Child Protection Procedures Manual PDF
Child Protection Procedures Manual PDF
Child Protection Procedures Manual PDF
July 2015
Queensland
Child Protection Guide
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This Queensland Child Protection Guide represents the contributions of many individuals
whose efforts to develop, review and refine the following decision trees and their definitions
are greatly appreciated.
The Department of Communities, an agency of the Queensland Government, is licensed to reproduce, install
and display SDM materials for internal purposes. Any modification or addition has to be approved by the
National Council on Crime and Delinquency (NCCD). NCCD will then grant a license to use such agreed-upon
modifications or additions for internal purposes only.
PURPOSE ..................................................................................................................................1
PROCEDURES..........................................................................................................................2
STARTING PAGES ................................................................................................................10
DECISION TREES ..................................................................................................................12
PHYSICAL HARM .............................................................................................................15
NEGLECT: SUPERVISION ...............................................................................................16
NEGLECT: PHYSICAL SHELTER/ENVIRONMENT .....................................................17
NEGLECT: NUTRITION ...................................................................................................18
NEGLECT: MEDICAL CARE—MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS ....................................19
NEGLECT: MEDICAL CARE—NON-MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS...........................20
NEGLECT: MENTAL HEALTH........................................................................................21
NEGLECT: HYGIENE/CLOTHING ..................................................................................22
SEXUAL ABUSE OF A CHILD (AGE 0<16 YEARS) .....................................................23
SEXUAL ABUSE OF YOUNG PERSON (AGE 16–17 YEARS) .....................................23
CHILD PROBLEMATIC SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR—SELF-DIRECTED/TOWARD
OTHERS ..............................................................................................................................24
EMOTIONAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL HARM ......................................................................26
PREGNANT WOMAN—UNBORN CHILD .....................................................................26
PARENT CONCERN: SUBSTANCE ABUSE ..................................................................28
PARENT CONCERN: MENTAL HEALTH ......................................................................28
PARENT CONCERN: INTELLECTUAL OR COGNITIVE DISABILITY .....................30
PARENT CONCERN: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ..............................................................31
COMMUNITY BASED INTAKE AND REFERRAL SERVICE OR INTENSIVE
FAMILY SUPPORT SERVICES ........................................................................................31
DEFINITIONS .........................................................................................................................33
PHYSICAL HARM .............................................................................................................33
NEGLECT: SUPERVISION ...............................................................................................45
NEGLECT: PHYSICAL SHELTER/ENVIRONMENT .....................................................52
NEGLECT: NUTRITION ...................................................................................................57
NEGLECT: MEDICAL CARE—MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS ....................................61
NEGLECT: MEDICAL CARE—NON-MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS...........................66
NEGLECT: MENTAL HEALTH........................................................................................69
NEGLECT: HYGIENE/CLOTHING ..................................................................................74
SEXUAL ABUSE OF CHILD (AGE 0<16 YEARS) .........................................................79
SEXUAL ABUSE OF YOUNG PERSON (AGE 16–17 YEARS) .....................................86
CHILD PROBLEMATIC SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR – SELF-DIRECTED/TOWARD
OTHERS ..............................................................................................................................90
EMOTIONAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL HARM ......................................................................95
PREGNANT WOMAN—UNBORN CHILD ...................................................................100
PARENT CONCERN: SUBSTANCE ABUSE ................................................................103
PARENT CONCERN: MENTAL HEALTH ....................................................................108
PARENT CONCERN: INTELLECTUAL OR COGNITIVE DISABILITY ...................113
PARENT CONCERN: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ............................................................117
COMMUNITY BASED INTAKE AND REFERRAL OR INTENSIVE FAMILY
SUPPORT SERVICES ......................................................................................................120
CULTURAL NOTES ............................................................................................................124
GLOSSARY ..........................................................................................................................125
PURPOSE
The Child Protection Guide (CPG) is an online decision-support tool designed to assist
professionals with concerns about a child’s safety or well-being in making decisions
regarding where to report or refer their concerns. The expanded use of the guide in
Queensland is part of the government’s commitment to build stronger families and provide
the right services at the right time to vulnerable families.
The decision to report child protection concerns is not an easy one and the consequences of
the decision are considerable. The CPG was co-designed by multiple government
departments and non-government agencies to ensure that reporting obligations are met and
serious concerns are reported to child safety promptly, whilst also enabling families where
less serious concerns exist to access support services without unnecessary statutory
intervention.
Clearly identifying the threshold for concerns that require a report to Child
Safety;
If a child has a serious illness or injury requiring immediate medical attention OR a crime has
just been or is about to be committed OR a child has just caused or is about to cause serious
harm to self or others, first call ‘triple 0’ and ask for the appropriate service to respond to the
emergency.
The Queensland Police Service’s fundamental role in child protection is the investigation of
criminal offences committed upon or by children. Child Safety is required to immediately
advise the police if they reasonably believe alleged harm to a child may involve the
commission of a criminal offence relating to the child.
This CPG is intended to complement, not replace, clinical judgement, expertise and critical
thinking. The guide should be applied within the professional’s respective agency’s policies
and procedures for managing child protection concerns where they exist. The outcome of the
CPG does not prevent a professional reporter from any course of action he/she believes is
appropriate. Finally, this guide is a dynamic document. Continual evaluation and feedback
will be used to refine this manual over time.
PROCEDURES
Which Children
A child is defined under the Child Protection Act 1999 as an individual under 18 years of age.
Use the guide when you have concerns for a child who is accessing a service in Queensland,
such as a health service or a school. It is not necessary for the reporter to determine whether
the child is a resident of Queensland.
If the information available leads to a recommendation to report, the report may be made to
Child Safety – Regional Intake Service (RIS). The child safety officer will be responsible for
determining whether the report will be followed up by Queensland’s child protection agency,
Child Safety, or reported to another jurisdiction.
Decision Points
Each path through a decision tree leads to a decision point as described below. After
completion of the CPG, you may print the final summary report and save a copy, according to
your agency procedures. Specific instructions will also be provided depending on the
recommendation outcome.
Outside of these hours, the Child Safety After Hours Service Centre (CSAHSC) can
be contacted on 1800-177-135 or 07 3235 9999.
For more information on reporting concerns to Child Safety, visit the Department of
Communities, Child Safety and Disability Services (Child Safety) website at:
http://www.communities.qld.gov.au/childsafety.
Direct lines to RIS are available for use by mandatory reporters including Queensland
Health (QH), Department of Education, Training and Employment (DETE),
Queensland Catholic Education Commission (QCEC), Independent Schools
Queensland (ISQ) and Queensland Police Service.
Regional Contact Details for Reporting Child Protection Concerns - Partner Agencies
QPS After
Intake Service Direct Line Fax Email
Hours Line
Child Safety After
1300 681 513 1300 682 724
Hours Service 07 3235 9898
3235 9901 07 3235 9902
Centre
Brisbane RIS 1300 705 339 - 07 3259 8771 [email protected]
Central Qld RIS 1300 683 042 - 07 4938 4697 [email protected]
Far North Qld RIS 1300 683 596 - 07 4039 8320 [email protected]
North Coast RIS 1300 705 201 - 07 5420 9049 [email protected]
North Qld RIS 1300 704 514 - 07 4799 7273 [email protected]
South East RIS 1300 678 801 - 07 3884 8802 [email protected]
South West RIS 1300 683 259 - 07 4616 1796 [email protected]
You should make a report about your concerns to Child Safety – RIS as soon as
possible, in accordance with your agency’s procedures. In some instances, you may
also need to arrange medical care and/or inform QPS.
© 2014 by NCCD, All Rights Reserved
Procedures P age |4
Include the following information, to the extent known, in your report and/or
information as required by your agency’s policies and procedures:
Address.
Concerns.
The child safety officer (CSO) will assess the information that you provide, along
with information that may be known to Child Safety, to determine one of the
following:
ALERT: When making a report to Child Safety – RIS, include any information
you have about the impact of the report on the safety of the child, family or
responding worker/officer (e.g. guns or weapons in the home, vicious dog in the
home, threat to harm responding worker or officer, threat to retaliate.
This decision point occurs when the identified concerns have not reached the
reporting threshold under the Child Protection Act 1999, but children, young people
and families are experiencing struggles. These families typically have complex needs
requiring multiple, coordinated services in order to prevent problems from escalating
and requiring statutory intervention. In these cases, the reporter believes it is
Talk to the family about your concerns and seek their consent to provide a referral to a
Family and Child Connect. Only reporters from particular prescribed entities may
refer a family to Family and Child Connect without the consent of the family.
If the family does not consent to a referral and you are NOT from a particular
prescribed entity, you cannot directly refer the family to an intensive family support
service. Instead, you should document the decision and monitor and support child
well-being as appropriate. You may also provide information regarding services and
resources directly to the family.
If you have further concerns about the child, you could also contact Family and Child
Connect for information and advice on how to move forward with the family.
3. Refer to an intensive family support service that provides case management and
holistic supports and services, e.g. Intensive Family Support (IFS) services, Referral
for Active Intervention (RAI), Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) family
support services.
This decision point occurs when the identified concerns have not reached the
reporting threshold under the Child Protection Act 1999, but children, young people
and families may be experiencing multiple and/or chronic problems. These families
typically have complex and/or multiple needs requiring multiple, coordinated services
in order to prevent problems from escalating and requiring statutory intervention.
Talk to the family about your concerns and seek their consent to provide a
referral to a family support service. Only certain professionals from particular
prescribed entities may refer a family to intensive family support services without the
consent of the family.
If the family does not consent to a referral and you are not a particular prescribed
entity, you can document the decision and monitor and support child well-being as
appropriate. You may also provide information regarding services and resources
directly to the family.
If the child or family identify as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander consult with the
family to ascertain if they would prefer to be referred to an Aboriginal or Torres Strait
Islander family support service.
Talk to the family about your concerns and seek their consent to provide a referral to
the appropriate support service. Only certain professionals from particular prescribed
entities may refer a family to a support service without the consent of the family.
If the family does not consent to a referral and you are NOT a particular prescribed
entity, you cannot directly refer the family to a secondary service. Instead, you should
© 2014 by NCCD, All Rights Reserved
Procedures P age |6
document the decision and monitor and support child well-being as appropriate. You
may also provide information regarding services and resources directly to the family.
If you intend to refer the family to a secondary service and need assistance locating an
appropriate service, you may also consult with Family and Child Connect. You do not
need to complete a referral to Family and Child Connect or provide any identifying
information to Family and Child Connect. Simply call to explain the type of
secondary service you are seeking and any special considerations (i.e. cultural,
transportation, language).
If you still have further concerns about the child you could also contact Family and
Child Connect for information and advice on how to move forward with the family.
If you intend to refer the family to a secondary service and need assistance locating an
appropriate service, you may also consult with Family and Child Connect. You do not
need to complete a referral to Family and Child Connect or provide any identifying
information to Family and Child Connect. Simply call to explain the type of
secondary service you are seeking and any special considerations (i.e. cultural,
transportation, language).
If your professional role does not include an ongoing relationship with the child
AND/OR parent, you are not required to maintain contact.
NOTE: Some circumstances are not reportable because they do not meet the threshold
and yet the child may experience emotional or physical stress. You may be able to
© 2014 by NCCD, All Rights Reserved
Procedures P age |7
assist the child in learning coping strategies or accessing suitable services, or to foster
trust so that a child will alert you if conditions change.
