PRODUCTION OF ANTIFUNGAL

ORGANIC SOAP

MINI PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY OF THE
ANNA UNIVERSITY

MINI
PROJECT
WORK Submitted by
ARULPASUPATHI. J.S (1619103)
NISHANTH. M (1619134)
PRAKASH. M (1619141)

2019
Under the Guidance of
Dr.A.THIRUNAVUKKARASU, M.Tech.,Ph.D

DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Anna University)
COIMBATORE - 641 013
 DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Anna University)
COIMBATORE - 641 013

MINI PROJECT WORK

NOVEMBER 2019

This is to certify that this project work entitled

PRODUCTION OF ANTIFUNGAL ORGANIC SOAP
Is the bonafide record of project work done by

ARULPASUPATHI. J.S
1619103
NISHANTH. M
1619134
PRAKASH. M
1619141

of B.Tech. (Industrial Biotechnology) during the year 2019 - 2020

Project Guide Head of the Department

Dr.A.THIRUNAVUKKARASU, M.Tech.,Ph.D Dr. J. Jeyanthi ME ( Ph.D)

Submitted for the Project Viva-Voce examination held on ________________

Internal Examiner External Examiner

2
3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We avail this fine opportunity to thank our beloved principal Dr.P.Thamarai

for her constant encouragement throughout the course of work.

We express our sincere thanks to Dr.J.Jeyanthi, Head of the Department,

Department of Industrial Biotechnology, permitting and motivating us to carry out
this project.

We express our deep gratefulness to our guide

Dr.A.THIRUNAVUKKARASU , Assistant Professor, Department of Industrial
Biotechnology. He has been a teacher par excellence and a great source of
encouragement, moral support during this period of our project to make it
successful.

We also express our profound sense of gratitude to our parents for their
prayers and encouragement throughout our life.

Above all we adore our Lord Almighty, for leading us throughout our life
with His love and blessings.

ARULPASUPATHI. J.S
1619103

NISHANTH. M
1619134

PRAKASH. M
1619141

4
5
 DECLARATION
We, ARULPASUPATHI.J.S , NISHANTH.M,
PRAKASH.M hereby declare this dissertation work designated
“PRODUCTION OF ANTIFUNGAL ORGANIC SOAP” acknowledged for
the partial fulfilment of the Bachelor of Technology in Industrial
Biotechnology is a record work done by us under the guidance and
surveillance of our internal guide Dr.A.THIRUNAVUKKARASU
M.Tech.,Ph.D Assistant Professor, Department of Industrial Biotechnology,
Government College of Technology, Coimbatore. The dissertation has not
been made for the award of any Degree or Diploma under any
Institution/University in India or abroad.

Place: Coimbatore

Date:
ARULPASUPATHI.J.S
1619103

NISHANTH. M
1619134

PRAKASH. M
1619141

6
7
 TABLE OF CONTENTS:
SNO CHAPTER PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 9

1.1PRODUCTION OF SOAPS
10
1.2ORGANIC SOAP IS MADE OF 11
INGREDIENTS THAT ARE BETTER
FOR YOUR SKIN

1.3FUNGAL DISEASES
12

1.4ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS
15

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 16
2.1 SAPONIFICATION
2.2 RAW MATERIALS
2.3 THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS 16
2.4 EVALUATION SOAP QUALITY: 16
17

19

3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES 23

3.1 AIM
3.2 OBJECTIVES
4 CONCLUSION 24
5 REFERENCES 25

8
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION:

Soap is a salt of a fatty acid used in a variety of cleansing and

lubricating products. Household uses for soaps include washing, bathing, and
other types of housekeeping, where soaps act as surfactants, emulsifying oils to
enable them to be carried away by water. In industry, they are used
as thickeners, components of some lubricants, and precursors to catalysts.

