Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is

disseminated, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizen’s patterns of response to politics. By
giving citizens independent access to the candidates, television diminished the role of the political party in
the selection of the major party candidates. By centering politics on the person of the candidate, television
accelerated the citizen’s focus on character rather than issues.
Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. The messages on which most of
us rely are briefer than they once were. The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians
and lasting 11/2 to 2 hours, which characterized nineteenth-century political discourse, has given way to the
30-second advertisement and the 10 second “sound bite” in broadcast news. Increasingly the audience for
speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see
a snippet of the speech on the news.
Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is
disseminated, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizen’s patterns of response to politics. By
giving citizens independent access to the candidates, television diminished the role of the political party in
the selection of the major party candidates. By centering politics on the person of the candidate, television
accelerated the citizen’s focus on character rather than issues.
Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. The messages on which most of
us rely are briefer than they once were. The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians
and lasting 11/2 to 2 hours, which characterized nineteenth-century political discourse, has given way to the
30-second advertisement and the 10 second “sound bite” in broadcast news. Increasingly the audience for
speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see
a snippet of the speech on the news.
In these abbreviated forms, much of what constituted the traditional political discourse of earlier ages
has been lost. In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in
question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to
argue that one is preferable to others. In snippets, politicians assert but do not argue.
Because television is an intimate medium, speaking through it require a changed political style that
was more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style stump speech.Reliance on television
means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words.
Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a word in which politics is increasingly visual,
informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.
Recognizing the power of television’s pictures, politicians craft televisual, staged events,called
pseudo-event, designed to attract media coverage. Much of the political activity we see on television news
has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relations advisers for televised
consumption. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like
advertisements.

Questions：

1. What is the main point of the passage ?

(A) Citizens in the United States are now more informed about political issues because of television
coverage.
(B) Citizens in the United States prefer to see politicians on television instead of in person.
(C) Politics in the United States has become substantially more controversial since the introduction of
television.
(D) Politics in the United States has been significantly changed by television.
2. The word “disseminated” in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) analyzed
 (B) discussed
(C) spread
(D) stored
3. It can be inferred that before the introduction of television, political parties
(A) had more influence over the selection of political candidates
(B) spent more money to promote their political candidates
(C) attracted more members
(D) received more money
4. The word “accelerated” in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) allowed
(B) increased
(C) required
(D) started
5. The author mentions the “stump speech” in line 7 as an example of
(A) an event created by politicians to attract media attention
(B) an interactive discussion between two politicians
(C) a kind of political presentation typical of the nineteenth century
(D) a style of speech common to televised political events
6. The phrase “given way to” in line 10 is closest in meaning to
(A) added interest to
(B) modified
(C) imitated
(D) been replaced by
7. The word “that” in line 12 refers to
(A) audience
(B) broadcast news
(C) politician
(D) advertisement
8. According to the passage , as compared with televised speeches, traditional political discourse was
more successful at
(A) allowing news coverage of political candidates
(B) placing political issues within a historical context
(C) making politics seem more intimate to citizens
(D) providing detailed information about a candidates private behavior
9. The author states that “politicians assert but do not argue” (line 18) in order to suggest that
politicians
(A) make claims without providing reasons for the claims
(B) take stronger positions on issues than in the past
(C) enjoy explaining the issue to broadcasters
(D) dislike having to explain their own positions on issues to citizens
10. The word “Reliance” in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) abundance
(B) clarification
(C) dependence
(D) information
11. The purpose of paragraph 4 is to suggest that
(A) politicians will need to learn to become more personal when meeting citizens
(B) politicians who are considered very attractive are favored by citizens over politicians who are less
attractive
(C) citizens tend to favor a politician who analyzed the issue over one who does not
(D) citizens will need to learn how to evaluate visual political images in order to become better
informed
12.According to paragraph 5, staged political events are created so that politicians can
(A) create more time to discuss political issues
(B) obtain more television coverage for themselves
(C) spend more time talking to citizens in person
(D) engages in debates with their opponents
13. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage ?
(A) Political presentations today are more like advertisements than in the past.
(B) Politicians today tend to be more familiar with the views of citizens than in the past.
(C) Citizens today are less informed about a politician’s character than in the past.
(D) Political speeches today focus more on details about issues than in the past.
Answers：
DCABC DABAC DBA