Consider whether the child and family would benefit from access to other supports or
services, provided through school, health, mental health, justice or housing services.
The consent of the family should be sought when assistance through a referral is being
made or information about a child or their family is being disclosed.
RELEASE OF INFORMATION
Generally, if a situation is reportable to Child Safety – RIS, the information that you relied on
to answer ‘yes’/’no’ to each question is information that can and should be provided to the
Child Safety Officer (CSO). Seeking permission from the child or family to release
information is not required as this indemnity is provided under the Child Protection Act 1999.
You can and should also provide any information affecting the safety of the child, other
family members or the responding worker. You can and should provide identifying
information as well.
If a report is not indicated, but a referral to a Family and Child Connect, intensive family
support service or a direct referral to services to address the identified needs is recommended,
then consent from the family is required before making these referrals. Certain professionals
from particular prescribed entities under section 159M of the Child Protection Act 1999 do
not require consent from the family for a referral where the child is likely to become a child
in need of protection if no preventative support is provided. However, it is preferable to
obtain consent, if possible. If the child has the capacity and is competent to consent to a
referral for him/herself or the disclosure of his/her information, the child may do so.
1. From the STARTING PAGE, select the decision tree that best represents your
concern for the child. If you have more than one concern, start with the most serious
concern.
2. Start with the first question in the selected decision tree. Apply the definition to the
information known to you and determine whether a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer fits best.
Follow the arrow for either ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to the next question or to a decision point. In
the online CPG, the definition appears on the right of the screen with every question.
5. If you are uncertain whether the best response is ‘yes’ or ‘no’, you should consider the
following steps in the order outlined:
a. You may consult with a professional in your agency, e.g. Child Protection
Liaison Officer/Child Protection Advisor (QH), Child Protection Investigation
Unit (QPS) or Guidance Officer/Senior Guidance Officer (DETE). It is
possible that there is another way to consider the answer or that you already
have sufficient information that a supervisor/colleague could illuminate.
c. You (or someone from your agency) may attempt to obtain the information
that would determine either a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer. This should not be
construed as conducting an investigation, but simply as an effort to help make
a reporting decision. Whether you do this depends on the piece of information
that would help, how easy it would be to gather, your relationship with the
child or parent, your comfort and skill in gathering this information, and your
agency procedures. You may consult with Child Protection Liaison Officer
(QH), Child Protection Investigation Unit (QPS), Guidance Officer/Senior
Guidance Officer (DETE) or Child Safety before deciding whether to attempt
this step. In some instances, the necessary information will not require talking
to family members at all, just checking records or talking with a colleague
who may know the family. If you need to speak with the family, limit this to
the specific piece of information needed, asking the most open-ended question
possible.
d. If, after following the above steps, you lack the information to answer in the
direction that leads to a report (usually a ‘YES’ answer), answer in the
direction less likely to lead to a report (usually a ‘NO’ answer). A report is
required when you have reasonable suspicion a child may be in need of
protection. The absence of enough information to answer the questions
required is a basis for concluding your suspicion has not reached the level of
‘reasonable suspicion’.
6. The decision point at which you arrive will be one that best flows from your
‘yes’/’no’ responses. Please treat this as a GUIDE, not a PRESCRIPTION. You may
be aware of unique circumstances that were not considered during the course of
completing the decision tree. You may:
d. State and non-state school staff should also consider mandatory reporting
obligations in relation to sexual abuse or likely sexual abuse in accordance
with ss. 364-366B of the Education (General Provisions) Act 2006.
NOTE: Nothing in this guide restricts a professional from contacting the Department of
Communities, Child Safety and Disability Services (Child Safety). If you do report, and used
the guide, tell the CSO worker about your actual path through the decision tree and the facts
that supported your ‘yes’ and ‘no’, as well as any unique circumstances that led you to
determine that a report was necessary.
STARTING PAGES
The Queensland Child Protection Guide (CPG) is a decision-support guide that has been
collaboratively developed across both the government and non-government sector led by the
Children’s Research Center, USA, to assist professionals to appropriately report or refer
families to Department of Communities, Child Safety and Disability Services (Child Safety)
or other service providers in a timely manner. The CPG was implemented on 23 January
2012 as a 12 month trial and was subsequently expanded across Queensland to support
professionals with decisions around referral pathways for families.
If you become concerned that a child known to you in your professional working
capacity is being abused or neglected, or is likely to be abused or neglected, and there
may not be a parent able and willing to protect the child from harm, this CPG is a
resource to help you make a decision about where and to whom to report or refer a
child and his/her family to ensure they receive the supports and services they need in a
timely manner.
2. Select the main decision tree that most closely matches the concern(s) you
have. If you have more than one concern, start with your most serious
concern.
3. After selecting the applicable decision tree, you will be asked questions.
6. The decision report may be printed and/or saved for your records.
NOTE:
When the situation is under control, proceed to using this CPG to guide your
decision, if required.
DECISION TREES
Physical Harm
Neglect
Sexual Abuse
Emotional/Psychological Harm
Parent Concern
Pregnant Woman—Unborn Child
If your concern does not fit any of the decision trees and you still have child protection
concerns, it is strongly recommended that you seek advice from your supervisor and
other internal agency resources.
This guide does not restrict a professional reporter from contacting the Department of
Communities, Child Safety and Disability Services (Child Safety) with concerns
regarding harm or suspected harm to a child or young person.
Use this when you do not have information that a child has been injured, neglected or psychologically harmed, however:
A child discloses significant substance use by a parent.
You observe a parent to be significantly impaired by substance use.
Inappropriate parent substance use is reported to you by a third party.
Substance Abuse
A child is born and there is evidence that the child was exposed to alcohol or drugs.
The parent discloses substance use.
PHYSICAL HARM
Does child or another person Are you aware of or reasonably suspicious that parent
(including reporter) say that the or other adult household member has done any of the
injury was caused by parent or other following?
adult household member AND it was Used a form of discipline that often results in
not accidental? (p. 34) significant harm;
Acted in a dangerous way toward child that is
yes no likely to result in significant injury, including
during a domestic violence incident;
Threatened to kill or cause significant injury to
Is the injury Is the injury child; and/or
significant? (p. 35)
yes
suspicious OR is Planned a genital mutilation. (p. 40)
the explanation yes no
inconsistent OR are
yes there injuries of
no various ages? Report to Does parent or other adult
(p. 36) Child Safety household member have one or
Seek immediate – RIS. more of the following?
medical no Chronic or escalating pattern
treatment as of discipline that results in
required. Report not required. non-significant injury;
Report to Child Document decision. Known history of abuse or
Safety – RIS. Provide referrals as neglect; and/or
appropriate. Significant circumstances that
Monitor and support create volatile behaviour in
child well-being if parent or other adult
Are you aware of a appropriate. household member. (p. 42)
pattern of multiple
injuries OR is child
under age 5 or with no
a disability OR is yes
child refusing/afraid
to go home? (p. 38)
yes no
Are you aware that
family is currently yes
Report to Does the family have
complex and/or benefiting from services Report not required.
Child Safety
or assistance to address Document decision.
– RIS. multiple needs? (p. 39)
problem? (p. 44) Provide referrals as
yes no appropriate.
no
Monitor and support
child well-being if
Direct referral to Is the family willing
Go to intensive appropriate.
services to address to engage in services?
family support (p. 44)
services/ the identified needs.
Family and no yes
Child Connect
tree.
Report to Child Go to intensive family support services/
Safety – RIS. Family and Child Connect tree.
NEGLECT: SUPERVISION
Are you aware that the child is currently alone in circumstances that create danger, or is in a
dangerous care arrangement or will be in the next few days? (p. 46)
yes no
yes no
During the incident(s), did the Does child appear to be significantly affected
time the child was alone or the by:
level of inattentiveness exceed no Chronic parent absence or inattentiveness; or
reasonable standards given child’s Inappropriate care arrangements? (p. 50)
age/development or the
conditions? (p. 48)
yes no
Are you aware that the family is Are you aware that family
refusing or avoiding services OR is currently benefiting from
yes
are you aware of reasons parent services or assistance to
would be unable to remedy address problem? (p. 51)
situation with assistance? (p. 51)
no yes
yes no
NEGLECT: NUTRITION
Does child:
Report persistent hunger;
Report persistent withholding of food or fluids as a deliberate act;
Appear thin, frail or listless, or has lost significant weight; or
Frequently beg/steal/hoard food? (p. 58)
yes no
Are you aware that the family is Are you aware that child:
refusing or avoiding services OR are Occasionally talks about going
you aware of reasons parent would without food;
be unable to remedy situation with Occasionally arrives at school
assistance? (p. 59) without food;
Presents with stale or inedible
yes no food;
Has difficulty concentrating at
school; and/or
Report to Reports hunger? (p. 59)
Go to intensive
Child Safety
family support
– RIS. yes
services/ Family and no
Child Connect tree.
Are you aware that family
Report not required. is currently benefiting
Document yes
from services or
decision. assistance to address
Provide referrals problem? (p. 60)
as appropriate.
Monitor and no
support child
well-being as
appropriate. Does the family have
complex and/or
multiple needs? (p. 61)
no yes
Go to intensive family
Direct referral to support services/ Family and
services to address the Child Connect tree.
identified needs.
yes
Go to
Does the family have complex Report not required. intensive
and/or multiple needs? (p. 65) Document family support
decision. services/
no
Provide referrals Family and
yes as appropriate. Child Connect
Monitor and tree.
support child well-
being as
Go to intensive family
appropriate.
support services/ Family and
Child Connect tree.
Does child have a physical health condition that appears to require immediate
attention but care is not being provided? (p. 67)
yes no
Provide first aid and/or seek emergency Does child have a medical
medical care and advise parent. condition or disability that requires
Is parent refusing to provide any ongoing an ongoing medical treatment plan
medical care? (p. 67) that is not being followed? (p. 67)
yes no no
yes
yes no
yes no
NEGLECT: HYGIENE/CLOTHING
MEDICAL ONLY: Does the child have a medical yes Report to Child
condition caused or exacerbated by inadequate hygiene or
Safety – RIS.
clothing? (p. 75)
no
no
Go to intensive family support
services/
Is the child filthy or unhygienic Family and Child Connect
or especially inadequately tree.
clothed? OR
Have you observed that the Does the family
child’s clothing and/or hygiene Are you aware that family is
have complex
yes currently benefiting from no
needs are frequently not being and/or multiple
attended to? OR services or assistance to
needs? (p. 79)
Does the child exhibit emotions address problem? (p. 79)
and/or behaviours that indicate
he/she is upset, embarrassed or yes yes
otherwise affected? (p. 78)
Report not required. Go to intensive
family support
no Document decision.
services/ no
Provide referrals as
Family and Child
appropriate.
Report not required. Connect tree.
Monitor and support
Document decision. child well-being as
Provide referrals as appropriate.
appropriate. Direct referral to
Monitor and support services to
child well-being as address the
appropriate. identified needs.