1.1Production of soaps

Most metal soaps are prepared by neutralization of purified fatty acids:

2 RCO2H + CaO → (RCO2)2Ca + H2O

Organic soap is simply better for your skin. It contains natural ingredients such as
plant-derived base oils, glycerin, and essential oils. By contrast, synthetic, mass-
market soap is made of petroleum-based lathering agents, synthetic fragrances,
harsh dyes, and dangerous preservatives. It’s not surprising, then, that a lot of
our customers say that their skin feels better after using organic soap, and that it
sometimes helps to improve skin conditions such as eczema and acne, rather
than producing further irritation.

But not only is organic soap better for you, it’s also better for others. It’s better for
the environment because producing its ingredients has less of an environmental
impact, and because those ingredients break down easily and cause fewer
problems after they go down the drain. It’s better for animals because its
ingredients are already recognized as safe, so no animal testing is necessary.

9
And finally, organic soap is better for the economy, because it is often made by
small, local producers, so the dollars you spend on it stay in the community

1.2Organic soap is made of ingredients that are better for your skin

Base oils :

Organic soap is made from natural ingredients, and in most cases,

those ingredients are also organically farmed. The majority of the soap bar is
made of what are called base oils. We use some of the same base oils for
soapmaking that you can use for cooking. So if it’s safe to eat, it’s probably also
safe to put on your skin. In the case of our latest recipe, those oils are coconut,
olive, and castor bean oil. (We used to use palm oil but are phasing it out
because of the massive amount of environmental destruction that it takes to
produce.)

Essential oil :

Another ingredient in our soap is essential oil. Essential oils are

the volatile or fragrant compounds in certain plants. Most essential oils are
distilled from things you would eat such as citrus fruit or herbs. Two examples of
essential oils we use are lemon essential oil and rosemary essential oil. Experts
say you shouldn’t put pure essential oil on your skin because it is very
concentrated and can cause irritation. However, essential oil diluted with another
oil is just fine.

Glycerin :Most organic soap also contains glycerin. Glycerin is a natural product
of the soapmaking reaction. A lot of mass-market soapmakers and some small-
batch soapmakers take out the glycerin because it makes the soap bar last
10
longer or because they can sell the glycerin to use in other cosmetic products.
However, when glycerin is left in the soap bar, it acts as a humectant, or a
substance that attracts moisture from the air into the skin. Two other natural
humectants are aloe and honey.

1.3FUNGAL DISEASES

The skin often has been referred to as the largest of the

body organs. An average adult’s skin has surface area of about 2m². Its
accessibility and the opportunity it affords to maintain applied preparation
intact for a prolonged time has resulted in its increasing use as a route of
administration whether for local, regional or systemic effects [1].Fungal infections
are contagious and spread easily just by close contact or sharing of comb with an
infected person. Fungal infections are termed as mycoses and in general
can be divided into superficial infections (affecting skin, nails, hairs or mucous
membranes) and systemic infections

(affecting deeper tissues and organs). Systemic fungal infections need extensive
treatment by oral or I.V administration of antifungal drugs [2][3].Whereas
superficial fungal infection of skin and mucous membrane respond easily to
topical application of antifungal agents. They are available in various forms like
gels, powders, shampoos, soap bars. Amongst them medicated soap is
considered to be the convenient and 1st line treatment for skin diseases.
Fungal infections
Common type of superficial infections is tinea infections and candidiasis.
Tinea is a Latin word meaning ‘gnawing worm or moth’. Additional Latin
descriptors are added to indicate the area of the skin involved:
• Tinea capitis – scalp infection
• Tinea facei – facial infection
• Tinea manum – hand infection

11
• Tinea pedis – foot infection Most common type of Tinea Infections are
Tinea versicolor and Tinea corporis :
a) Tinea versicolor :
It is also known as pityriasis versicolor, is a superficial fungal infection of
the skin that is often confused with other common rashes.
Cause of tinea versicolor : The yeasts, Pityrosporum orbiculare and Pityrosporum
ovale, are a part of the normal skin flora. They reside in the stratum corneum and
hair follicles and have an affinity for oil glands. Certain factors can cause these
yeasts can convert to a pathogenic form known as Malassezia furfur, which
causes the rash of tinea versicolor. Some of these predisposing factors
include: Tinea versicolor can occur at any age, but is most common in
adolescence and early adulthood, a time when the sebaceous gland are more
active. It is also more common in tropical and semi-tropical climates. Tinea
versicolor has a recurrence rate of 80% after 2 years. Appearance of tinea
versicolor: The rash of tinea versicolor is a hypopigmented, hyperpigmented or
red flat eruption that may coalesce into large patches with an adherent fine scale.
This rash occurs mainly on the trunk, but can also occur on the extremities. Hypo
pigmentation occurs because the yeast produces a chemical that turns off the
melanocytes, resulting in decreased melanin production. The hyper pigmentation
or redness occurs as a result of the inflammatory response in the skin.

