SECTION 12.

2 ITERATED INTEGRALS ◆ 849

12.2 Iterated Integrals ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Recall that it is usually difficult to evaluate single integrals directly from the definition
of an integral, but the Evaluation Theorem (Part 2 of the Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus) provides a much easier method. The evaluation of double integrals from first
principles is even more difficult, but in this section we see how to express a double
integral as an iterated integral, which can then be evaluated by calculating two single
integrals.
Suppose that f is a function of two variables that is continuous on the rectangle
R 苷 关a, b兴  关c, d兴. We use the notation xcd f 共x, y兲 dy to mean that x is held fixed and
f 共x, y兲 is integrated with respect to y from y 苷 c to y 苷 d. This procedure is called
partial integration with respect to y. (Notice its similarity to partial differentiation.)
Now xcd f 共x, y兲 dy is a number that depends on the value of x, so it defines a function
of x:
d
A共x兲 苷 y f 共x, y兲 dy
c

If we now integrate the function A with respect to x from x 苷 a to x 苷 b, we get

1 y
b

a
A共x兲 dx 苷 y
b

a
冋y d

c
f 共x, y兲 dy dx 册
The integral on the right side of Equation 1 is called an iterated integral. Usually the
brackets are omitted. Thus

2
b
y y
a
d

c
f 共x, y兲 dy dx 苷 y
a
b
冋yc
d
册
f 共x, y兲 dy dx

means that we first integrate with respect to y from c to d and then with respect to x
from a to b.
Similarly, the iterated integral

3
d
y y
c
b

a
f 共x, y兲 dx dy 苷 y
c
d
冋ya
b
册
f 共x, y兲 dx dy

means that we first integrate with respect to x (holding y fixed) from x 苷 a to x 苷 b

and then we integrate the resulting function of y with respect to y from y 苷 c to y 苷 d.
Notice that in both Equations 2 and 3 we work from the inside out.

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate the iterated integrals.

3 2 2 3
(a) yy x 2y dy dx (b) yy x 2 y dx dy
0 1 1 0

SOLUTION
(a) Regarding x as a constant, we obtain

冋 册
y苷2
2 y2
y x 2 y dy 苷 x 2
1 2 y苷1

苷 x2冉冊 冉冊 2
2
2
 x2
12
2
苷 32 x 2
850 ■ CHAPTER 12 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Thus, the function A in the preceding discussion is given by A共x兲 苷 32 x 2 in this

example. We now integrate this function of x from 0 to 3:

yy
3

0
2

1
x 2 y dy dx 苷 y
0
3
冋y1
2
x 2 y dy dx册
册
3
3 3 x3 27
苷y 2 x dx 苷
2
苷
0 2 0
2

(b) Here we first integrate with respect to x:

冋y 册 冋 册
x苷3
2 3 2 3 2 x3
yy x y dx dy 苷 y
2
x y dx dy 苷
2
y y dy
1 0 1 0 1 3 x苷0

册
2
2 y2 27
苷y 9y dy 苷 9 苷
1 2 1
2

Notice that in Example 1 we obtained the same answer whether we integrated with
respect to y or x first. In general, it turns out (see Theorem 4) that the two iterated inte-
grals in Equations 2 and 3 are always equal; that is, the order of integration does not
matter. (This is similar to Clairaut’s Theorem on the equality of the mixed partial
derivatives.)
The following theorem gives a practical method for evaluating a double integral by
expressing it as an iterated integral (in either order).

▲ Theorem 4 is named after the 4 Fubini’s Theorem If f is continuous on the rectangle

Italian mathematician Guido Fubini
(1879 –1943), who proved a very gen-
ⱍ
R 苷 兵共x, y兲 a  x  b, c  y  d其, then
eral version of this theorem in 1907. b d d b
But the version for continuous functions yy f 共x, y兲 dA 苷 y y a c
f 共x, y兲 dy dx 苷 y
c
y a
f 共x, y兲 dx dy
was known to the French mathematician R
Augustin - Louis Cauchy almost a century
earlier. More generally, this is true if we assume that f is bounded on R, f is discon-
tinuous only on a finite number of smooth curves, and the iterated integrals
exist.