Has child made a reasonably clear statement of sexual abuse? (p. 81)
OR
Do you have information that child has a sexually transmitted infection or is pregnant and has
experienced significant harm? (p. 81)
OR
Have you or someone else witnessed sexual abuse of the child, including photos/videos? (p. 82)
OR
Is there someone with access to the child who is a known sex offender or who appears to be
‘grooming’ the child? (p. 82)
yes no
no
*State and non-state school staff should also consider mandatory Direct referral to services to
reporting obligations in relation to sexual abuse or likely sexual address the identified needs.
abuse in accordance with ss. 364-366B of the Education
(General Provisions) Act 2006
Has young person made a reasonably clear statement of sexual abuse? (p. 88)
OR
Have you or someone else witnessed sexual abuse of the young person, including photos/videos? (p. 88)
OR
Is there someone with access to the young person who is a known sex offender or who appears to be
‘grooming’ the young person? (p. 89)
OR
Is young person engaged in a sexual relationship that is not consensual, is not fully comprehended or
suggests an inappropriate power differential or age gap? (p. 89)
OR
Is young person engaged in prostitution or pornography? (p. 90)
yes no
yes
no yes
Report to
Child Safety Is the parent able and willing to
take appropriate action? (p. 93) no
– RIS*.
Report not required.*
Document
yes decision.
Provide referrals
Does the family have complex and/or as appropriate.
multiple needs? (p. 94) Monitor and
support child
yes no well-being as
appropriate.
EMOTIONAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL HARM
Do you have reason to believe that the child experiences or is exposed to any of the
following?
Chronic/severe domestic and family violence;
Significant parental mental health and/or substance abuse concerns;
Parental behaviours that are persistent and/or repetitive and have a significant
negative impact on a child’s development, social needs, self-worth or self-esteem;
Parental criminal and/or corrupting behaviour; and/or
Parental behaviour that deliberately exposes a child to traumatic events. (p. 97)
yes no
yes no
yes
no yes
yes no
yes
no
yes
yes no
yes no
Report to
Has parent refused or yes
Report not required. Child Safety
avoided services that
Document – RIS.
reduce risk? (p. 108)
decision.
Provide no
referrals as
appropriate. Does the family have complex
Monitor and and/or multiple needs? (p. 108)
support child
well-being as no yes
appropriate.
yes no
yes no
yes no
Are there indicators that another parent can Report not required.
support the parent with an intellectual or
Document decision.
cognitive disability to care for and protect
Provide referrals as
the child? (p.116)
appropriate.
Monitor and support child’s
well-being as appropriate.
yes no
yes no
Report not required. Has the parent been unable to no Does the family have
Document access appropriate supports complex and/or multiple
decision. and services? needs? (p. 118)
Provide referrals (p. 117)
as appropriate. no yes
yes
Monitor and
support child Go to intensive
well-being as Report to family support
Direct referral
appropriate. Child services/
to services to
Safety – Family and
address the
RIS. Child Connect
identified
needs. tree.
Was a child:
Attempting to intervene;
In parent’s arms or close enough proximity to be hurt; yes Report to Child
Significantly emotionally/psychologically distressed by Safety – RIS.
incident(s); and/or
The subject of a previous unborn child report related to
domestic violence? (p. 120)
no
no
yes no
DEFINITIONS
PHYSICAL HARM
You see that a child has an injury ranging from a significant bruise (for
example, on torso or head), cut or burn, to a severe injury (including female
genital mutilation).
OR
You see that a child under age 2 or a child of any age who cannot talk or walk
has any injury.
OR
You suspect that a child has an injury even if you cannot see it. For example:
» The child is acting as if he/she may have head injuries, such as losing
consciousness, blurred vision or stopped breathing.
» The child tells you he/she has an injury that you are unable to see
because it is covered by clothing.
The injury is current. Include injuries that are present at this time, including
any bruises, regardless of colour. If you are just learning of a prior injury that
has already healed, answer ‘no’.
OR
The child has very minor injuries. Very minor injuries are defined as those that
involve only mild redness, minor welts/scratches/abrasions/bruises to arms or
legs or brief and minor pain. HOWEVER, any injury to a child under age 2 or
a child of any age who is not able to talk or walk should be considered non-
minor and result in a ‘YES’ answer to this question.
OR
You are just learning of a prior injury that has already healed.
Does child or another person (including reporter) say that the injury was caused by
parent or other adult household member AND it was not accidental?
The child has provided an account of the injury. The child’s account is that a
parent or other adult household member acted deliberately to cause the injury,
or acted in a way that was likely to cause injury even if he/she had not planned
in advance to cause injury. If the child states that the injury was accidental,
answer ‘no’ even if you remain concerned.
OR
The child has not provided an account of the injury. The child is nonverbal
(too young, developmentally delayed or, for any reason, is not explaining how
the injury was caused); however, another person (including the reporter) saw
the incident leading to the injury and states that the injury was caused by a
parent or other adult household member acting deliberately or recklessly.
EXAMPLES
Non-Accidental Accidental
Parent or other adult household member Parent or other adult household member
said he/she was going to hurt child. injured child while attempting to prevent
Parent or other adult household member child from greater danger (bruise on arm
said he/she was going to teach child a from grabbing child to prevent child from
lesson. running into traffic; grabbing child by the
Parent or other adult household member hit arm whilst bathing or changing nappy to
or shook child hard enough to cause injury stop child from falling to the floor).
even though he/she later said he/she did not Parent or other adult household member
mean it and/or was sorry about it. inadvertently injured child in the course of
Female genital mutilation. routine care.
Injuries are inconsistent with explanation
provided.
Non-Adult Household Member Adult Household Member
A sibling or other child in the home caused A legal parent or guardian caused the injury.
injury. An adult who lives in the child’s home
A child outside of the home caused injury. caused the injury.
A stranger, teacher, coach, neighbour, An adult who lives in the home with a
relative who does not live with the child or child’s parent with whom child visits caused
any other adult caused injury. the injury.
Child reports that injury was caused by someone other than parent/other adult
household member OR if the injury was caused by a parent or other household
member, you have no information that it was intentional.
OR
OR
Child has injuries requiring assessment/treatment, but injuries are not life-
threatening and not likely to result in temporary or permanent disability or
disfigurement.
OR
The child’s injury is less severe than those listed in the table. For example,
bruises on an arm or leg that did not require medical treatment.
Is injury suspicious?
OR
Is explanation inconsistent?
OR
Injury is suspicious. Suspicious injuries are those that are highly correlated
with abuse. In most instances a physician will determine whether or not the
injury is suspicious. However, a layperson can reasonably conclude that an
injury is suspicious, depending on the symptoms.
Area of
Physician Non-Physician/Others
Injury
Torn fraenulum in infant. Facial bruising to soft tissue of cheek.
Bruising to earlobe on both Two blackened eyes.
surfaces and underlying Cuts to face.
Head
scalp. Bruising to scalp.
Constellation of injuries Bruise to earlobe.
consistent with sudden
impact.
Scalp haematoma.
Neck Bruising to neck. Bruising to neck.
Multiple rib fractures Multiple bruising/lacerations.
Torso (especially posterior).
Fractures to spine.
Spiral/oblique fracture.
Corner fractures.
Arms/Legs Bucket handle tears.
Multiple fractures of
different ages.
Human bite marks.
Loop marks.
Multiple linear marks.
Marks in the shape of another object.
Skin Cigarette or other contact burns in the shape of an object.
Stocking pattern burns.*
Marks that cover circumference (or nearly so) of a limb or neck.
Multiple bruising of different colours (fresh and fading to yellow) that is not on knees,
shins, elbows or other common areas for accidental bruising.
*Stocking pattern burns are those in which the foot or hand is burned, and the line separating burned from non-
burned skin is relatively consistent. The burned area looks as if there is a stocking or mitten on the foot or hand.
Non-stocking pattern burns have an irregular line separating burned from non-burned skin.
Area of
Physician Non-Physician/Others
Injury
Actual damage is rarely caused by Report is of a fall but visible injuries are to
amount of force reported (e.g. child non-prominent soft tissue (e.g. report is that
has sheared cranial blood vessels child fell forward, but rather than injury to
and report is ‘I just jiggled baby’, or nose, chin or forehead, injury is to cheek).
Head child has skull fracture crossing
suture lines and report is child fell Report is of single impact (e.g. a fall) but
off of couch). injuries are on two or more surfaces that
Report is of single impact but actual could not have been injured in single
damage suggests multiple impacts. contact (e.g. marks on both left and right
Neck jaw). NOTE: A direct blow to nose could
cause blackening of both eyes.
Internal injuries to non-ambulatory
Torso
child with no history of trauma.
Broken bones in non-ambulatory
Arms/Legs child with no history of trauma.
Spiral fracture with no history of
© 2014 by NCCD, All Rights Reserved
Physical Harm P a g e | 38
torqueing motion.
Report of accidental burn from
spilling liquid with no splash marks.
Report of accidental burn from tap
Skin
water and burn is deeper than
expected given water temperature
and time of exposure.
Injuries of various ages: There are multiple injuries that appear to have been
caused at different times. Timing of injuries is complicated and is primarily a
determination made by a physician. Many children/young people experience
accidental injuries at different times in their lives, so the mere presence of
injuries or healed injuries of different ages is not, in and of itself, sufficient to
answer ‘yes’.
Skeletal survey shows at least one prior broken bone for which there is no
known medical history.
Skeletal survey shows at least one prior broken bone for which there was a
medical history, and in isolation both the current and prior injuries could be
considered accidental. However, the chances of each injury being accidental
are decreased.
AND/OR
Child/young person has scars in the shape of loop marks, multiple linear
marks, cigarette burns, scars bearing the shape of objects, burn scars in
stocking pattern or bearing the shape of objects AND there is no confirmation
that prior injuries have been reported to Child Safety. (NOTE: Child Safety
will not investigate further if it is confirmed that prior injuries have already
been investigated, unless you have new information about the cause of the
injuries).
OR
OR
You are aware of a pattern of multiple injuries. While the current injury is not
significant, the child has had multiple prior injuries.
FOR EXAMPLE:
Child is under age 5 or has a disability. Child has not reached his/her 5th
birthday OR child is over age 5 but has a developmental disability to the
extent that he/she functions below the average for that age range OR child has
a disability to the extent that he/she is unable to initiate self-protective
behaviours.
You have no information about previous injuries, the child is over age 5, has
no known disability and the child is not expressing concerns that if he/she
goes home he/she will be injured.
“YES” may also be considered for a single, non-complex need if the family needs extensive
help to address that need.
The family does not require an intensive case management response but has an
unmet need and would benefit from a direct referral to a support service
targeted at providing support for this need.
Are you aware of or reasonably suspicious that parent or other adult household
member has done any of the following?
Parent or other adult household member used a form of discipline that can
often result in significant harm. Based on what child states happened, or what
reporter or another person saw happen, the parent or other adult household
member’s action was likely to cause a significant injury. Include the
following:
AND
EXAMPLES
Include: Exclude:
FOR EXAMPLE:
has reasonable belief that without intervention, the child will be significantly
harmed. Reasonable belief may be based on any of the following.
AND
OR
Older siblings are worried about their sister visiting their country of origin.
Does parent/other adult household member have one or more of the following?
OR
OR
NOTE: In isolation, one incident may not be enough to be a concern, but taken
together, they may reach the threshold.
NOTE: This does not mean that abuse is the child’s fault. This is
simply identifying a behaviour pattern that increases the risk of
significant harm.
