Numbers

Numbers Upto 5 Digit Numbers.

1. The largest 3 digit number is 999. It is written as ‘nine hundred ninety nine’. When we add 1 to it, we
get the smallest 4 digit number, that is 1,000. It is read as ‘one thousand’.

Th H T O
(Thousands) (Hundreds) (Tens) (Ones)
9 9 9
+ 1
= 1 0 0 0

We have shown the addition in the above place value chart.

2. We know that the largest 4 digit number is 9,999. It is read as nine thousand nine hundred ninety nine.
However, when we add 1 to it, we get the smallest five digit number, which is written as 10,000. In
words, it is written as ten thousands. Similarly the largest five digit number is 99,999. It is also read as
ninety nine thousand nine hundred ninety nine.

TTh Th H T O
(Ten (Thousands) (Hundreds) (Tens) (Ones)
thousands)
9 9 9 9
+ 1
1 0 0 0 0

In this section, we will only learn upto five digit numbers. We will also learn to write number names,
expanded forms and writing the numbers when the number names are given and forming numbers.

Please note that the numbers like 2,499; 35,899; 23,678 and so on are called numbers. Numbers are made
of some symbols. For example, 2499 is made of 2, 4, 9; 35899 is made of 3, 5, 8 and 9; 23678 is made of
2, 3, 6, 7 and 8. The symbols are called digits. Numbers are only made of digits 0 to 9. In fact, there are
only nine digits in number system. We have written the above numbers in Hindu Arabic System. We
can also write numbers in another system called Roman Numeral System, or simply Roman Numbers.
Roman numbers we will learn later in this chapter. We are now going to learn expanded forms and
standard forms of a number (or numeral).

Expanded Forms.

Separating the value of each digit of a number is called expanded form.

Example 1. Write the expanded forms of (i) 32,449 (ii) 4,298 (iii) 49,558.
Solution. (i) In the number 32,499 we have 5 digits therefore it is a 5 digit numeral (or number) which
is made of digits 3, 2, 4, 9 and 9. However, the value of digit is different. That is, when we
place this number in place value chart, we will see that 3, 2, 4, 9 and 9 lies in ten
thousands (TTh), thousands (Th), hundreds (H), tens (T) and ones (O) respectively. So we
can say that there values are different.

When we write 1 in ten thousands, thousands, hundreds, tens and ones place in a place
value chart, their values will be 10,000; 1,000; 100; 10; and 1 respectively. So when 3, 2,
4, 4, and 9 lies on their respective places, their value will be:

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 3 × 10,000 + 2 × 1,000 + 4 × 100 + 4 × 10 + 9 × 1
= 30,000 + 2,000 + 400 + 40 + 9
= 32449.
∴ The expanded form of 32449 is 3 × 10,000 + 2 × 1,000 + 4 × 100 + 4 × 10 + 9 × 1
(or 30,000 + 2,000 + 400 + 40 + 9). Please note that we can write any of the expanded
forms above.
(ii) 4,298 = 4000 + 200 + 90 + 8.
(iii) 49,558 = 40000 + 9000 + 500 + 50 + 8.

Example 2. Give the expanded forms of the numbers and then read the numbers.
(i) 32,899
(ii) 20,289
(iii) 21,450
(iv) 22,123
Solution. (i) 32,889 = 30,000 + 2,000 + 800 + 80 + 9
It is read as ‘thirty two thousand eight hundred eighty nine’.
(ii) 20,289 = 20,000 + 200 + 80 + 9
It is read as ‘twenty thousand two hundred eighty nine’.
(iii) 21,450 = 20,000 + 1,000 + 400 + 50
It is read as ‘twenty one thousand four hundred fifty’.
(iv) 22,123 = 20,000 + 2,000 + 100 + 20 + 3.
It is read as ‘twenty two thousand one hundred twenty three’.

Please note that in example 2 (ii) and (iii) we have omitted the zeros. It does not change the values, in the
fact that 0 does not have any value.

Standard Form.

The number itself is its standard form.

Therefore, when we add the expanded forms of the number, we get the standard form.

Example 3. Write the standard form of 2 × 10000 + 3 × 1000 + 4 × 100 + 5 × 10.

Solution. Note that in the question we have only given upto tens place, that is, ones place is omitted.
Therefore it is understood that one’s place have 0.
2 × 10000 + 3 × 1000 + 4 × 100 + 5 × 10
= 20,000 + 3,000 + 400 + 50 = 23,450.