The proof of Fubini’s Theorem is too difficult to include in this book, but we can
at least give an intuitive indication of why it is true for the case where f 共x, y兲
0.
Recall that if f is positive, then we can interpret the double integral xxR f 共x, y兲 dA as
the volume V of the solid S that lies above R and under the surface z 苷 f 共x, y兲. But
we have another formula that we used for volume in Chapter 6, namely,
b
z V 苷 y A共x兲 dx
a

where A共x兲 is the area of a cross-section of S in the plane through x perpendicular to

C the x-axis. From Figure 1 you can see that A共x兲 is the area under the curve C whose
equation is z 苷 f 共x, y兲, where x is held constant and c  y  d. Therefore
0 A(x) d
a A共x兲 苷 y f 共x, y兲 dy
x y c

b and we have
x
b b d
yy f 共x, y兲 dA 苷 V 苷 y a
A共x兲 dx 苷 y
a
y c
f 共x, y兲 dy dx
FIGURE 1 R
 SECTION 12.2 ITERATED INTEGRALS ◆ 851

z A similar argument, using cross-sections perpendicular to the y-axis as in Figure 2,

shows that
d b
yy f 共x, y兲 dA 苷 y y c a
f 共x, y兲 dx dy
R

0 c y
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate the double integral xxR 共x  3y 2 兲 dA, where
d
y
ⱍ
R 苷 兵共x, y兲 0  x  2, 1  y  2其. (Compare with Example 3 in Section 12.1.)
SOLUTION 1 Fubini’s Theorem gives
x
2 2
FIGURE 2 yy 共x  3y 2
兲 dA 苷 y
0
y 1
共x  3y 2 兲 dy dx
R

▲ Notice the negative answer in 2 y苷2

Example 2; nothing is wrong with that.
苷 y [ xy  y 3]y苷1 dx
0

册
The function f in that example is not a 2
positive function, so its integral doesn’t 2 x2
represent a volume. From Figure 3 we 苷y 共x  7兲 dx 苷  7x 苷 12
0 2
see that f is always negative on R, so 0

the value of the integral is the negative

of the volume that lies above the graph SOLUTION 2 Again applying Fubini’s Theorem, but this time integrating with respect to
of f and below R. x first, we have
R 2 2
0 yy 共x  3y 2
兲 dA 苷 y
1
y
0
共x  3y 2 兲 dx dy

冋 册
R
_4 x苷2
z 2 x2
_8 z=x-3¥
苷 y  3xy 2 dy
1 2 x苷0

_12 0
0 1 2 2
0.5 1 1. 2 2 x 苷 y 共2  6y 2 兲 dy 苷 2y  2y 3]1 苷 12
y 1

FIGURE 3
EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate xxR y sin共xy兲 dA, where R 苷 关1, 2兴  关0, 兴.
SOLUTION 1 If we first integrate with respect to x, we get

 2

▲ For a function f that takes on

yy y sin共xy兲 dA 苷 y y 0 1
y sin共xy兲 dx dy
R
both positive and negative values,
xxR f 共x, y兲 dA is a difference of volumes:  x苷2
V1  V2, where V1 is the volume above
苷y
0
[cos共xy兲]x苷1 dy
R and below the graph of f and V2
is the volume below R and above 
苷 y 共cos 2y  cos y兲 dy
the graph. The fact that the integral 0
in Example 3 is 0 means that these 
two volumes V1 and V2 are equal. (See 苷  12 sin 2y  sin y]0 苷 0
Figure 4.)
SOLUTION 2 If we reverse the order of integration, we get

2 
1 yy y sin共xy兲 dA 苷 y y 1 0
y sin共xy兲 dy dx
z 0 R
_1
z=y sin(xy) 1 To evaluate the inner integral we use integration by parts with
x
0 1
y 2 3 2 u苷y dv 苷 sin共xy兲 dy
cos共xy兲
du 苷 dy v苷
FIGURE 4 x
852 ■ CHAPTER 12 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