Read the following passage and answer the questions accordingly (1-10):

Although speech is the most advanced form of communication, there are many ways of
communicating without using speech. Signals, signs, symbols and gestures may be found in every known
culture. The basic function of a signal is to interrupt upon the environment in such a way that it attracts
attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes of telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, the potential for
communication is very great. Less adaptable to the codification of words, sings also contain meaning in and
of themselves. A top sign or a barber pole conveys meaning quickly and conventionally. Symbols are more
difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate relationship with the receiver's
cultural perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theater provides performers with an auditory symbol
of approval. Gestures such as waving and handshaking also communicate certain cultural messages.
Although signals, signs, symbols and gestures are very useful, they do have a major disadvantage. They
usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. As a result,
means of communication intended to be used for long distances and extended periods are based upon
speech. Radio, television and the telephone are only a few.
01. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Communication B. Gestures
C. Signs and signals D. Speech
02. Applauding was cited as an example of _____
A. a signal B. a sign
C. a symbol D. a gesture
03. According to the passage, what is signal?
A. A difficult form of communication
B. That interrupts the environment
C. That is used across long distance
D. Related to cultural perceptions
04. The underlined word 'interrupt' is closest in meaning to ?
A. inference B. improve
C. vary D. Prohibit
05. The underlined word 'it' refers to -
A. function B. way
C. environment D. Signal
06. The underlined word 'potential' could best replaced by-
A. range B. possibility
C. organization D. Advantage
07. The underlined word 'intricate' could best replaced by-
A. complicated B. inefficient
C. historical D. Way
08. What does the author say about speech?
A. It is only true for communication
B. It is dependent upon the advances made by inventors
C. It is the most advanced form of communication
D. It is necessary to occur
09. Why were the telephone, radio and TV invented?
A. Lack of understanding signs, symbols and gestures
B. For new form of entertainment
C. Signs, symbols and signals became obsolete
D. For communicating across long distances
10. It may be concluded from the passage that-
A. symbols are very easy to define and interpret
B. signs, signals, symbol and gestures are forms of communication
C. only some cultures have signals, signs and symbols
D. waving and handshaking are not related to culture
Answer: 1. A, 2. C, 3. B, 4. D, 5. D,
6. B, 7. A, 8. C, 9. D, 10. B

During the nineteenth century, women in the United States organized and participated in a large
number of reform movements, including movements to reorganize the prison system, improve education,
ban the sale of alcohol, grant rights to people who were denied them, and, most importantly, free slaves.
Some women saw similarities in the social status of women and slaves. Women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton
and Lucy Stone were not only feminists who fought for the rights of women but also
fervent abolitionists who fought to do away with slavery. These brave people were social leaders who
supported the rights of both women and blacks. They were fighting against a belief that voting should be
tied to land ownership, and because land was owned by men, and in some cases by their widows, only those
who held the greatest stake in government, that is the male landowners, were considered worthy of the
vote. Women did not conform to the requirements.
A number of male abolitionists, including William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips, also
supported the rights of women to speak and to participate equally with men in antislavery activities.
Probably more than any other movement, abolitionism offered women a previously denied entry into
politics. They became involved primarily in order to better their living conditions and improve the
conditions of others. However, they gained the respect of those they convinced and also earned the right to
be considered equal citizens.
When the civil war between the North and the South ended in 1865, the Fourteenth and Fifteenth
Amendments to the Constitution adopted in 1868 and 1870 granted citizenship and suffrage to blacks but
not to women. Discouraged but resolved, feminists worked tirelessly to influence more and more women to
demand the right to vote. In 1869, the Wyoming Territory had yielded to demands by feminists, but the
states on the East Coast resisted more stubbornly than before. A women’s suffrage bill had been presented
to every Congress since 1878, but it continually failed to pass until 1920, when the Nineteenth Amendment
granted women the right to vote.