There has been a single incident resulting in minor injury or multiple incidents
that never result in any injury.
OR
Are you aware that family is currently benefiting from services or assistance to address
problem?
You or another person have already had a conversation with parent or other
adult household member about your concerns and have provided resources for
effective services/interventions, or the family has sought services on their
own. This may include parenting classes that focus on discipline, anger
management or consultation with relative or mentor about effective parenting.
AND
OR
You or another person have had a conversation with the parent or other adult
household member about your concerns and he/she indicated his/her
willingness to engage with a support service.
You or another person have had a conversation with the parent or other adult
household member about your concerns and the parent/other adult household
member has declined the offer of support services.
NEGLECT: SUPERVISION
Are you aware that the child is currently alone in circumstances that create danger, or
is in a dangerous care arrangement or will be in the next few days?
You have information that the child is currently alone or will be alone at some point over the
next few days AND, based on the child’s age/developmental level, length of time expected to
be alone and circumstances, the child will be in danger. Consider the individual child and
ways the parent may have prepared the child to manage independently. Consider the
availability of other responsible adults in the community to assist the child if needed.
EXAMPLES:
A young and/or vulnerable child is found alone on street and cannot provide
directions to his/her residence.
The young and/or vulnerable child is without supervision due to the parent’s
refusal to provide supervision OR the parent has stated a clear intention not to
provide the child with supervision effective immediately.
Child is alone in a car in temperatures that create danger. (NOTE: A child may
be at risk of significant harm if left in a car during warm or cool temperatures
even if windows are left partially open).
Parent made arrangements for another person who poses a danger to the child
to supervise or provide care for the child. For example, someone who is
currently under the influence of alcohol or other drugs, mentally ill,
intellectually impaired or physically impaired to the extent that he/she cannot
meet child’s basic needs or keep child safe; someone who is a known or highly
suspected perpetrator of sexual abuse; or someone who has previously caused
serious physical harm to children in his/her care.
Parent has failed to collect child from agreed upon care arrangements or
health/education facility and multiple attempts to contact him/her or
nominated/alternative contacts have been unsuccessful OR parent is unwilling
to collect child and no alternative arrangement has been/can be made.
needs to be considered in each case individually and would depend upon circumstances
including the child’s age, level of maturity, the environment the child is in and the
circumstances in which the child is left.
This does not mean that a child under 12 must be constantly within sight and hearing of an
adult supervisor. The below table provides some guidance about what may generally be
considered age- and developmentally-appropriate circumstances and supervision levels.
Child is not alone or unattended CURRENTLY and there is no known plan for
the child to be alone in the next few days.
OR
Child is, or will be, alone; however, based on child age/developmental status,
amount of time and circumstances, the situation (even if undesirable) is not
imminently dangerous.
Are you aware of incidents in which the child has been/is being significantly
injured/harmed or narrowly escaped significant injury because parent was absent or
not paying attention to child?
Parent was present, but not paying attention to impending danger such as a
child walking toward a street, ledge or body of water; a child playing with or
near fire or dangerous objects/chemicals/drugs (prescribed or not). Parent’s
inattention may be related to being under the influence of legal or illegal
substances; depression; or may be due to distraction by television, Internet,
reading, conversation, texting, household chores or any other distraction.
AND
Child was significantly injured/harmed. This includes any injury that required
professional medical treatment (or should have received medical treatment,
even if treatment was not given or is pending).
OR
During the incident(s), did the time the child was alone or the level of inattentiveness
exceed reasonable standards given child’s age/development or the conditions?
NOTE: It is understood that no parent has direct attention with a child, even an infant, every
minute of the day, and that sometimes tragic accidents happen in brief periods during which
attention is directed elsewhere. The fact that an accident occurred while a parent was not
looking does not necessarily constitute neglect.
Parent was present but did not pay direct attention to child, meaning parent did
not look at, interact with or have contact with the child for a period of time
OR
This does not mean that a child under 12 must be constantly within sight and hearing of an
adult supervisor. The below table provides some guidance about what may generally be
considered age- and developmentally-appropriate circumstances and supervision levels.
AND
Are you aware that the family is refusing or avoiding services OR are you aware of
reasons parent would be unable to remedy situation with assistance?
You or another person has had a conversation with the parent about the way
lack of supervision is adversely affecting child.
AND
OR
OR
You are aware that the parent has substance abuse, mental health or domestic
violence issues to the extent that it is unsafe for reporter to have conversation
with parent, or after having a conversation with the parent, you become aware
that these or other issues exist to an extent that the family is unlikely to engage
in non-statutory services.
Are you aware that family is currently benefiting from services or assistance to address
problem?
You or another person have already had a conversation with parent about your
concerns and have provided resources for effective services/solutions, or the
family has sought services/solutions on their own. This may include child care
(formal or informal), solutions to reduce the time parent needs to be away or
ways to increase the capability of child for self-care.
AND
Parent has agreed to services or assistance, and based on time elapsed since
services were recommended, is making progress toward reducing risk of harm
to child.
OR
You have no information about whether parent has been offered or engaged in
resources/services or has attempted solutions.
There is at least one complex issue impacting on the child or family’s wellbeing.
Examples of complex issues include, but are not limited to: family violence,
mental illness, substance misuse, learning difficulties, homelessness and poverty
AND/OR;
“YES” may also be considered for a single, non-complex need if the family needs extensive
help to address that need.
The family does not require an intensive case management response but has an
unmet need and would benefit from a direct referral to a support service
targeted at providing support for this need.
Do you have significant safety concerns for the family/child due to homelessness or risk
of homelessness?
OR
» A child or family who has access to a safe place to stay but who
refuses to stay there is considered to have no safe place to stay.
» Biohazard is present;
Are you aware that a child or parent refused or avoided opportunity for any assistance?
You are aware that the child/family has refused to accept or engage with a
service provider to address the concerns about the physical shelter/living
conditions.
Appropriate shelter that will keep the child/family safe has been secured, for at
least the next several days whilst longer-term solutions can be found.
There is at least one complex issue impacting on the child or family’s wellbeing.
Examples of complex issues include, but are not limited to: family violence,
mental illness, substance misuse, learning difficulties, homelessness and poverty
AND/OR;
“YES” may also be considered for a single, non-complex need if the family needs extensive
help to address that need.
The family does not require an intensive case management response but has an
unmet need and would benefit from a direct referral to a support service
targeted at providing support for this need.
Has child/family or other household members become significantly ill or injured from
structural, or environmental concerns or living conditions?
OR
Are there structural or environmental concerns or living conditions that are likely to
cause child significant illness or injury if not resolved?
OR
You are aware that a child is receiving or has previously received medical
treatment for a significant illness or injury that was caused by conditions in the
home such as exposure to faecal material, rotting food, insect/rodent
infestation or dangerous objects/materials (e.g. poisons, medications, exposure
to chemicals).
You are aware that an adult is receiving or has previously received medical
treatment for any of the above and you know that a child in the household is
exposed to the same conditions.
Structural or environmental concerns. The child lives in a residence that is likely to cause
significant illness or injury to the child because of any of the following:
Base answer on your direct observations of the residence or credible statements by the child
or another person who has seen the residence, or in some instances, on your observations of
the RESULTS of exposure to the following. Consider child’s vulnerability (age,
development, medical issues). For example, older children can make decisions to avoid
isolated dangers; infants are not expected to crawl or walk; mobile toddlers are exploratory
and not aware of danger; children with asthma are more vulnerable to air quality issues.
Homeless/temporary shelter. The child/family does not have a permanent residence and:
Are you aware that family is currently benefiting from services or assistance to address
problem?
You or another person have already had a conversation with child and/or
parent about your concerns and have provided resources for effective
services/interventions, or they have sought services on their own. This may
include help clearing the residence of dangers, or a relative providing adequate
housing.
AND
Child and/or parent has agreed to services or assistance, and based on time
elapsed since services were recommended, is making progress toward
reducing risk of harm to child.
Child and/or parent has refused services; indicated acceptance but after a reasonable period of
time has not engaged in services; or having engaged in services, is not effectively using
services to reduce risk of harm to child. This may be evidenced by the following:
Are you aware that a child or parent refused or avoided opportunity for any assistance?
You are aware that the child/family has refused to accept or engage with a
service provider to address the concerns regarding physical shelter/living
conditions.
NEGLECT: NUTRITION
Child reports persistent hunger. Reporter has had contact with or knowledge of
child who frequently mentions hunger, appears hungry, or describes routinely
inadequate food intake. Children with complex communication needs may
have difficulty expressing hunger. Be aware that severe dehydration and
malnutrition can inhibit crying.
Child appears thin, frail, listless or has lost significant weight. A child appears
to be unusually thin, less energetic than is typical or shows other symptoms of
malnutrition including but not limited to thinning hair, bloating abdomen, or
bleeding gums, and you are not aware of any known medical condition that
could be causing this.
DO NOT REPORT: Asking for or stealing food where the purpose appears to
be unrelated to alleviating unremitting hunger; child keeping some secret
snacks or treats.
NOTE: If your concern is related to a child who is extremely overweight, answer ‘no’, but
encourage family to obtain a medical evaluation. Medical staff will determine whether a
report is indicated. If the family will not seek medical evaluation, unless there is a medical
condition, even extreme obesity is not likely reportable. You may discuss with your supervisor
or consult with Child Safety – RIS.
OR
Are you aware of reasons parent(s) would be unable to remedy situation with
assistance?
You have discussed your concerns about the child with his/her parent and the
parent refuses to pursue a medical evaluation or other resources/services;
Despite reasonable efforts, parent has not engaged in conversation with you
about your concerns;
Parent has agreed to medical evaluation or other resources/services but has not
followed through within a reasonable timeframe;
You have discussed your concerns with the parent and, in the course of the
discussion or from any other source, have learned that the parent has
significant barriers to accepting available voluntary supports. For example, the
parent’s current substance abuse or mental health issues are so severe that
he/she will be unable to follow through with provided resources; or
Based on information available to you, you consider it unsafe for you or for
the child to initiate a conversation with the parent about your concerns.
OR
OR
Child arrives at school with no breakfast, or without lunch and has no means to
secure lunch more than just a few times, but shows no other signs of
malnutrition;
There has been a single incident of child going without eating, no more than a
few incidents of child arriving at school without lunch, or child’s lack of
concentration is likely related to reasons other than lack of nutrition.
1
For example, child is prone to losing his/her lunch money, or is being bullied by theft of
lunch or lunch money; family's cultural practice does not include typical 'lunch' but child's
nutritional needs are being met.
Are you aware that the family is currently benefiting from services or assistance to
address problem?
You or another person have already had a conversation with parent about your
concerns and have provided resources for effective services/solutions or the
family has sought services/solutions on their own. This may include referral to
an agency that provides emergency relief funds or food vouchers, advice on
child’s nutritional needs, etc.
AND
Parent has agreed to services or initiated solutions, and based on time elapsed
since services were recommended, has engaged in services and is making
progress toward improving the child’s nutrition.
OR
You have no information about whether parent has been offered or engaged in
resources/services or has attempted solutions.
There is at least one complex issue impacting on the child or family’s wellbeing.
