffering or

suspected to be infected with a contagious or infectious disease and

carrying out other measure necessary for public medical relief

5. Lighting, watering and cleaning of public streets and other public

services.

6. Securing or removal of dangerous building and places.

7. Removal of obstruction and projection in or upon streets and other

public places.

8. Vaccination and inoculation.

9. Registration of births and deaths.

10.Regulation of places for disposal of the dead : The maintenance,

change and regulation of places for the disposal of the dead and

23
 provision of new places for this purpose and disposing of unclaimed

bodies.

11. Provision for primary education: Maintaining, aiding and suitably

accommodating stocks for primary education.

12. Maintenance of fire-brigade.

13. Publication of annual reports and returns on administration of the

corporation.

14. Control and regulation of eating places and eatables.

15. Construction maintenance naming and numbering of Public Street.

16. Subject to adequate provision being made for the matters specified

above provisions of relief to destitute persons in the city in times of

famine and scarcity and the establishment and maintenance of relief

works in such time.

17. Fulfillment of any obligation imposed to be or under this Act or any

other law for the time being in force.

Discretionary functions
1. Construction of public parks, gardens, libraries, museums, theaters.

2. Public housing.
24
3. Planning and care of trees on road sides and elsewhere.

4. Relief to destitute and disable persons.

5. Destruction or detention of ownerless dogs or stray pigs or detention

of animals causing nuisance.

6. Playing of music for people.

7. Give reception of V.I.P.

8. Registration of marriage.

9. Survey of buildings and lands.

10. Organization and management of fairs and exhibition.

11. The maintenance of an ambulance service.

12. The regulation of lodging houses, camping grounds and rest houses in

the city.

13. The building or purchases and maintenance of dwellings for

municipal officer and servants.

14. The grant of loans for building purposes to municipal servants on

such terms and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed by the

corporation.

25
 15. The furtherance of educational objects other than those mentioned in

clause (15) of section 63 and making grants to educational institutions

within or without the city.

16. The construction or maintenance of infimiaries or hospital for

animals.

17. Paying the salaries and allowances, rent and other charges incidental

to the maintenance of the Court of any stipendiary magistrate or any

portion of such charges.

18. The registration of marriage.

19. Establishing and maintaining a farm or factory for the disposal of

sewage.

20. Survey of buildings or lands.

Step by step as the city developed, life for the urban people became

increasingly complex. Gradually, as the individual found his self incapable

of dealing with the problems around him, municipal intervention took place

in on his behalf

26
1.11 Organization Structure of Municipal Corporation^^

The 74"" Constitution Amendment Act does not specify any specific

organizational structure for administration in India. This is an issue for state

legislation and the structure differs from state to state. The Ministry of

Urban development drafted a Model Municipal Law, 2003 which was

circulated to state governments. The rationale for the lack of a centrally

administered Municipal Model is that local bodies need to be flexible to

respond better to local requirements. Two broad models are commonly in

use.

Commissioner System
1 Mayor

The Mayor in the Municipal Corporation is typically chosen through

indirect election by the councillors among themselves, for a term of one

year which is renewable. The Mayor does not have executive authority.

Councillors and Committee Councillors act as a Committee. The most

powerful committee is standing committee which functions as the

steering board exercising executive, supervisory, financial and personnel

powers. It is composed or elected members varying in number between

-•' www.cityiTiayors.come/govemment/india_govemement.html

27
 seven and sixteen through a system of proportional representation of

councillors.

2 The Executive

The Municipal Commissioner acts as Chief Executive Officer and

head of the executive ann of the Municipal Corporation. All executive

powers are vested in the Municipal Commissioner. The powers of the

Commissioner are provided by the statute and delegated the Standing

Committee. The commissioner is appointed for a fixed term that is

mentioned in the respective state's statute. The commissioner's power is

classified into two broad categories : those listed in the statute creating

the corporation and those delegated by the Corporation or the Standing

Committee.

3 Mayor in council model

This form of city governance is similar to a cabinet government and

follows the framework of state and national governments. This model

consists of a Mayor and a cabinet, with individual portfolios, chosen

fi-om among the elected councillors. The Municipal Commissioner acts

as the principal under the supervision of the Mayor who is the Chief

Executive Officer.

28
References:

1. Dr. Maheshwari Shriram, Local Government of India, Orient Longmain

Publication, New Delhi, April 1971, Page No. 1 - 30, 171 - 192.

2. Publicadminstrationtheontheon.blockspot.in/2012/09/urban-local-

govemment-municipal-html

3. Benjamin Baker, Urban Government, Dr. Van Nostrand Company, INC,

Toranto, 1957, Page No. 37.

4. Dr. Maheshwari Shriram, Local Government of India, Orient Longmain

Publication, New Delhi, April 1971, Page No. 1 - 3 0 , 171 - 192

5. www.shodhganga.com - Powers & Functions and Control of Municipal

Corporation of Patiyala, Chpater No. 5, Page No. 192-193

6. http://www.unescap.org

7. Dr. Maheshwari Shriram, Local Government of India, Orient Longmain

Publication, New Delhi, April 1971, Page No. 13 - 16, 173.

8. Goel S.L., Urban Local Self-Govemment Administration &

Management in the 21^' Century, Deep & Deep Publication Pvt.Ltd.,

New Delhi, Page No. 90 - 91.

9. http://publicadministrationtheone.blogspot.in/2012/09/urban-local-

govemment-municipal.html.

29
10.www.shodhganga.com - Powers, Fuctions & Control of Municipal

Corporation of Patiyala, Chapter No. 5.

1 l.Dr. Maheshwari Shriram, Local Government of India, Orient Longmain

Publication, New Delhi, April 1971, Page No. 159,160.

12.Dr. Maheshwari Shriram, Local Government of India, Orient Longmain

Publication, New Delhi, April 1971, Page No. 171.

13.Goel S.L., Urban Local Self-Govemment Administration &

Management in the 21^' Century, Deep & Deep Publication Pvt.Ltd.,

New Delhi, Page No. 71- 72

14. www.indiacode.nic.in/colweb/amend74.html

15.Dr. Maheshwari Shriram, Local Govemment of India, Orient Longmain

Publication, New Delhi, April 1971, Page No. 174

16. www.citymayors.come/govemment/india_govemement.html

30