B. List new vocabulary with their meaning:

1. Grant: n. agree to give or allow (something requested) to. Give (a right, property, etc.) formally or
legally to.
2. Slaves: n. a device, or part of one, directly controlled by another.
3. Abolitionist: n. noun a person who favours the abolition of something, especially capital punishment or
(formerly) slavery.
4. Widows: n. a woman who has lost her husband by death and has not married again.
5. Stake: n. a strong post with a point at one end, driven into the ground to support a tree, form part of a
fence, etc.
6. Landowners: n. noun a person who owns land.
7. Requirements: n. a thing that is needed or wanted.
8. Gained: n. obtain or secure (something favourable). Benefit: managers would gain from greater
openness.
9. Convinced: v. verb cause to believe firmly in the truth of something. Persuade to do something.
10. Suffrage: n. the right to vote in political elections. archaic a vote given for a person or in assent to a
proposal.
11. Stubbornly: adj. determined not to change one’s attitude or position.
12. Yielded: n. produce or provide (a natural, agricultural, or industrial product).
13. Influence: n. the capacity to have an effect on the character or behaviour of someone or something, or
the effect itself. a person or thing with such a capacity.
C. Ideas of each paragraph
 Paragraph 1: During the nineteenth century, women in the United States organized and participated in a
large number of reform movement.
 Paragraph 2: A number of male abolitionists, including William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips,
also supported the rights of women to speak and to participate equally with men in antislavery activities.
 Paragraph 3: In 1865, the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution adopted in 1868 and
1870 granted citizenship and suffrage to blacks but not to women.
D. Answer questions given
1. With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?
A. The Wyoming Territory
B. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments
C. Abolitionists
D. Women’s suffrage
2. The word ban in paragraph 1 most nearly means to
A. Encourage C. prohibit
B. Publish D. limit
3. The word primarily in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A. above all C. finally
B. Somewhat D. always
4. What had occurred shortly after the Civil War?
A. The Wyoming Territory was admitted to the Union
B. A women’s suffrage bill was introduced in Congress
C. The eastern states resisted the end of the war
D. Black people were granted the right to vote
5. The word suffrage in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. Pain C. freedom from bondage
B. Citizenship D. the right to vote
6. The word it in paragraph 3 refers to
A. Bill C. Nineteenth Amendment
B. Congress D. vote
7. What does the Nineteenth Amendment guarantee?
A. Voting rights for blacks C. Voting rights for women
B. Citizenship for blacks D. Citizenship for women
8. When were women allowed to vote throughout the United States?
A. After 1866 C. After 1878
B. After 1870 D. After 1920

E. Summary of the passage

During the nineteenth century in United States, women find no right to vote and black find
themselves as slaves. A few people like Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, William Lloyd Garrison, and
Wendell Phillips fought hard for the rights of them being able to vote and end slavery. The slave of black
then end in 1865, where the women’s right to vote was not yet approved until 1920 after the nineteenth
Amendment was written.

TOEFL MODEL TEST : Reading Comprehension 13

This question has often been posed:

Why were the Wright brothers able to succeed in an effort at which so many others had failed? Many
explanations have been mention, but three reasons are most often cited. First, they were a team. Both men
worked congenially and cooperatively, read the same books, located and shared information, talked
incessantly about the possibility of manned flight, and served as a consistent source of inspiration and
encouragement to each other. Quite simply, two geniuses are better than one.
Both were glider pilots. Unlike some other engineers who experimented with the theories of flight.
Orville and Wilbur Wright experienced the practical aspects of aerodynamics by building and flying in kites
and gilders. Each craft they built was slightly superior to the last, as they incorporated knowledge that they
had gained from previous failures. They had realized from their experiments that the most serious challenge
in manned flight would be stabilizing and maneuvering the aircraft once it was airborne. While others
concentrated their efforts on the problem of achieving lift for take off, the Wright brother were focusing on
developing a three-axis control for guiding their aircraft. By the time that the brothers started to build an
airplane, they were already among the word’s best glider pilots; they knew the problems of riding the air
first hand.
In addition, the Wright brothers had designed more effective wings for the airplane than had been
previously engineered. Using a wind tunnel, they tested more than two hundred different wing designs,
recording the effects of slight variations in shape on the pressure of air on the wings. The data from these
experiments allowed the Wright brothers to construct a superior wing for their aircraft.
In spite of these advantages, however, the Wright brothers might not have succeeded had they not
been born at precisely the opportune moment in history. Attempts to achieve manned flight in the early
nineteenth century were doomed because the steam engines that powered the aircrafts were too heavy in
proportion to the power that they produced. But by the end of the nineteenth century, when the brothers were
experimenting with engineering options, a relatively light internal combustion engine had already been
invented, and they were able to bring the ratio of weight to power within acceptable limits for flight.