Treatment of tinea versicolor:

There are a number of different medications used to treat tinea
versicolor. Because the yeast inhabits the top layer of the skin, topical antifungal
medications are very effective. If the rash is extensive, oral antifungal
medications may be needed. Because this rash has a high recurrence rate,
medication may be needed periodically to prevent recurrence [3].
b) Ringworm:
It is known in medical terms as tinea corporis, is actually not caused by
a worm, but by a fungus. Tinea corporis refers to a fungal infection of the body or
12
face, not including the beard area on men. Ringworm occurs more commonly in
warm, tropical environments, affects men and women equally, and affects all
ages equally. Ringworm is a dermatophyte infection. Dermatophytes
are a group of related fungi that infect and survive on deadkeratin, the top layer
of the epidermis.
The following are the most common fungi responsible for ringworm:
 Trichophyton rubrum
 Microsporum canis
 Trichophyton mentagrophytes
Appearance of ringworm:
The most common appearance of ringworm is a lesion that starts as a
flat, scaly spot which then develops as a raised border that advances
outward in a circle. The advancing border is red, raised, and scaly while the
central area is more normal appearing, usually still with fine scaling.
Treatment of ringworm:
In general ringworm responds well to topical treatment. Topical
antifungals are applied to the lesion twice a day for at least 3 weeks. The lesion
usually resolves within 2 weeks, but therapy should be continued for another
week to insure the fungus is completely
eradicated [3].
c) Candidiasis:
Candida is a normal resident of the mouth, digestive tract, and vagina
that usually causes no harm. Under certain conditions, however, Candida can
infect mucous membranes and moist areas of the skin. Typical areas of infection
are the lining of the mouth and vagina, the genital area and anus, the armpits
and the skin folds of the stomach. Conditions that enable Candida to infect the
skin include hot, humid weather; tight, synthetic underclothing; poor hygiene; and
inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis, occurring in the skin folds.
Treatment of candidiasis: Topical (applied to the skin) over-the-counter antifungal
creams, such as those that contain miconazole, ketoconazole or similar
13
ingredients are often effective in controlling simple fungal infection. Severe or
chronic infection may require further treatment by the health care
provider. Oral antifungal medications may be given in some cases [3].
1.4Antifungal drugs- classification:
1. Antibiotic Polyenes : Amphotericin B, Nystatin, Hamycin.
2. Antimetabolite : Flucytosine
3. Azoles: a) Imidazoles : Clotrimazole, Econazole, Miconazole, Ketoconazole.
b) Triazoles : Fluconazole, Itraconazole.
4. Allylamine : Terbinafine
5. Other topical agents : Tolnaftate, Benzoic acid, Sodium thiosulfate. Among
these imidazoloes, triazoles, terbinafine and other topical agents can be used for
superficial fungal infections[13]

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW:
2.1 SAPONIFICATION:
14
 Saponification processes are chemical soap manufacturing processes
that produce soap from fatty acid derivatives. In Saponification soap
manufacturing processes, vegetable oils and animal fats are used for
making soaps. Triesters or Triglycerides are the greasy materials derived from
these diverse fatty acids. It is an anionic surfactant used in conjunction with
water for washing and cleaning. It consisting of sodium or potassium salts of
fatty acids is obtained by reacting fat with lye in a process known as
saponification. The fats are hydrolysed by the base, yielding alkali salts of fatty
acids and glycerol. In the field of cleansers, bath soap is by far the most
generally used detergent. The great proportions of bath soaps consist of
milled, tallow soap base suitably perfumed and coloured.
2.2 Raw Materials :
Soap requires two major raw materials: fat and alkali. The alkali most commonly
used today is sodium hydroxide. Potassium hydroxide can also be used.
Potassium-based soap creates a more water-soluble product than sodium-based
soap, and so it is called "soft soap." Soft soap, alone or in combination with
sodium-based soap, is commonly used in shaving products.

