Compare and Contrast Process in Plants and Animals Gas

Compare and Contrast Process in Plants and Animals: Gas IV.
Tracheal system in arthropods – utilizes fine air-conducting

Exchange tubules to provide gaseous exchange at the cellular level; it is
not dependent on a circulatory system; e.g. insects, spiders
Lecture on Gas Exchange
5. Describe respiratory surfaces in vertebrates:
1. Define gas exchange:
I. External Gills – thin, vascularized epidermis that project
I. Gas exchange is the uptake of molecular oxygen from the
from the body surface of a few amphibians; e.g. larval
environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide to the
salamander
environment.
II. Internal Gills – rows of slits or pockets in adult fishes
II. It is often called respiratory exchange or respiration but it
positioned at the back of the mouth such that water that
should not be confused with cellular respiration.
enters the mouth can flow over them as it exits just behind
III. Oxygen is needed in tissues for aerobic cellular respiration the head.
to occur and extract ATP from food.
A. Water flows over the gills and blood circulates through
IV. Carbon dioxide must be released to prevent physiological them in OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS.
pH in tissues from being very acidic. In plants however, the
B. This mechanism, called countercurrent flow, is highly
carbon dioxide that is released as a by-product of cellular
efficient in extracting oxygen from water, whose oxygen
respiration may again be taken up for the process of
content is lower than air.
photosynthesis.
III. Lungs – internal respiratory surfaces shaped as a cavity or
Ventilation
sac; lungs provide a membrane for gaseous exchange; since
A. It refers to the movement of the respiratory medium (air or they are not in direct contact with all other parts of the body,
water) over the respiratory surface. lungs require a circulatory system to transport gases to the
rest of the body; found in birds, reptiles, and mammals.
B. Bony fish moves the gill covers (operculum) for water
carrying oxygen to flow across the gill. A. Air moves by bulk flow into and out of the lung.
C. Humans move the muscles of the thorax to expand and B. Gases diffuse across the inner respiratory surfaces of the
contract the chest cavity and move air in and out of the lungs. lungs.
2. Describe structures for gas exchange in plants: C. Pulmonary circulation allows the diffusion of dissolved
gases across lung capillaries
I. Stomates in leaves
D. In body tissues, oxygen diffuses from blood → interstitial
II. Lenticels in stems fluid → cells; the pathway of carbon dioxide is in reverse
III. Root hairs in aerial roots E. All lungs receive deoxygenated blood from the heart and
IV. Pneumatophores or the lateral roots of mangroves return oxygenated blood to the heart.
4. Describe respiratory surfaces or organs in invertebrates: 6. Compare breathing mechanisms in vertebrates:
I. Cell surface or cell membrane – especially used in unicellular I. Amphibians ventilate their lungs by positive pressure
organisms breathing which forces air down the trachea.
II. Integumentary exchange – refers to the general body II. Birds use a system of air sacs as blower to keep air flowing
surface or skin used by animals with high surface-to-volume through the lungs in one direction only, preventing the mixing
ratio; e.g. flatworm and earthworm. Amphibians also use of incoming and outgoing air.
their skin in addition to lungs as gas exchange surface III. Mammals ventilate their lungs by negative pressure
III. External Gills – used by invertebrates that live in aquatic breathing which pulls air into the lungs when the volume of
habitats; gills are highly folded, thin- walled, vascularized the lungs expands as the rib muscles and diaphragm contract.
epidermis that project outward from the body; e.g. crayfish, However, the incoming and outgoing air mix, decreasing the
lobster, sea star, nudibranch efficiency of ventilation.
7. Describe the human respiratory system:
I. Air enters or leaves the respiratory system through nasal

cavities where air is filtered by hair and cilia, warmed by blood
vessels, and moistened with mucus.
8. Discuss the coordination of gas exchange and circulation:
I. Oxygen Transport
A. Oxygen diffuses down a pressure gradient from the lungs

into the blood plasma → red blood cells → binds to
hemoglobin (4 molecules per hemoglobin to form
oxyhemoglobin).
B. Hemoglobin gives up its oxygen in tissues where partial

pressure of oxygen is low, blood is warmer, partial pressure of
carbon dioxide is higher, and pH is lower; these four
conditions occur in tissues with high metabolism
10. Describe some respiratory adaptations to extreme

conditions such as low-oxygen environments:
I. Animals that inhabit high altitudes have larger hearts and

lungs, and hemoglobin with a high affinity for binding oxygen.
II. Many diving animals have unusually high hematocrits (ratio

of the volume of packed red blood cells to the volume of
whole blood) and also muscles with high amounts of
myoglobin (an oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells)
11. Cite some respiratory problems and impact on public

health:
I. In a respiratory disorder like asthma, the muscles around

bronchioles contract more than usual, increasing resistance to
airflow.
II. Emphysema is an abnormal condition of the lungs marked

by decreased respiratory function; associated with smoking or
chronic bronchitis or old age.
III. Smoking tobacco products is one of the leading global

causes of death and is strongly linked to cancer,
cardiovascular disease, stroke, and emphysema.
IV. Pneumonia is an infectious disease involving inflammation

and fluid buildup in the lungs.

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Compare and Contrast Process in Plants and Animals: Gas IV.

Tracheal system in arthropods – utilizes fine air-conducting

4. Describe respiratory surfaces or organs in invertebrates: 6. Compare breathing mechanisms in vertebrates:

I. Air enters or leaves the respiratory system through nasal

8. Discuss the coordination of gas exchange and circulation:

A. Oxygen diffuses down a pressure gradient from the lungs

B. Hemoglobin gives up its oxygen in tissues where partial

10. Describe some respiratory adaptations to extreme

I. Animals that inhabit high altitudes have larger hearts and

II. Many diving animals have unusually high hematocrits (ratio

11. Cite some respiratory problems and impact on public

I. In a respiratory disorder like asthma, the muscles around

II. Emphysema is an abnormal condition of the lungs marked

III. Smoking tobacco products is one of the leading global

IV. Pneumonia is an infectious disease involving inflammation

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