B.
posed : berpose
effort : upaya
cited : di kutip
cooperatively : kooperatif
engineers : Insinyur
aerodynamics : aerodinamis
gilders : gilders
craft : kerajinan
slightly : sedikit
gained : diperoleh
manned : berawak
maneuvering : manuver
achieving : mencapai
addition : selain itu
pressure : tekanan
superior : superior
advantages : keuntungan
precisely : tepatnya
opportune : tepat
doomed : ditakdirkan
combustion : pembakaran

C.
Paragraph 1: Wright brothers succeeded, because they are a team. And, Both men worked congenially and
cooperatively. So that two are better than one genius.

Paragraph 2: Others concentrate on the problem to take off, the Wright brothers focused on developing
three-axis control to guide their aircraft.

Paragraph 3: To build wing aircraft superior to them, they use the wind tunnel.

Paragraph 4: The late nineteenth century, Wright brothers experimented with internal combustion engines
are relatively mild, so as to bring the plane to fly.

D.
1.Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?
A. The reasons why the Wright brothers succeeded in manned flight.
B. The advantage of the internal combustion engine in the Wright brothers’ experiments.
C. The Wright brothers’ experience as pilots.
D. The importance of gliders to the development of airplanes.
2. The word cited in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
A. Disregarded B. Mentioned
C. Considered D. Proven
3. The word incessantly in the paragraph 1 could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. Confidently B. Intelligently
C. Constantly D. Optimistically
4. What kind of experience did the Wright brothers have that distinguished them from their
competitor?
A. They were geniuses. B. They were gilder pilots.
C. They were engineers. D. They were inventors.
5. Why does the author suggest that the experiments with the wind tunnel were important?
A. Because they allowed the Wright brothers to decrease the weight of their airplane to acceptable limits
B. Because they resulted in a three-axis control for their airplane
C. Because they were important in the refinement of the wings for their airplane
D. Because they used the data to improve the engine for their airplane
6. The word they in the paragraph 3 refers to ?
A. The Wright brothers B. Aircraft
C. Engine D. Attempts
7. The word doomed in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ?
A. Destined to fail B. Difficult to achieve
C. Taking a risk D. Not well planned
8. In paragraph 4, the author suggests that the steam engines used in earlier aircraft had failed
because ?
A. They were too small to power a large plane.
B. They were too light to generate enough power.
C. They did not have internal combustion power.
D. They did not have enough power to lift their own weight.
9. The passage discusses all of the following reasons that the Wright brothers succeeded EXCEPT ?
A. They worked very well together.
B. They both had practical experience building other aircraft.
C. They made extensive tests before they completed the design.
D. They were well funded.

E.
The Wright brothers were two geniuses, they built wing aircraft superior to them, the end of the
nineteenth century, the Wright brothers were able to bring the aircraft to fly.

READ TEXT QUICKLY AND SIGN DIFFICULT WORDS

Organic architecture – that is, natural architecture – may vary in concept and form, but it is always
faithful to natural principles. The architect dedicated to thepromulgation of organic architecture rejects
outright all rules imposed by individual preference or mere aesthetics in order to remain true to the nature of
the site, the materials, the purpose of the structure, and the people who will ultimately use it. If these natural
principles are upheld, then a bank cannot be built to look like a Greek temple. Form does not follow
function; rather, form and function are inseparably two aspects of the same phenomenon. In other words, a
building should be inspired by nature’s form and constructed with materials that retain and respect the
natural characteristics of the setting to create harmony between the structure and its natural environment. It
should maximize people’s contact with and utilization of the outdoors. Furthermore, the rule of
functionalism is upheld; that is, the principle of excluding everything that serves no practical purpose.
Natural principles, the are principles of design, not style, expressed by means and modes of
construction that reflect unity, balance, proportion, rhythm, and scale. Like a sculptor, the organic architect
views the site and materials as an innate form that develops organically from within. Truth in architecture
results in a natural, spontaneous structure in total harmony with the setting. For the most part, these
structures find their geometric shapes in the contours of the land and their colors in the surrounding palette
of nature.
 From the outside, an organic structure is so much a part of nature that is oftenobscured by it. In other
words, it may be not easy, or maybe not even possible, for the human eye to separate the artificial structure
from the natural terrain. Natural light, air, and view permeate the whole structure, providing a sense of
communication with the outdoors. From the inside, living spaces open into one another. The number of
walls for separate rooms is reduced to a minimum, allowing the functional spaces to flow together.
Moreover, the interiors are sparse. Organic architecture incorporates built-in architectural features such as
benches and storage areas to take the place of furniture.

