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    Dna Transcription Notes

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    vienna
    1. The elongation stage of protein synthesis involves assembling specified amino acids into a polypeptide chain through the action of tRNAs and the ribosome. 2. Key sites within the ribosome called the E, P, and A sites are involved in elongation as tRNAs bring amino acids and join them together via peptide bonds. 3. The process repeats as the ribosome moves down the mRNA with each round resulting in another amino acid being added to the growing polypeptide chain.

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    Dna Transcription Notes

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    1. The elongation stage of protein synthesis involves assembling specified amino acids into a polypeptide chain through the action of tRNAs and the ribosome. 2. Key sites within the ribosome called the E, P, and A sites are involved in elongation as tRNAs bring amino acids and join them together via peptide bonds. 3. The process repeats as the ribosome moves down the mRNA with each round resulting in another amino acid being added to the growing polypeptide chain.

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    dna transcription notes

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    1. The elongation stage of protein synthesis involves assembling specified amino acids into a polypeptide chain through the action of tRNAs and the ribosome. 2. Key sites within the ribosome called the E, P, and A sites are involved in elongation as tRNAs bring amino acids and join them together via peptide bonds. 3. The process repeats as the ribosome moves down the mRNA with each round resulting in another amino acid being added to the growing polypeptide chain.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    80 views3 pages

    Dna Transcription Notes

    Uploaded by

    vienna
    1. The elongation stage of protein synthesis involves assembling specified amino acids into a polypeptide chain through the action of tRNAs and the ribosome. 2. Key sites within the ribosome called the E, P, and A sites are involved in elongation as tRNAs bring amino acids and join them together via peptide bonds. 3. The process repeats as the ribosome moves down the mRNA with each round resulting in another amino acid being added to the growing polypeptide chain.

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    of 3

    - TRANSLATION - 1.

    The elongation stage involves the assembly of specified


    amino acids into a polypeptide chain.

    2. The key to elongation are the E, P, and A sites within the


    Initiation ribosome.
    1. During initiation, a group of proteins called initiation 3. Following initiation, the first tRNA (for methionine) is
    factors assist in assembling the ribosome around the mRNA. located within the P site.
    2. The initiation factors temporarily recognize specific 4. A second codon in the mRNA is exposed in the A site.
    sequences in the mRNA.
    5. Only a tRNA with an anticodon complementary to the mRNA codon
    3. The small ribosomal subunit then recognizes the initiation exposed in the A site will correctly fit.
    factors, followed by the large ribosomal subunit.
    6. At this point there are two tRNAs in the ribosome.
    4. The ribosome is assembled around the mRNA, much like a series
    of toy plastic blocks. 7. By an enzymatic reaction, the amino acids between the P and
    A chains are joined together by a
    5. Near the beginning of the mRNA is a codon called the start codon
    (AUG). This codes for an amino acid called methionine. 8. peptide bond.

    6. Three regions are important as the ribosome is assembled around 9. As the peptide bond forms, the amino acid is released from
    the mRNA. They are commonly called the A, P, and E sites. the tRNA in the P site. The ribosome then moves one codon down
    the mRNA (in the 3′ direction).
    7. Each site will fit a single tRNA.
    10. As it does so, the tRNA that was in the P site enters into
    8. The only tRNA that can effectively enter the site is the one the E site and leaves the ribosome.
    whose anticodon complements the codon of the mRNA revealed
    within the site. 11. The tRNA that was in the A site, which still has the
    polypeptide chain attached, moves into the
    9. In initiation, the assembly of the ribosome occurs with the
    AUG start codon within the P site. This ends the initiation 12. P site.
    stage. 13. A new mRNA codon is then revealed in the A site.

    14. A tRNA with an anticodon complementary to the exposed mRNA


    Elongation codon then enters the A site, and the process repeats itself.
    15. The rate at which this reaction occurs is amazing. nucleotide/base, sequence of, DNA/ gene, changed/AW ;

    16. In eukaryotic systems, the ribosome may read up to six A new allele (formed)
    codons per second. ref. to altered mRNA/AW ;

    this may be in context of a named type of mutation


    Termination consequence on tRNA
    1. The process of termination begins once the end of the mRNA is tRNA/ anticodon, with different amino acid (to ribosome) ;
    reached by the ribosome.
    A tRNA with different anticodon
    2. In place of tRNAs, proteins called release factors enter into
    change in amino acid(s)/ different amino acid sequence/ change in
    the A site.
    primary
    3. Since the release factors do not contain amino acids, the
    structure ;
    process of translation is stopped at this point.
    affects, secondary structure/ tertiary structure/ 3D shape/ function,
    4. The release factors also promote the disassembly of the
    of protein ;
    ribosome and its interaction with the mRNA.
    ref. to one type of mutation ;
    5. The end result of translation is a polypeptide chain. This
    polypeptide chain must undergo a series of folds in order to e.g. base substitution means
    produce a functional protein. deletion/ insertion, leads to frameshift

    ref. to premature stop codon

    - protein synthesis - Outline transcription.

    1 DNA/ gene, unwinds /AW ; I unzips

    2 H-bonds break between, (complementary) bases / base pairs /


    strands ;

    What is meant by transcription? I unzips

    3 one / a, strand, acts as template/(complementary) copied ;


    I ref. to, sense/ coding and antisense/non coding 4 codon(s) ; only accept in correct context

    4 ref. to (involvement of) RNA polymerase ; 5 transfer / t, RNA, bringing, amino acid(s), to mRNA / ribosome ;

    I ref. to direction of, movement/ strand formation 6 anticodon(s) ; only accept in correct context

    5 (free) complementary RNA nucleotides added ; 7 (complementary) base pairing ;

    A described in terms of correct base-pairs (C with G and A with U 8 any e.g. of codon:anticodon base pairing ; need six bases
    minimum)
    9 ref to polyribosome(s) / used by many ribosomes ;
    6 step-by-step/ sequentially /AW ; (many RNA polymerase enzymes can transcribe a DNA sequence
    sequentially, producing a large number of transcripts?)
    10 (mRNA short-lived) ref to production of protein for short period
    of time ;
    7 sugar phosphate backbone sealed/ phosphodiester bonds formed ;

    A sugar phosphate backbone formed

    8 (product is) messenger RNA/ mRNA ; A primary transcript

    9 AVP ; e.g. transcription factors required to initiate transcription

    RNA polymerase binds to promoter (sequence)

    helicase unwinds

    ref. to activated (RNA) nucleotides

    ref. to proof reading

    (transcription ends at) transcription terminator

    Outline translation.

    I protein / polypeptide, synthesis

    2 moves towards / combines with, ribosome ;

    3 ref to small and/or large sub-units ; I small / large ribosome

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