Animal fat in the past was obtained directly from a slaughterhouse. Modern
soapmakers use fat that has been processed into fatty acids. This eliminates
many impurities, and it produces as a byproduct water instead of glycerin. Many
vegetable fats, including olive oil, palm kernel oil, and coconut oil, are also used
in soap making.

Additives are used to enhance the color, texture, and scent of soap. Fragrances
and perfumes are added to the soap mixture to

The above illustrations show the kettle process of making soap.

The above illustrations show the kettle process of making soap.

15
cover the odor of dirt and to leave behind a fresh-smelling scent. Abrasives to
enhance the texture of soap include talc, silica, and marble pumice (volcanic
ash). Soap made without dye is a dull grey or brown color, but modern
manufacturers color soap to make it more enticing to the consumer.
2.3 The Manufacturing Process
The kettle method of making soap is still used today by small soap manufacturing
companies. This process takes from four to eleven days to complete, and the
quality of each batch is inconsistent due to the variety of oils used. Around 1940,
engineers and scientists developed a more efficient manufacturing process,
called the continuous process. This procedure is employed by large soap
manufacturing companies all around the world today. Exactly as the name states,
in the continuous process soap is produced continuously, rather than one batch
at a time. Technicians have more control of the production in the continuous
process, and the steps are much quicker than in the kettle method—it takes only
about six hours to complete a batch of soap.

The Kettle Process

Boiling
1 Fats and alkali are melted in a kettle, which is a steel tank that can stand three
stories high and hold several thousand pounds of material. Steam coils within the
kettle heat the batch and bring it to a boil. After boiling, the mass thickens as the
fat reacts with the alkali, producing soap and glycerin.
Salting
2 The soap and glycerin must now be separated. The mixture is treated with salt,
causing the soap to rise to the top and the glycerin to settle to the bottom. The
glycerin is extracted from the bottom of the kettle.
Strong change
3 To remove the small amounts of fat that have not saponified, a strong caustic
solution is added to the kettle. This step in the process is called "strong change."
The mass is brought to a boil again, and the last of the fat turns to soap. The
16
batch may be given another salt treatment at this time, or the manufacturer may
proceed to the next step.
Pitching
4 The next step is called "pitching." The soap in the kettle is boiled again with
added water. The mass eventually separates into two layers. The top layer is
called "neat soap," which is about 70% soap and 30% water. The lower layer,
called "nigre," contains most of the impurities in the soap such as dirt and salt, as
well as most of the water. The neat soap is taken off the top. The soap is then
cooled. The finishing process is the Developed around 1940 and used by today's
major soap-making companies, the above illustrations show the continuous
process of making soap. Developed around 1940 and used by today's major
soap-making companies, the above illustrations show the continuous process of
making soap same as for soap made by the continuous process.
The Continuous Process
Splitting
1 The first step of the continuous process splits natural fat into fatty acids and
glycerin. The equipment used is a vertical stainless steel column with the
diameter of a barrel called a hydrolizer. It may be as tall as 80 feet (24 m).
Pumps and meters attached to the column allow precise measurements and
control of the process. Molten fat is pumped into one end of the column, while at
the other end water at high temperature (266°F [130°C]) and pressure is
introduced. This splits the fat into its two components. The fatty acid and glycerin
are pumped out continuously as more fat and water enter. The fatty acids are
then distilled for purification.
Mixing
2 The purified fatty acids are next mixed with a precise amount of alkali to form
soap. Other ingredients such as abrasives and fragrance are also mixed in. The
hot liquid soap may be then whipped to incorporate air.