册
y苷
 y cos共xy兲 1 
and so y y sin共xy兲 dy 苷   y cos共xy兲 dy
0 x y苷0
x 0

 cos  x 1 y苷
苷  2 [sin共xy兲]y苷0
x x
 cos  x sin  x
苷 
x x2

If we now integrate the first term by parts with u 苷 1兾x and dv 苷  cos  x dx, we
get du 苷 dx兾x 2, v 苷 sin  x, and

y 冉 
 cos  x
x
冊 dx 苷 
sin x
x
y
sin  x
x2
dx

▲ In Example 2, Solutions 1 and 2 are

Therefore y 冉 
 cos  x
x

sin  x
x2
冊 dx 苷 
sin  x
x

冋 册
equally straightforward, but in Example 3 2
2  sin  x
the first solution is much easier than the and so yy y sin共xy兲 dy dx 苷 
second one. Therefore, when we eval- 1 0 x 1
uate double integrals it is wise to choose
the order of integration that gives simpler sin 2
苷  sin  苷 0
integrals. 2

EXAMPLE 4 Find the volume of the solid S that is bounded by the elliptic paraboloid
x 2  2y 2  z 苷 16, the planes x 苷 2 and y 苷 2, and the three coordinate planes.
SOLUTION We first observe that S is the solid that lies under the surface
z 苷 16  x 2  2y 2 and above the square R 苷 关0, 2兴  关0, 2兴. (See Figure 5.) This
solid was considered in Example 1 in Section 12.1, but we are now in a position to
16 evaluate the double integral using Fubini’s Theorem. Therefore
12
2 2
z 8 V 苷 yy 共16  x 2  2y 2 兲 dA 苷 y y 共16  x 2  2y 2 兲 dx dy
0 0
R
4
2 x苷2
0
0 1 0.5
0 苷 y [16x  13 x 3  2y 2x]x苷0 dy
0.5 1 0
y
1.5 2 2 1.5 x
2

FIGURE 5
苷y
0
( 883  4y 2 ) dy 苷 [ 883 y  43 y 3 ]20 苷 48

In the special case where f 共x, y兲 can be factored as the product of a function of x
only and a function of y only, the double integral of f can be written in a particularly
simple form. To be specific, suppose that f 共x, y兲 苷 t共x兲h共y兲 and R 苷 关a, b兴  关c, d兴.
Then Fubini’s Theorem gives

yy f 共x, y兲 dA 苷 y y
R
d

c
b

a
t共x兲h共y兲 dx dy 苷 y
d

c
冋y a
b
册
t共x兲h共y兲 dx dy

In the inner integral y is a constant, so h共y兲 is a constant and we can write

y yc
d
冋 b

a
t共x兲h共y兲 dx dy 苷 y册 d

c
冋 冉yh共y兲
b

a
t共x兲 dx 冊册 dy

b d
苷 y t共x兲 dx y h共y兲 dy
a c
 SECTION 12.2 ITERATED INTEGRALS ◆ 853

since xab t共x兲 dx is a constant. Therefore, in this case, the double integral of f can be
written as the product of two single integrals:

b d
yy t共x兲h共y兲 dA 苷 y a
t共x兲 dx y h共y兲 dy
c
where R 苷 关a, b兴  关c, d兴
R

EXAMPLE 5 If R 苷 关0, 兾2兴  关0, 兾2兴, then

兾2 兾2
yy sin x cos y dA 苷 y 0
sin x dx y
0
cos y dy
R
兾2 兾2
苷 cos x [ ] [sin y]
0 0 苷1ⴢ1苷1
z
▲ The function f 共x, y兲 苷 sin x cos y in
Example 5 is positive on R, so the inte-
gral represents the volume of the solid
that lies above R and below the graph
of f shown in Figure 6.
0
y
x
FIGURE 6

12.2 Exercises ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

1–2 ■ Find x03 f 共x, y兲 dx and x04 f 共x, y兲 dy. xy 2

13. yy x2  1
dA, ⱍ
R 苷 兵共x, y兲 0  x  1, 3  y  3其
y R
1. f 共x, y兲 苷 2x  3x y 2
2. f 共x, y兲 苷
x2 1  x2
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
14. yy 1  y2
dA, ⱍ
R 苷 兵共x, y兲 0  x  1, 0  y  1其
R

3–10 ■ Calculate the iterated integral.