NEW VOCABULARY WITH THEIR MEANING

faithful : true to the facts; accurate
dedicated : give up, devote (one’s time, energy, etc., to a noble cause or purpose)
promulgation : spread widely beliefs, knowledge
rejects : part aside; throw away, as not good enough to be kept.
outright : thorough; positive; clear; unmistakable
imposed : forced
mere : not more than
aesthetics : art
remain : continue to be
site : place where smt was, is, or is to be
upheld : confirmed
ultimately : finally
phenomenon : thing that appears to or is perceived by the senses
retain : keep; continue to have or hold; keep in place
sculptor : artist who sculptor
innate : adj. (of a quality, etc.) in one’s nature possessed from birth
contours : outline (of a coast, montain range, ect.)
palette : painter; pelukis
obscured : hidden; not clearly seen or understood
artificial : adj. not natural or real; made by the art of man.
terrain : n. strech of land, esp. with regard to its natural feature; tanah lapang; daerah
permeate : pass; flow or spread into every part of; menyerap; meresap; merembes
sparse : thinly scattered; jarang; tipis

THE IDEAS OF EACH PARAGRAPH

Paragraph 1 : Organic architecture or natural architecture may vary in concept and form, but it is always
faithful to natural principles. The architect dedicated to the promulgation of organic architecture rejects
outright all rules imposed by individual preference or mere aesthetics in order to remain true to the nature of
the site, the materials, the purpose of the structure, and the people who will ultimately use it.
Paragraph 2 : Natural principles, the are principles of design, not style, expressed by means and modes of
construction that reflect unity, balance, proportion, rhythm, and scale.
Paragraph 3 : Natural light, air, and view permeate the whole structure, providing a sense of communication
with the outdoors.

ANSWER FROM THE QUESTIONS GIVEN

1. According to this passage, what is another name for organic architecture?
A. Natural architecture
B. Aesthetic architecture
C. Principle architecture
 D. Varied architecture
2. The word ultimate in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by ?
A. Formulate
B. Eventually
C. Supposedly
D. Obviously
3. The word upheld paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ?
A. Invalidated
B. Disputed
C. Promoted
D. Perceived
4. The following examples are all representative of natural architecture EXCEPT ?
A. A bank that is built to look like a Greek temple
B. A bank built so that the location is important to the structure
C. A bank that is built to conform to the colors of the natural surroundings
D. A bank that is built to be functional rather than beautiful
5. Why does the author compare an organic architect to a sculptor?
A. To emphasize aesthetics
B. To give an example of natural principles
C. To make a point about the development of geometry
D. To demonstrate the importance of style
6. The word obscured paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ?
A. Difficult to see
B. In high demand
C. Not very attractive
D. Mutually beneficial
7. With which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?
A. Form follows function
B. Function follows form
C. Function is not important to form
D. Form and function are one
8. Which of the following statements best describes the architect’s view of nature?
A. Nature should be conquered.
B. Nature should not be considered.
C. Nature should be respected.
D. Nature should be improved.

SUMMARY OF THE PASSAGE

Organic architecture or natural architecture may vary in concept and form, but it is always faithful to
natural principles. The architect dedicated to the promulgation of organic architecture rejects outright all
rules imposed by individual preference or mere aesthetics in order to remain true to the nature of the site, the
materials, the purpose of the structure, and the people who will ultimately use it. Natural principles, the are
principles of design, not style, expressed by means and