Examples of complex issues include, but are not limited to: family violence,
mental illness, substance misuse, learning difficulties, homelessness and poverty
AND/OR;
“YES” may also be considered for a single, non-complex need if the family needs extensive
help to address that need.
The family does not require an intensive case management response but has an
unmet need and would benefit from a direct referral to a support service
targeted at providing support for this need.
Medical professional is someone qualified to diagnose and/or treat the condition being
reported.
Does child require medical care for an ACUTE condition for which parents/carers did
not provide necessary medical treatment?
OR
Does child have a CHRONIC condition that requires an ongoing treatment plan AND
the plan is not being followed (OVER-treating or UNDER-treating, including not
keeping medical appointments) AND this is likely to result in significant harm?
OR
Does the child have a disability and high medical support needs that are not being met?
AND
If this illness or injury goes untreated, the result will likely be death,
disfigurement, loss of bodily function or prolonged significant pain and
suffering.
AND
prescribed a treatment plan, but the parents/carers are not following the
plan to the extent that the child’s recovery is compromised.
OR
Child has a medical condition that requires ongoing treatment (e.g. diabetes,
asthma, Crohn’s disease, cystic fibrosis, or child requires feeding tube,
ventilation or other medical devices).
AND
OR
Child has complex health needs and/or a disability that requires ongoing care
including medical care, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, speech therapy,
ventilation, or supplemental nutritional feeding that is not being provided to
the extent that the child’s ability to develop to the best of his/her capacity is
being significantly limited.
Child’s condition is such that with or without treatment, the outcomes will be
similar.
OR
OR
While child may fare marginally better with treatment, the burden of treatment
is substantial and many parents/carers would opt out of treatment in similar
circumstances.
NOTE: Before proceeding to the next question, it is essential to make reasonable efforts to
ensure that the parent understands available options and consequences.
Parents are unable and/or unwilling to meet the child’s medical needs and
make no claim of religious or ideological basis for their decision.
OR
NOTE: Provide emergency medical care and/or consider any necessary legal action for
continuing care/treatment.
After providing emergency medical care and/or legal action, all medical needs
of the child are met and there are no additional child protection concerns.
Emergency care and/or legal remedies have not resolved the child’s ongoing
need for medical care, which parents continue to refuse based on conscientious
or ideological grounds.
NOTE: If additional child protection concerns remain, please consult the relevant decision
tree.
There is at least one complex issue impacting on the child or family’s wellbeing.
Examples of complex issues include, but are not limited to: family violence,
mental illness, substance misuse, learning difficulties, homelessness and poverty
AND/OR;
“YES” may also be considered for a single, non-complex need if the family needs extensive
help to address that need.
The family does not require an intensive case management response but has an
unmet need and would benefit from a direct referral to a support service
targeted at providing support for this need.
Parent does not have a clear understanding of the child’s condition, available
treatment or the consequences of lack of treatment, but the parent is willing to
learn more about child’s condition, treatment options and consequences, or to
discuss ways to consistently follow treatment plan.
OR
Parent is making his/her best efforts to follow the treatment plan, but is
experiencing barriers beyond his/her control such as lack of access to services,
lack of knowledge about available services, transportation issues or other
logistical barriers.
Does the child have a physical health condition that appears to require immediate care
but care is not being provided?
The child’s condition is in need of immediate medical care that is not being
provided. The reporter confirms with Queensland Ambulance Service/medical
professional, takes action, and advises parent.
The parent is stating they do not intend to seek medical care or parent unable
to organise care for any reason (e.g. substance abuse, mental illness,
developmental disability or cannot understand need for care or cannot make
necessary arrangements for care).
Parent was unable to be contacted at time of decision to seek treatment. There is no evidence
of inappropriate parenting behaviour previously.
NOTE: Before proceeding to the next question, provide first aid and/or seek emergency
medical care and advise parent.
The parent is stating that he/she does not intend to seek medical care or
evaluation, or parent is unable to organise care for any reason (e.g. parent is
intoxicated, mentally ill, developmentally disabled or cannot understand the
need for care or cannot make necessary arrangements for care).
Parent was not available at the time a decision to seek treatment was needed
(e.g. could not be reached by phone in an emergency situation).
Does child have a medical condition or disability that requires an ongoing medical
treatment plan that is not being followed?
You have information from a reliable source that child has a medical condition
or disability and a current treatment plan OR child’s symptoms clearly
indicate a significant chronic medical condition and you have consulted with a
medical professional who advises that the symptoms you describe suggest a
need for professional medical evaluation/intervention.
AND
You have had a conversation with the parent about your concerns and
encouraged him/her to obtain medical evaluation and/or follow existing
treatment plan.
AND
Parent informs you that he/she does not plan to seek medical evaluation or
follow a plan OR states he/she will do so, but after a reasonable period of time
does not follow through OR, after reasonable efforts to contact parent, you
have been unable to do so.
Parent does not have a clear understanding of the child’s condition, available
treatment or the consequences of lack of treatment but is willing to learn more
about child’s condition, treatment options and consequences, or to discuss
ways to consistently follow treatment plan.
OR
Parent is making his/her best efforts to follow the treatment plan, but is
experiencing barriers beyond his/her control such as lack of access to services,
lack of knowledge about available services, transportation issues or other
logistical barriers.
There is at least one complex issue impacting on the child or family’s wellbeing.
Examples of complex issues include, but are not limited to: family violence,
“YES” may also be considered for a single, non-complex need if the family needs extensive
help to address that need.
The family does not require an intensive case management response but has an
unmet need and would benefit from a direct referral to a support service
targeted at providing support for this need.
Child is suicidal. Child has recently attempted suicide, has a plan for suicide
or has written a suicide note.
Also include a child who is making comments about suicidal ideas, combined
with behaviour changes (such as giving away possessions, not participating in
favourite activities, running away) or in the context of significant loss or
trauma.
If you are aware that a child has a history of suicide attempts, a friend or
family member who has committed or attempted suicide, or that the child has
a mental health diagnosis or a current substance abuse problem, answer ‘yes’
even if suicidal concerns are vague. If you are in doubt, discuss with Child
Safety – RIS and/or mental health services.
Also include a child who is expressing extremely violent ideas, either directly
or indirectly stating intent to harm others (e.g. writing/drawing extremely
violent themes). Also include a child who is becoming increasingly aggressive
and violent.
If concerns are somewhat vague, answer ‘yes’ if any of the following are also
known: Child has a history of harming animals or people; child has a drug
problem; child has access to weapons like guns and knives; or child expresses
feeling victimised and left out. If in doubt, discuss with Child Safety – RIS
and/or mental health services.
For example:
Are you aware that parents are refusing to provide or access mental health care that the
child requires?
The parent is aware of the child's need for mental health care. You have
explained the concerns for the child's mental health to the parent, or have
reliable information that the parent has been informed of the concerns.
AND
You have explained to the parent the benefits of mental health services for the
child; and/or explained actions the parent needs to take to support child (e.g.
counselling, following through with a behaviour modification plan, providing
medication); or you have reliable information that the parent has been
informed.
AND
The parent refuses to provide or access mental health care. You have spoken
with the parent and he/she states that he/she will not provide or access mental
health care or follow through with recommended actions, or you have reliable
information that the parent has refused mental health care.
OR
The parent is not able to understand the concerns or benefits of mental health
services and they refuse to provide or access the required mental health care.
Are you aware that lack of required mental health care is due to reluctance, a lack of
capacity to participate or unavailability of services?
The child requires parent to take actions that parent is physically, cognitively
or emotionally unable to take. (For example, parents/carers are cognitively
impaired and do not comprehend a medication plan or behaviour modification
plan; or adolescent is able to physically resist parent’s efforts to monitor
child).
OR
OR
The child is resistant to mental health services that the parent is willing to
provide or access.
OR
The mental health services required by the child are not available, or the
family does not know how to access them.
OR
The mental health services required by the child involve financial cost the
family cannot afford.
Parents are cooperating with mental health services and providing reasonable
services and interventions based on child’s need, even if these services and
interventions are not resolving child’s issues.
IF ‘NO’:
There is at least one complex issue impacting on the child or family’s wellbeing.
Examples of complex issues include, but are not limited to: family violence,
mental illness, substance misuse, learning difficulties, homelessness and poverty
AND/OR;
“YES” may also be considered for a single, non-complex need if the family needs extensive
help to address that need.
The family does not require an intensive case management response but has an
unmet need and would benefit from a direct referral to a support service
targeted at providing support for this need.
Are child’s mental health symptoms interfering with his/her daily activities,
performance, relationships or development?
A child’s mental health symptoms may include depression (e.g. sadness and/or withdrawal),
anxiety, eating disorders or early psychotic indicators (e.g. hearing voices, paranoia).
Are you professionally competent to form an opinion that, if untreated, child’s mental
health symptoms will worsen in the next several months?
Child’s mental health symptoms will most likely worsen in next several
months if untreated.
NEGLECT: HYGIENE/CLOTHING
MEDICAL ONLY:
Does the child have a medical condition caused or exacerbated by inadequate hygiene or
clothing?
The child has a condition that is likely to result in death, disfigurement, loss of
bodily function or prolonged significant pain and suffering, AND this
illness/injury resulted from or is made worse by poor hygiene or inadequate
clothing.
FOR EXAMPLE:
Untreated eczema, multiple insect bites, recurrent skin infection, infected scabies, recurrent
UTIs, gastrointestinal infection due to poor hygiene, heat exhaustion, hypothermia.
Over an extended period of time, there are numerous instances in which the child is filthy or
unhygienic, or has inadequate clothing; OR, if child has only been sighted on one occasion,
observations suggest that the condition has been present over an extended period of time.
Filthy or unhygienic:
» Child is dirty to a point where his/her skin has been stained, i.e. there is
obvious discolouration due to the skin not being washed;
» The child has hair that is matted to the point that a comb cannot be run
through it, has clumps of hair falling out, and/or persistent head lice
infestation that is untreated; and/or
OR
Inadequately clothed:
AND
OR
The following table is a guide. Consider consultation with Child Safety – RIS or a
professional with expertise in child mental health if you are uncertain. Select the age group
that best fits the child’s age, or if child is developmentally delayed, consider the approximate
developmental level of the child.
Are you aware that the family is refusing or avoiding services OR are you aware of
reasons family would be unable to remedy situation with assistance?
You have discussed your concerns about the child with his/her parent and the
parent refuses to accept resources or support and, as a result, the hygiene or
inadequate clothing concerns are unresolved;
Despite reasonable efforts, parent has not engaged in conversation with you
about your concerns; or
Parent has agreed to provide proper hygiene or adequate clothing, but has not
followed through within a reasonable timeframe, or has not maintained
hygiene or adequate clothing.
IF ‘NO’:
Family would benefit from family support services. If a family support service is available,
inform the family and make a referral. If no service is available, or if family refuses, report to
Child Safety – RIS.
OR
Have you observed that the child’s clothing and/or hygiene needs are frequently not
being attended to?
OR
Does the child exhibit emotions and/or behaviours that indicate he/she is upset,
embarrassed or otherwise affected?
OR
OR
Clothing and/or hygiene needs are frequently not being attended to: Parent is
inattentive to child’s needs for hygiene or adequate clothing on a regular basis;
OR
Child appears very dirty in situations that would be expected, such as during
and shortly after outdoor play or activities.
Child is inadequately clothed because of choices the child has made rather
than choices the parent has made.