Cooling and finishing

17
3 The soap may be poured into molds and allowed to harden into a large slab. It
may also be cooled in a special freezer. The slab is cut into smaller pieces of bar
size, which are then stamped and wrapped. The entire continuous process, from
splitting to finishing, can be accomplished in several hours.
Milling
4 Most toiletry soap undergoes additional processing called milling. The milled
bar lathers up better and has a finer consistency than non-milled soap. The
cooled soap is fed through several sets of heavy rollers (mills), which crush and
knead it. Perfumes can best be incorporated at this time because their volatile
oils do not evaporate in the cold mixture. After the soap emerges from the mills, it
is pressed into a smooth cylinder and extruded. The extruded soap is cut into bar
size, stamped and wrapped.
Byproducts
Glycerin is a very useful byproduct of soap manufacture. It is used to make hand
lotion, drugs, and nitroglycerin, the main component of explosives such as
dynamite.
2.4 Evaluation soap quality:
a) Size and shape : The size selected was 3 x 5 cm, rectangular shaped paper
soap strip. The size and shape was randomly selected as it was convenient
for dipping in a beaker and it was also similar to that of commercially available
paper soap[2].
b) Weight gain test: Weight gain was calculated by using digital electronic
balance. Subtracting the dry weight of the paper from the formulated paper soap
strip represented the value for soap absorption capacity of the paper. An average
of 20 non-medicated and medicated paper soap strips was considered [2][5].
c) Thickness test: The thickness of paper soap strip was calculated by
using standard precalibrated Screw Gauge, by randomly measuring the
thickness of the paper soap strip at five different parts and then calculating
the mean average. An average of 20 non-medicated and medicated paper soap
strips was considered [2].
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d) Foam test: Foam test helps in determining the cleansing action of the soap. A
100ml measuring cylinder was taken containing about 20ml of distilled water,
the soap strip was placed into it and shaken vigorously for a min and
immediately measure its foam height (F1) after 5-10 min measure the foam
height (F2). An average of 20 non-medicated and medicated paper soap strips
was considered [2][5].
Foam height = F1 - F2
e) pH determination : The medicated soap strips were placed in beaker
containg 20ml distilled water and shaken. The pH of dispersion was measured by
using digital pH meter [2][5].
f) Drug content: The soap strip is dissolved in 100ml of 0.1N HCl by stirring it
with magnetic bead. The content is filtered by using whatman filter paper and
estimated spectrophotometerically [2][6].
g) In-vitro evaluation of medicated soap strips: The diffusion medium used
was 0.1 N HCl. It was carried out by using franz diffusion cell . The diffusion cell
was placed on the magnetic stirrer .; the outlet of the resorvior was maintained at
37 ̊ C. The receptor compartment was filled with fluid (0.1 N HCl). Prehydrated
cellophane paper was used as the membrane in this study and the medicated
soap strip was moistened and placed over the membrane .The speed of the
stirrer was kept constant. With the help of micropipette, sample was taken for
specified period of time[2][5].
h) Primary skin irritation test: 2 healthy rabbits (1 male and 1 female) were
selected for the study. They were kept in different cages and supplied with fresh
food and water during the test period. 24 hours prior to test, the hair from the
upper portion of wiest was shaved to expose sufficiently large test area. The test
site was cleaned with surgical spirit. By moistening the Medicated Soap Strips
in distilled water it was applied to test area. The test site was observed for
erythema and edema for 24 hrs. 48 hrs. and 72 hrs after application. This test
was conducted to evaluate the irritancy of the prepared medicated soap strips
rabbits[2].
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i) Microbial study: Microbial study has been done using microorganisms such
as C.albicans, S.typhi, S.aureus, E.coli, klibsiella, B.subtilis, P.aeroginosa,
A.niger and A.fumigatus species. For measuring the effectiveness of an
antimicrobial agent sswabbed uniformly across a culture plate. Then a soap strip
of 5×5 mm was placed on the surface of the agar. Then the plates were placed
in incubator for 24 hrs at 30˚C.The drug diffuses out from the paper soap strip
into the agar. The concentration of the compound will be higher next to the strip,
and will decrease gradually as distance from the strip increases [2][6].
ii) Stability study: Short term accelerated stability study was carried out for the
period of 45 days for the formulations. The samples were stored at different
storage conditions of room temperature, elevated temperature such as 400C at
75% RH and refrigerator (2 to 80ºc). Samples was withdrawn on weakly interval
and analysed for visual appearance, clarity, pH and drug content [5][6].