15. yy x sin共x  y兲 dA, R 苷 关0, 兾6兴  关0, 兾3兴
3 1 4 1
共1  4xy兲 dx dy 共x  y 兲 dy dx
2 2 R
3. yy 4. yy
1 0 2 1
16. yy xe xy
dA, R 苷 关0, 1兴  关0, 1兴
3 1 4 2
5. yy
0 0
sx  y dx dy 6. y1 y0 (x  sy ) dx dy R

冉 冊
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

4 2 x y 兾2 兾2
17–18 ■ Sketch the solid whose volume is given by the iterated
7. yy  dy dx 8. y y sin共x  y兲 dy dx
1 1 y x 0 0
integral.
ln 2 ln 5 1 1
9. y y e 2xy dx dy 17. yy 共4  x  2y兲 dx dy
0 0 0 0

1 1 xy 1 1
10. yy dy dx 18. yy 共2  x 2  y 2 兲 dy dx
0 0 sx 2  y 2  1 0 0

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

11–16 ■ Calculate the double integral. 19. Find the volume of the solid lying under the plane
z 苷 2x  5y  1 and above the rectangle
11. yy 共6x y 2 3
ⱍ
 5y 4 兲 dA, R 苷 兵共x, y兲 0  x  3, 0  y  1其
ⱍ
R 苷 兵共x, y兲 1  x  0, 1  y  4其.
R
20. Find the volume of the solid lying under the circular
12. yy xye y
dA, ⱍ
R 苷 兵共x, y兲 0  x  2, 0  y  1其 paraboloid z 苷 x 2  y 2 and above the rectangle
R R 苷 关2, 2兴  关3, 3兴.
 854 ■ CHAPTER 12 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

21. Find the volume of the solid lying under the elliptic CAS 28. Graph the solid that lies between the surfaces
paraboloid x 2兾4  y 2兾9  z 苷 1 and above the square ⱍ ⱍ
2
z 苷 ex cos共x 2  y 2 兲 and z 苷 2  x 2  y 2 for x  1,
R 苷 关1, 1兴  关2, 2兴. ⱍ ⱍ
y  1. Use a computer algebra system to approximate the
22. Find the volume of the solid lying under the hyper- volume of this solid correct to four decimal places.
bolic paraboloid z 苷 y 2  x 2 and above the square
29–30 ■ Find the average value of f over the given rectangle.
R 苷 关1, 1兴  关1, 3兴.
29. f 共x, y兲 苷 x 2 y,
23. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the surface
R has vertices 共1, 0兲, 共1, 5兲, 共1, 5兲, 共1, 0兲
z 苷 xsx 2  y and the planes x 苷 0, x 苷 1, y 苷 0, y 苷 1,
and z 苷 0. 30. f 共x, y兲 苷 x sin xy, R 苷 关0, 兾2兴  关0, 1兴
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

24. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the elliptic parabo-
loid z 苷 1  共x  1兲  4y , the planes x 苷 3 and y 苷 2,
2 2 CAS 31. Use your CAS to compute the iterated integrals
and the coordinate planes. 1 1 xy 1 1 xy
25. Find the volume of the solid in the first octant bounded by
yy
0 0 共x  y兲3
dy dx and yy
0 0 共x  y兲3
dx dy
the cylinder z 苷 9  y 2 and the plane x 苷 2.
Do the answers contradict Fubini’s Theorem? Explain what
26. (a) Find the volume of the solid bounded by the surface is happening.
z 苷 6  xy and the planes x 苷 2, x 苷 2, y 苷 0,
32. (a) In what way are the theorems of Fubini and Clairaut
y 苷 3, and z 苷 0.
similar?
; (b) Use a computer to draw the solid.
(b) If f 共x, y兲 is continuous on 关a, b兴  关c, d 兴 and
CAS 27. Use a computer algebra system to find the exact value of the
x y
integral xxR x 5y 3e xy dA, where R 苷 关0, 1兴  关0, 1兴. Then use t共x, y兲 苷 y y f 共s, t兲 dt ds
a c
the CAS to draw the solid whose volume is given by the
integral. for a x b, c y d, show that txy 苷 tyx 苷 f 共x, y兲.

12.3 Double Integrals over General Regions ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

For single integrals, the region over which we integrate is always an interval. But for
double integrals, we want to be able to integrate a function f not just over rectangles
but also over regions D of more general shape, such as the one illustrated in Figure 1.
We suppose that D is a bounded region, which means that D can be enclosed in a rec-
tangular region R as in Figure 2. Then we define a new function F with domain R by

1 F共x, y兲 苷 再
f 共x, y兲 if 共x, y兲 is in D
0 if 共x, y兲 is in R but not in D

y y

R
D D

0 x 0 x

FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2