Are you aware that family is currently benefiting from services or assistance to address
problem?
You or another person have already had a conversation with parent about your
concerns and have provided resources for effective services/interventions, or
the family has sought services on their own. This may include help getting
necessary clothing, soaps or shampoos, or learning ways to keep child clean;
AND
Parent has agreed to services, and within a reasonable period of time has
engaged in services and is making progress toward reducing risk of harm to
child.
There is at least one complex issue impacting on the child or family’s wellbeing.
Examples of complex issues include, but are not limited to: family violence,
mental illness, substance misuse, learning difficulties, homelessness and poverty
AND/OR;
“YES” may also be considered for a single, non-complex need if the family needs extensive
help to address that need.
The family does not require an intensive case management response but has an
unmet need and would benefit from a direct referral to a support service
targeted at providing support for this need.
Use this tree when the child has not reached his/her 16th birthday.
The child states (with words, pictures or gestures) that one or more of the following has
occurred:
Child pornography.
NOTE: It is not necessary that the child provide details of time and place, specific actions or
specific names.
Do you have information that child has a sexually transmitted infection or is pregnant
and has experienced significant harm?
You are a medical professional who has diagnosed and/or treated the child for
genital trauma, or the child is younger than age 14 and you have diagnosed
and/or treated the child for a sexually transmitted infection that you are
concerned is the result of harm resulting from sexual abuse or for pregnancy;
The child is aged 14–16 years and has a sexually transmitted infection or is
pregnant as a result of sexual contact with others of significant age and/or
developmental difference or other highly suggestive or suggestive indicators
are present as described in the table on page 83.
Have you or someone else witnessed sexual abuse of the child, including photos/videos?
You personally observed another person perpetrating sexual abuse to the child;
A third party witnessed another person perpetrating sexual abuse to the child
and told you about it, but to the best of your knowledge this was not reported
to Queensland Police Service or Child Safety – RIS; and/or
You or another person came across photos or videos of the child that are
sexually graphic, or viewed communication between child and a third party
that is sexually graphic.
Is there someone with access to the child who is a known sex offender, or who appears
to be ‘grooming’ the child?
Access includes:
The child has provided specific information about who is perpetrating sexual
abuse, and it is, or includes, a parent or household member;
OR
The child has not specifically named the person(s) who is perpetrating sexual
abuse, but also has not specifically stated that a person in his/her household is
causing the harm directly (i.e. having sexual contact with the child) or
Child clearly states that the only persons perpetrating sexual abuse are not
members of the child’s household.
Is there a parent who may be able and willing to protect the child from further harm?
You or another person has met with a parent who lives in the home and is
aware of the sexual abuse, sexually transmitted infection, pregnancy or sex
offender who appears to be grooming the child AND the parent provides a
description of ways he/she is acting to protect the child from further harm. For
example, parents indicate or are demonstrating the need to pay attention,
monitor, supervise, provide sexuality and personal safety education and
therapy if required, protection from harm or a legal response.
The parent denies that sexual abuse has occurred and does not provide support
for the child or the parent acknowledges the abuse but refuses to act
protectively to prevent further harm, e.g. does not increase supervision or does
not stop access by the known sex offender;
OR
You have no information regarding the presence of a parent who may be able
and willing to meet the child’s care, well-being and safety needs.
The parent or child have indicated that they would benefit from engaging with
a support service to address therapeutic or educational needs.
The child and family are already engaged with support or are not willing to
engage with a support service at this time.
OR
Has the child made an indirect statement of sexual abuse?
The child displays sexual behaviours such as those indicated in the table
below, based on child’s age/developmental level.
OR
Child has made statements that represent a possible disclosure of sexual abuse
but statement lacks specificity. For example, ‘I don’t like how Daddy touches
me’ or ‘Daddy and I have a secret I am not supposed to tell’.
NOTE: For non-verbal children, signs and symptoms alone can be reported if you are
concerned about sexual abuse and no other explanation exists. These complicated situations
should be discussed with your supervisor.
© 2014 by NCCD, All Rights Reserved
Sexual Abuse of Child (Age 0<16 Years) P a g e | 83
None of the child’s sexual behaviours are indicated in the table or are of
similar seriousness to those listed in the table.
OR
Child has made statements that lack any detail about where or whether there
was any discomfort with the touch (e.g. ‘Daddy touches me’) and where it is
highly unlikely that the child means that the contact was sexual.
Is child displaying behaviours that suggest harm resulting from sexual abuse?
The child displays sexual behaviours such as those indicated in the table
below, based on child’s age/developmental level.
The child’s sexual behaviours are more consistent with ‘normal’ sexual
behaviour for his/her age/development, as indicated in the table below.
You or another person has had a conversation with parent or other adult
household member about your concerns and provided resources for effective
services/interventions or the family has sought services on their own.
© 2014 by NCCD, All Rights Reserved
Sexual Abuse of Child (Age 0<16 Years) P a g e | 85
There is at least one complex issue impacting on the child or family’s wellbeing.
Examples of complex issues include, but are not limited to: family violence,
mental illness, substance misuse, learning difficulties, homelessness and poverty
AND/OR;
“YES” may also be considered for a single, non-complex need if the family needs extensive
help to address that need.
The family does not require an intensive case management response but has an
unmet need and would benefit from a direct referral to a support service
targeted at providing support for this need.
Use this tree when the child has reached his/her 16th birthday but not his/her 18th birthday.
The young person states (with words, pictures or gestures) that one or more of the following
has occurred:
NOTE: It is not necessary that the young person provide details of time and place, specific
actions or specific names.
Have you or someone witnessed sexual abuse of the young person, including
photos/videos?
You or another person came across photos or videos of the young person that
are sexually graphic, or viewed communication between child and a third
party that is sexually graphic.
Is there someone with access to the young person who is a known sex offender or
appears to be ‘grooming’ the young person?
You have information that an individual with access to a young person appears
to be ‘grooming’ the young person in order to engage the young person in a
sexual relationship. ‘Grooming’ is a pattern of behaviour aimed at engaging a
young person as a precursor to sexual abuse such as giving the young person
gifts, developing a close relationship characterised by secrecy, exploiting a
young person’s loneliness.
Access includes:
Is young person engaged in a sexual relationship that is not consensual, is not fully
comprehended or suggests an inappropriate power differential or age gap?
Young person is involved in a sexual relationship that the young person characterises as
consensual; however, at least one of the following is present:
The partner of the young person is an adult. (Use discretion when considering
individuals who have recently turned 18 years of age);
The young person does not seem to fully understand the sexual nature of the
relationship or the consequences of sexual contact.
Does young person exchange sexual activities for something of value? It does
not matter whether the young person or another person gains the value.
AND/OR
Does the young person create, or is the young person depicted in, materials of
a sexually graphic nature?
The young person has provided specific information about who is perpetrating
sexual abuse and it is, or includes, a parent or household member.
OR
The young person has not specifically named the person(s) who is perpetrating
sexual abuse, but also has not specifically stated that a person in his/her
household is perpetrating sexual abuse directly (i.e. having sexual contact with
the young person) or indirectly (i.e. arranging for sexual contact to occur or
knowingly permitting sexual contact to occur).
Young person clearly states that the only persons perpetrating sexual abuse are not members
of the young person’s household.
Is there a parent who may be able and willing to protect the young person from further
harm?
You or another person has met with a parent who lives in the home and is
aware of the sexual abuse, sexually transmitted infection, pregnancy or sex
offender who appears to be grooming the young person AND the parent
provides a description of ways he/she is acting to protect the young person
from further harm. For example, parents indicate or are demonstrating the
need to pay attention; monitor; supervise; provide sexuality and personal
safety education and therapy, if required; protection from harm or a legal
response.
The parent denies that sexual abuse has occurred and does not provide support
for the young person or the parent acknowledges the abuse but refuses to act
protectively to prevent further harm, e.g. does not increase supervision or does
not stop access by the known sex offender.
OR
You have no information regarding the presence of a parent who is able and
willing to meet the young person’s care, well-being and safety needs.
The parent or young person have indicated that they would benefit from
engaging with a support service to address therapeutic or personal safety
educational needs.
The young person and family are already engaged with support or are not
willing to engage with a support service at this time.
NOTE: Use this decision tree when you are concerned that a child is displaying sexual
behaviour that is interfering with the child’s or other children’s sense of safety, social,
emotional and educational development.
Consider whether the child displaying the problematic sexual behaviour has him/herself
experienced sexual abuse or been exposed to inappropriate sexual practices, images or other
materials within or outside his/her family or care environment or to physical or emotional
abuse, domestic violence and/or neglect.
The child displays sexual behaviours such as those indicated in the table
below, based on child’s age/developmental level.
OR
Child has made statements that represent a possible disclosure of sexual abuse
but statement lacks specificity. For example, ‘I don’t like how Daddy touches
me’ or ‘Daddy and I have a secret I am not supposed to tell’.
NOTE: For non-verbal children, signs and symptoms alone can be reported if you are
concerned about sexual abuse and there is no other explanation. These complicated situations
should be discussed with your supervisor.
None of the child’s sexual behaviours are indicated in the table, or of similar
seriousness to those listed in the table.
OR
Child has made statements that lack any detail about where or whether there
was any discomfort with the touch (e.g. ‘Daddy touches me’) and it is highly
unlikely that the child means that the contact was sexual.
You or another person has met with a parent who lives in the home to discuss
the problematic sexual behaviours AND the parent indicates an ability and
willingness to engage with appropriate services to protect the child from
experiencing these behaviours.
You have discussed your concerns about the child with his/her parent and the
parent refuses to accept resources or support or parent has agreed to engage
with services, but has not followed through within a reasonable timeframe,
and, as a result, the problematic sexual behaviours continue;
Despite reasonable efforts, parent has not engaged in conversation with you
about your concerns.
OR
You have no information regarding the presence of a parent who is able and
willing to meet the child’s care, well-being and safety needs.
There is at least one complex issue impacting on the child or family’s wellbeing.
Examples of complex issues include, but are not limited to: family violence,
mental illness, substance misuse, learning difficulties, homelessness and poverty
AND/OR;
“YES” may also be considered for a single, non-complex need if the family needs extensive
help to address that need.
The family does not require an intensive case management response but has an
unmet need and would benefit from a direct referral to a support service
targeted at providing support for this need.
The child displays sexual behaviours such as those indicated in the table
below, based on child’s age/developmental level.
The child’s sexual behaviours are more consistent with ‘normal’ sexual
behaviour for his/her age/development, as indicated in the table below.
Parent provides a description of ways he/she is acting to protect the child from
experiencing and/or displaying problematic sexual behaviour. For example,
parent indicates or demonstrates the need to pay attention; monitor; supervise;
provide sexuality and personal safety education and therapy, if required;
protection from harm or a legal response.
EMOTIONAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL HARM
Do you have reason to believe that the child experiences or is exposed to any of the
following?
Child or another person has told you, or you have observed the presence of any of the
following conditions in child’s home.
Parent has a mental health and/or substance abuse concern that is apparent in
behaviours such as the following:
Does the child exhibit emotions and/or behaviours that indicate the child is significantly
affected?