• Acalyphin,Nimonol,Camphor these components present on Acalypha

indica,Azadirachta Indica,Ocimum sanctum linn are reasonable for
the antifungal activity respectively

INGREDIENTS :
• Soap base
• Acalypha indica
• Azadirachta Indica
• Ocimum sanctum linn
• Coconut oil
• Colouring agents & perfume

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.

CHAPTER 3
3.1 AIM :
The aim of this project is to use Acalypha indica (commonly known as
‘kuppai meni’ ),Azadirachta Indica(Neem),Ocimum sanctum linn.(Tulsi) as
antifungal agent in our soap to treat the skin diseases more organically.
3.2 OBJECTIVES :
1.To prepare the extract liquids from the Acalypha indica (commonly
known as ‘kuppai meni’ ),Azadirachta Indica(Neem),Ocimum sanctum linn.(Tulsi)
2.To establish the antifungal activity of these plants and it can be used for
the soap production.

21
 CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION:

Finally we come to know that Acalypha Indica,Azardirachta Indica and

Ocimum sanctum linn can serve as good antifungal activity for the organic soap
producction. Further study will be performed on specific antifungal soap that is
produced by this ingredients. The study includes zone of inhibition of the soap
aginst fungal species, quality test, quantity test.

22
 Chapter 5
REFERENCE
1. Mithal BM, Saha RN, (2008), A Handbook of Cosmetics. 1st ed. Published
by M.K Jain for Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi, p. 11-20.
2. Amit B Patil, Purushottam Rao K, Charyulu RN, Prabhu P, Marina
Koland, (2011), Development and evaluation of medicated soap strips of
clotrimazole for dermal infections. Int J Res Pharm Sci., 2(3):525-28.
3. Aneja KK, Pranay Jain, Raman Aneja, (2008), Textbook of basic and applied
microbiology. 1st ed. New age international publishers, p.622-37.
4. Hegde PP, Andrade AT, Bhat K, (2006), Microbial contamination of in- use bar
soap in dental clinics. Indian J Dent Res., 17(2):70-73.
5. Swati Jagdale, Dhaval Bhavsar, Mahesh Gattani, Kunjal Chaudhari,
Aniruddha Chabukswar, (2011), Formulation and evaluation of fluconazole
soap strips for dermal infections. Int J PharmaTech Res.,3(4): 2215-21.
6. Swati Jagdale, Dhaval Bhavsar, Mahesh Gattani, Kunjal Chaudhari,
Aniruddha Chabukswar, (2011), Formulation and evaluation of miconazole
nitrate soap strips for dermal infections. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci., 3(3):299-302.
7. Whatman cellulose filter paper [online]. 2012 Apr [cited 2013 Jun 26];
Available from: URL: http://www.gelifescience.com/

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8.Cosmetics-Formulations, manufacturing, quality control. 3rd ed. Vandana
Publications, Delhi,p.565-81. 11. Hilda Butler, (2010), Pouchers-Perfumes,
cosmetics and soaps. 10th ed. Springer Publishers, New Delhi, p.115. 034
12. Purushotham Rao K, Timothy Maitho, Kamamia EK, Kaushik R Volumbhia,
Patil SK, Sagare P, (2011), Design of clotrimazole soap bars for skin diseases.
Int J Curr Pharm Res., 3(4):41-45. 13. Tripathi KD, (2008), Essentials of
medical pharmacology. 5th ed. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New
Delhi, p.715-21. 14. Rowe RC, Sheskey PJ, Owen SC, (2006), Handbook of
Pharmaceutical Excipients. 5th ed. Pharmaceutical Press, p. 803-04.

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