OR
Practice Tip
While the child’s behaviour may point to emotional harm, it should be noted that emotional
harm is not always observable. A child subject to emotional harm may show no affect when
an emotional response would be expected. This lack of affect may be a coping mechanism
resulting from the harm the child has suffered or continues to suffer
Does the child exhibit emotions and/or behaviours that indicate the child is moderately
affected?
Practice Tip
While the child’s behaviour may point to emotional harm, it should be noted that emotional
harm is not always observable. A child subject to emotional harm may show no affect when
an emotional response would be expected. This lack of affect may be a coping mechanism
resulting from the harm the child has suffered or continues to suffer
OR
There are explanations for child behaviour other than parental actions or
inactions.
Is the child afraid to go/remain home or are you concerned for child’s safety at home?
» Child is unable to cope with the parent’s behaviour and this may result
in child harming self or others (e.g. suicide attempt, cutting, using
alcohol/drugs, running away); OR
» Parent is behaving in ways that place the child in imminent danger of
significant harm (e.g. exposed to a violent incident).
Observation indicates that it is highly likely that if child goes home, he/she
will be significantly harmed or will harm self or others.
Are the parents willing and/or have the capacity to engage with services/other supports
to assist the child and family?
The parents disagree about services needed for child, with one blocking
engagement. For example, domestic and family violence is identified and the
aggressor is blocking access to services, or one parent is mentally ill and is
denying the child’s need for services;
The parents are unable to engage with services/other supports due to cognitive,
physical or emotional limitations;
The services required are not available or parent does not know how to access
them.
NOTE: An unborn child includes unborn children from the time of conception until the birth
of the baby. While reports relating to an unborn child are not mandatory, those with
mandatory reporting responsibility should consider the benefits for the pregnant woman and
unborn child after birth of making a report to:
1. Enable Child Safety and other agencies to mobilise services for the potential
benefit of the pregnant woman and unborn child after birth; or
Are you aware of a history of significant abuse or neglect of siblings of the unborn child,
or have siblings been removed or died in circumstances of abuse or neglect or does any
household member have a history of significant abuse against children?
You have information (which may be gathered in consultation with Child Safety – RIS and/or
Child Safety as well as from the parent or third party) that:
The pregnant woman or another adult who will be living with the baby after
birth has previous abuse or neglect reports in which he/she is the perpetrator.
The victim may be any child, regardless of whether that child is part of the
current household.
The pregnant woman or another adult who will be living with the baby after
birth has previously had a child removed from his/her care by Child Safety.
The pregnant woman or another adult who will be living with the baby after
birth has been involved in a child death in circumstances of abuse and/or
neglect.
Are you aware of any of the following circumstances that suggest that either parent may
be unable to care for the baby upon birth?
Suicidal
Self-harming
Substance abuse/misuse
Mental illness
Domestic/family violence
Cognitive or intellectual impairment
Significant medical condition
Homeless
Consider any parent who will be living with baby upon birth.
© 2014 by NCCD, All Rights Reserved
Pregnant Woman—Unborn Child P a g e | 101
» Being unable to carry out daily activities such as eating and self-care;
» Hearing voices, seeing things that are not there, or having thoughts of
unrealistic/unsupportable beliefs of persecution, etc. Especially
concerning are hostile/negative expressions about the unborn child, or
denial of the pregnancy.
*Serious injury during the incident includes but is not limited to strangulation,
sexual assault, fractures, internal injuries, disfigurement, burns, death and/or
any injury that may require hospitalisation.
Homeless. The pregnant woman has no safe place to stay with baby after birth.
Are you aware that the pregnant woman has accepted referrals to services to address
concerns OR that there are other family members who will provide for child’s safety
and care upon birth?
You have already had a conversation with the pregnant woman about your
concerns and have provided a referral, or the pregnant woman or family has
accessed services on their own.
OR
There is at least one other adult who will be living in the home with the baby
who will be able to provide for the child’s basic needs and protect child from
any concerns the other parent may present.
AND
Pregnant woman would be the only parent available to provide for the baby.
AND
Are you aware of reasons parent would be unable to remedy situation with assistance?
You have discussed your concerns about the unborn child following birth with
his/her parent and the parent refuses to accept resources or support, and as a
result the safety and basic care of the unborn child after birth are unresolved.
AND/OR
Despite reasonable efforts, parent has not engaged in conversation with you
about your concerns.
Parent is able and willing to follow through and access services and assistance
within a reasonable timeframe.
If you have a parent concern and you are a QH employee consider consulting with a child
protection liaison officer (CPLO) or child protection advisor (CPA). If you are a DETE
employee consider consulting with a guidance officer or senior guidance officer.
Does the parent’s substance abuse impact or is it likely to impact his/her ability to meet
the child’s needs and/or does the child’s behaviour indicate the significant impact of
substance abuse?
You reasonably suspect that a parent is abusing alcohol or other drugs to the
extent that it is having a negative impact on his/her capacity to parent the
child, his/her own health, finances, relationships, employment, legal issues,
etc. Your awareness may be based on personal observations or credible
statements by the child or another person.
AND
NOTE: If failure to meet basic needs meets criteria for neglect, use
neglect decision tree first and use this decision tree if you have already
ruled out neglect.
Is there another parent who cares for and protects the child?
You or another person has met with a second parent who lives in the home who does not
abuse alcohol or drugs and who provides care and protection appropriate to the child’s needs
including:
Second parent is fully aware of the other parent’s substance abuse issues and
impact or potential impact on the children;
AND
OR
OR
At least one adult does not abuse alcohol/drugs but does not meet child’s
needs (e.g. emotionally unable, physically unable, financially unable); or you
have no information regarding the presence of another adult in the household
who can meet the child’s care, well-being and safety needs.
Are you aware that the family is currently benefiting from services or assistance to
address the substance abuse?
You or another person have already had a conversation with either the using or
non-using parent about your concerns and have provided resources for
services/interventions, or the family has sought services on their own. This
may include treatment for the substance-abusing parent, plans for someone
else to care for the child, etc.
AND
Parent has agreed to services or assistance, and based on time elapsed since
services were recommended, has engaged in services and is making progress
toward reducing risk of harm to child. For example, the parent is not using
when responsible for the child, or the non-abusing parent is assuming more
responsibility.
Parent has refused services, indicated acceptance but after a reasonable period of time has not
engaged in services or, having engaged in services, is not effectively using services to reduce
risk of harm to child. This may be evidenced by the following:
You or another person has had a conversation with at least one parent about
your concerns and the parent states that there is no substance abuse issue in the
home, or acknowledges the issue but states that no services will be pursued.
The family states that they will pursue services, but after a reasonable period
of time has not followed through and the problem continues to have an
adverse impact on the child.
There is at least one complex issue impacting on the child or family’s wellbeing.
Examples of complex issues include, but are not limited to: family violence,
mental illness, substance misuse, learning difficulties, homelessness and poverty
AND/OR;
“YES” may also be considered for a single, non-complex need if the family needs extensive
help to address that need.
The family does not require an intensive case management response however
has an unmet need which would benefit from a direct referral to a support
service targeted at providing support for this need.
If you have a parent concern and are a QH employee consider consulting with a child
protection liaison officer (CPLO) or child protection advisor (CPA). If you are a DETE
employee consider consulting with a guidance officer or senior guidance officer.
Does the parent’s mental health concern impact or is it likely to impact his/her ability to
meet the child’s needs and/or does the child’s behaviour indicate the significant impact
of parent’s mental health concern?
You are aware that a parent has a mental health concern. Your awareness may
be based on personal observations or credible statements by the child or
another person. Include parents/carers who you reasonably suspect have
mental health signs and symptoms to the extent that these signs and symptoms
are having a negative impact on them (e.g. capacity to fulfil parenting role,
health, finances, relationships, employment, legal issues). Indicators of mental
health concern (examples):
AND
NOTE: If failure to meet needs meets criteria for neglect, use neglect
decision tree first and use this decision tree if you have already ruled
out neglect. NOTE: Do not include education non-attendance unless
relevant.
NOTE: If parent caused significant psychological harm to the child, or is likely to cause
significant psychological harm, use the psychological harm decision tree first and use this
decision tree if you have already ruled out psychological harm.
Is there another parent or caregiver who cares for and protects the child?
You or another person has met with a second parent who lives in the home who does not have
a mental health concern and who provides care and protection appropriate to the child’s needs
including:
Second parent is fully aware of the other parent’s mental health issues and
impact or potential impact on the children;
OR
OR
OR
At least one adult does not have mental health concerns, but does not meet
child’s needs (e.g. emotionally unable, physically unable, financially unable or
legally unable such as Family Court Orders).
OR
Are you aware that family is currently benefiting from services or assistance to address
the mental illness?
You or another person have already had a conversation with either parent
about your concerns and have provided resources for effective
services/interventions, or the family has sought services on their own.
AND
Parent has agreed to services, and based on time elapsed since services were
recommended, has engaged in services.
You are not aware whether the parent is currently receiving services; OR parent indicated
acceptance but after a reasonable period of time has not engaged in services; or, having
engaged in services, is not effectively using services to reduce risk of harm to child. This may
be evidenced by the following:
You or another person has had a conversation with at least one parent about
your concerns, and the parent states that there is no mental health issue in the
home, or acknowledges the issue but states that no services will be pursued.
The family states that they will pursue services, but after a reasonable period
of time has not followed through and the problem continues to have an
adverse impact on the child.
There is at least one complex issue impacting on the child or family’s wellbeing.
Examples of complex issues include, but are not limited to: family violence,
mental illness, substance misuse, learning difficulties, homelessness and poverty
AND/OR;
“YES” may also be considered for a single, non-complex need if the family needs extensive
help to address that need.
The family does not require an intensive case management response but has an
unmet need and would benefit from a direct referral to a support service
targeted at providing support for this need.
If you have a parent concern and are a QH employee consider consulting with a child
protection liaison officer (CPLO) or child protection advisor (CPA). If you are a DETE
employee consider consulting with a guidance officer or senior guidance officer.
You are aware that a parent has an intellectual or cognitive disability. Your
awareness may be based on assessment by relevant professionals, or personal
or credible statements by the child or another person. Include parents/carers
whom you reasonably suspect of having an intellectual or cognitive disability
to the extent that symptoms are having a negative impact on them (e.g. health,
finances, relationships, employment, legal issues).
AND
NOTE: If failure to meet needs meets criteria for neglect, use neglect
decision tree first and use this decision tree if you have already ruled
out neglect. NOTE: do not include education non-attendance unless
relevant.
Are there indicators that there is another parent who can support the parent with an
intellectual or cognitive disability to care for and protect the child?
You or another person has met with a second parent in the home who does not have an
intellectual or cognitive disability or learning impairment and who provides care and
protection appropriate to the child’s needs including:
OR
All adults living with the child have an intellectual or cognitive disability.
OR
At least one adult does not have an intellectual or cognitive disability, but does
not meet child’s needs (e.g. emotionally unable, physically unable, financially
unable or legally unable such as Family Court Orders).
Are you aware that the parent with an intellectual or cognitive disability is currently
benefiting from appropriate supports and services?
You or another person have already had a conversation with either parent
about your concerns and have provided resources for effective
services/interventions, or the family has sought services on their own;
AND
Parent has agreed to services, and based on time elapsed since services were
recommended, has engaged in services.
You are not aware whether the parent is currently receiving or able to access services; or
parent indicated acceptance but after a reasonable period of time has not engaged in services;
or, having engaged in services, is not effectively using services to reduce risk of harm to
child. This may be evidenced by the following:
Indicators that child’s basic living and developmental needs are not being met;
and/or
Absence of services for the parent isolates the parent and/or the child; and/or
You or another person had a conversation with at least one parent about your
concerns, and the parent stated that there is no person with an intellectual or
cognitive disability or learning impairment, or acknowledged the issue but
stated that no services will be pursued.
The family states that they will pursue services, but after a reasonable period
of time has not followed through and the problem continues to have an
adverse impact on the child.
There is at least one complex issue impacting on the child or family’s wellbeing.
Examples of complex issues include, but are not limited to: family violence,
mental illness, substance misuse, learning difficulties, homelessness and poverty
AND/OR;
“YES” may also be considered for a single, non-complex need if the family needs extensive
help to address that need.
The family does not require an intensive case management response but has an
unmet need and would benefit from a direct referral to a support service
targeted at providing support for this need.
If you have a parent concern and are a QH employee consider consulting with a child
protection liaison officer (CPLO) or child protection advisor (CPA). If you are a DETE
employee consider consulting with a guidance officer or senior guidance officer.
Has there been an incident of domestic violence where one or more of the following
occurred and a child normally resides in the home?
One or more parents or adults in the home used a weapon capable of causing
significant injury. For example, a gun, knife, blunt object such as a hammer or
a flammable liquid. Use means that the weapon was deployed (i.e. fired gun,
slashed with knife, swung object, poured flammable liquid) or displayed in a
threatening manner (i.e. pointed gun or showed it implying threat, held knife
or blunt object in threatening manner);
A parent/adult suffered a serious injury during the incident including but not
limited to strangulation, sexual assault, fractures, internal injuries,
disfigurement, burns, death and/or any injury that may require hospitalisation;
A child suffered physical injury during the incident, including bruising, cuts or
burns, or other more severe injuries. The child need not have been the
intended target of the violence, but may have been injured as a result of
proximity to the intended target of the violence (e.g. infant being carried by
the mother) or whilst in the process of running away from/evading the
violence;
Was a child:
Attempting to intervene?
In parent’s arms or close enough proximity to be hurt?
Significantly emotionally/psychologically distressed by incident(s)?
The subject of a previous unborn child report related to domestic
violence?
You have information that whilst mother was pregnant with this child, a report
was made to Child Safety (whether accepted or not) because of concerns
related to domestic violence AND since that report the violence has continued.
AND
No child in the home was the subject of a prenatal report related to domestic
violence, OR if such a report was made, effective steps toward eliminating the
violence have occurred.
The most recent violent incident was, or appears to have been, triggered by a
divorce or separation within an intimate relationship of one or more household
members within the past six months; OR one family member is planning to
separate in the near future; OR a court date to finalise a divorce is imminent;
The aggressor has been stalking (following; aggressive phone, email, text,
mail contact; watching) the parent; OR the aggressor has exhibited other
highly controlling behaviour (persistent isolation from family and friends;
complete control of all money; repeatedly denying access to ceremonies, land,
family, religious observance; forcing people to do things against their beliefs;
repeatedly locking the victim in or outside the house); OR the aggressor has
forced sexual contact on parent;
The aggressor has mental health issues that have resulted in violent or
aggressive behaviour. For example, aggressor is extremely paranoid, not in
touch with reality, hearing or seeing things others do not see; OR aggressor
frequently uses alcohol or other drugs to an extent that he/she becomes violent
and out of control; or
None of the above are present, but one or a combination of several risk factors
suggest that further violence is likely in the near future.
Are you aware the family is currently benefiting from services or assistance to address
domestic violence?
You or another person have already had a conversation with parent about your
concerns and have provided resources for effective supports/services/solutions, or
the family has sought supports/services/solutions on their own. This may include
There is at least one complex issue impacting on the child or family’s wellbeing.
Examples of complex issues include, but are not limited to: family violence,
mental illness, substance misuse, learning difficulties, homelessness and poverty
AND/OR;
“YES” may also be considered for a single, non-complex need if the family needs extensive
help to address that need.
The family does not require an intensive case management response but has an
unmet need and would benefit from a direct referral to a support service
targeted at providing support for this need.
Have you obtained consent from the family to refer directly to services?
The family has given their consent to refer them directly to services.
The family has not given their consent to be referred directly to services.
You are from a particular prescribed entity defined at section 159M of the Child Protection
Act 1999. This includes certain professionals who are employees of:
If you are unsure whether you are from a particular prescribed entity or are a delegated
professional to share information under section 159M, consult with your supervisor before
referring a family without consent.
You are not from a particular prescribed entity such as those listed above.
If you are unsure whether you are from a particular prescribed entity or are a delegated
professional to share information under section 159M, consult with your supervisor.
Consent is required to refer the family for support. Document your concerns. Also consider:
You have enough information about the needs of the family to indicate that an
intensive family support service is the most appropriate service to address the
family’s needs.
CULTURAL NOTES
Working With Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People and Communities
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are overrepresented in the child protection
system for a variety of reasons. As a result of the policies, practices and actions of
government agencies in the past, there continues to be a disproportionate representation of
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in the child protection system. Consultation,
respectful relationships and cultural sensitivity are needed in order to work effectively with
Aboriginal people to ensure the safety of children/young people.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people’s right to participate in the care and protection of
their children is contained in the Child Protection Act 1999. The Child Protection Act 1999
recognises that the safety, welfare and well-being of a child is the paramount consideration
for a reporter or a worker. Consequently, while being aware of cultural sensitivities, the
reporter’s focus must remain on ensuring the safety, welfare and wellbeing of the child as
prescribed by the Act.
If behaviours are occurring that you suspect place a child at risk of significant harm, they
should not be minimised or dismissed on cultural grounds. Likewise, behaviours or practices
that are culturally unfamiliar to a reporter should not be reported if they do not place the child
at risk of harm.
Any cultural information that may assist in the assessment of a case should always be
included in a report.
Workers must focus on the impact of the behaviour or practice on the child and ask, ‘Does
this cause or threaten harm?’
However, behaviours/practices that are influenced by culture should not be reported simply
because they are different or unfamiliar to the reporter, nor should practices be reported
where they do not cause significant harm nor place the child at risk of significant harm.
Reporters with information about the possible bearing of cultural, linguistic, refugee,
migration and/or settlement factors on the case are encouraged to provide this information as
part of their report. This information can assist in the subsequent assessment of the case.
GLOSSARY
Attachment
Attachment is an emotional bond to another person. Psychologist John Bowlby was the first
attachment theorist, describing attachment as a ‘lasting psychological connectedness between
human beings’ (Bowlby, 1969). Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children
with their caregivers have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life.
Complex Needs
Possible indicators of complex and/or multiple needs include:
There is at least one complex issue impacting on the child or family’s wellbeing.
Examples of complex issues include, but are not limited to: family violence,
mental illness, substance misuse, learning difficulties, homelessness and poverty
AND/OR;
“YES” may also be considered for a single, non-complex need if the family needs extensive
help to address that need.
Developmental Delay
Developmental delay usually refers to a developmental lag, meaning that a child’s cognitive
abilities do not match the expectations for his/her chronological age. It is important to note
that children continue to grow and develop over a period of time and at individual rates.
Sometimes development lags because of a physical, visual or hearing impairment; illness or
malnutrition; or other environmental factors. In some cases, when the situation is rectified or
therapy and supports put in place, the developmental delay may be redressed.
Developmental Milestones
Developmental milestones are a set of functional skills or age-specific tasks that most
children can do at a certain age range, and which are used to check on children’s
development. Although each milestone has an age level, the actual age when a normally
developing child reaches that milestone can vary.
2
s207A Criminal Code 1899
The Parent Concern: Domestic Violence decision tree is intended for situations involving
violence toward a child’s parent or another adult in the child’s household. Violence or abuse
directed toward a child should be assessed using the Physical Abuse, Emotional Abuse or
Sexual Abuse trees.
A DVO can also name a relative (including a child) or other associate of the aggrieved for
that person’s protection. A DVO will always state that the respondent must be of good
behaviour toward the aggrieved and any named person and not commit further acts of
domestic violence. Other conditions can be included if necessary, such as prohibiting the
respondent from contacting the aggrieved or a named person, or going within a certain
distance of his/her home or workplace.
Temporary Protection Orders (TPO) are made while the court is still to hear
and decide an application for a protection order.
Harm
Members of the community and mandatory reporters who form a reasonable suspicion that a
child may be in need of protection should report their concerns to the Department of
Communities, Child Safety and Disability Services (Child Safety). The Child Protection Act
19993 (the Act) clarifies that in forming this suspicion the reporter should consider whether
the child:
3
S10 Child Protection Act 1999
May not have a parent able and willing to protect the child from harm.
Section 13C of the Act provides guidance on what to consider in identifying significant harm
and developing a reasonable suspicion that a child may not have a parent able and willing to
protect him/her. For example, it considers the detrimental effects on the child’s body or
psychological state and their nature and severity, the child’s age and the reporter’s
professional knowledge.
Household Member
A household member is any person who has significant in-home contact with the child,
including those who have a familial or intimate relationship with any person in the home.
This includes stepparents or partners of a parent living with the child who may not be the
child’s primary parent.
Mandatory Reporter
Sections 13E and 13F of the Act specify certain professionals who must report a reasonable
suspicion that a child may be in need of protection as a result of significant physical or sexual
abuse. Mandatory reporters include doctors, registered nurses, approved teachers, certain
police officers, officers of the Public Guardian, employees of the Department of
Communities, Child Safety and Disability Services and employees of licensed care services.
It should be noted that Mandatory Reporters should also report a reasonable suspicion that a
child is in need of protection caused by any other type of abuse.
Psychological, social or economic problems within the family almost always play a role in
the cause of NOFTT. Emotional or maternal deprivation is often related to nutritional
deprivation. The mother or primary carer may neglect proper feeding of the infant because of
preoccupation with the demands or care of others, her own emotional problems, substance
abuse, lack of knowledge about proper feeding or lack of understanding of the infant’s needs.
Organic failure to thrive is caused by medical complications of premature birth or other
illnesses that interfere with feeding and normal bonding activities between parents and
infants.
Parent
A parent of a child is defined4 as the child’s mother, father or someone else (other than the
chief executive) having or exercising parental responsibility for the child. However, a person
standing in the place of a parent of a child on a temporary basis is not a parent of the child. A
parent of an Aboriginal child includes a person who, under Aboriginal tradition, is regarded
as a parent of the child. A parent of a Torres Strait Islander child includes a person who,
under island custom, is regarded as a parent of the child.
Procuring Prostitution5
A person who procures another person to engage in prostitution, either in Queensland or
elsewhere, is procuring prostitution. ‘Procuring’ includes knowingly enticing or recruiting for
the purposes of sexual exploitation.
The Department of Communities, Child Safety and Disability Services is licensed to reproduce, install and
display SDM materials for internal purposes. Any modification or addition has to be approved by the National
Council on Crime and Delinquency (NCCD). NCCD will then grant a licence to use such agreed upon
modifications or additions for internal purposes only.
4
s11 Child Protection Act 1999
5
s229G Criminal Code 1899