Other ways of writing expanded forms.

We can also write expanded form in power notation (or in exponent notation). Before we go further, we
must know what exponents are. When a number is multiplied many times (for example: 2 × 2 × 2),
instead of writing the long multiplication, in short form, we can write the multiplication in the form of
exponent. Therefore:
Exponents = nnumberoftimesnrepreated

Consider a number x. A multiplication has a number x, in a form of multiplication like: x × x × x.

Here we can see the number x is multiplied itself by 3 times, and therefore in short form it can be written
as x3 (as shown above). The notation x3 is an exponential notation. We will now learn how to write
expanded forms in the form of exponents.

Consider a number 25,992. Its expanded form can be written as (in long form):
2 × 10,000 + 5 × 1,000 + 9 × 100 + 9 × 10 + 2 × 1
 2 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 + 5 × 10 × 10 × 10 + 9 × 10 × 10 + 9 × 10 + 2 × 1
 2 × 104 + 5 × 103 + 9 × 102 + 9 × 101 + 2 × 100. (in exponential form)

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Comparison.

1. If x is greater than y, then x > y,

2. If x is smaller than y, then x < y (y is greater in this case)
3. If x = z and y = z, since z = z, x = y.

Example 4. Compare 25,569 and 25,869.

Solution. We have placed 25,569 and 25,869 in the place value chart on shown. We examined each of
the digits of number. Result is: There is no change in ten thousands, thousands, tens and
ones place in the two numbers. But we have a change in the hundreds place (abbreviated as
H in place value chart) as 5 is not equal 8. Moreover we can see that 8 > 5, so 25,569 <
25,869.

TTh Th H T O
2 5 5 6 9
2 5 8 6 9

Change

Example 5. Compare 8695 and 2398.

Solution. On examining that 8 and 2 has a change in their value as 8 > 2. So, 8695 > 2398.

Ascending and Descending Orders.

In our earlier section, we have learnt how to compare numbers. With this ability, we can also represent a
pattern, that is, starting with greater number and ending with smaller numbers or starting with
smaller number and ending with smaller numbers. These types of arrangements respectively are called
ascending and descending orders. Please note that ascending and descending order can be also called as
increasing and descending orders respectively. Also note that ascending and descending order of
numbers are reverse arrangements of each other.

We will now solve some examples to illustrate the orders.

Example 6. Arrange the following in descending order.

23, 695; 56,789; 12,234; 80,087
Solution. As descending order means ‘starting from greatest and ending with smaller’ (as discussed
above); we will follow the same rule, ie., we will start with greater number and the end with
smaller numbers.
23,695 ; 56,789 ; 12,234 ; 80,087

80,087 ; 56,789 ; 23,695 ; 12,234

Example 7. Arrange in ascending order: 2349, 5678, 1234, 9876.

Solution. Smallest number is 1234. So we will begin with 1234. The 2nd and 3rd smallest number
after 1234 is 2349 and 5678 respectively. The greatest number is 9876. So the ascending
order of the set of number is 1234, 2349, 5678, and 9876.

Roman Numerals.

Roman numerals have been invented by Romans before many years ago. This system of numeration
(numeration means writing numbers) is completely different from Hindu Arabic system. There are 7 basic

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Roman numeral digits which are given in the table of next page and the value assigned to them is also
written. On the basis of the 7 symbols, larger Roman numerals are written.

Roman I V X L C D M
Numerals
Meaning 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000
(In Hindu
Arabic
System)

There are also some rules to write Roman Numerals. The rules are :

1. Roman numerals I, X, C, and M can be repeated only 3 times.

2. Roman numerals V, L, D are never repeated.
3. V, L, and M are never subtracted.
4. If a numeral is placed before any numeral, it means subtraction. Please note that it is only meant if a
smaller numeral is placed before. For example, XL means (50 - 10), ie., 40. Observe that X < L.
5. If a smaller numeral placed after any larger numeral, it means addition. For example, LX means (50 +
10), which denotes the number 60.

Writing Roman Numerals.

Example 8. Write the Roman numeral of :

(i) 23
(ii) 8
(iii) 48
(iv) 78.
Solution. We will write each number in expanded form and then write them into Roman numbers.
(i) 23 = 20 + 3 = XX + III = XXIII.
(ii) 8 = 5 + 3 = VIII.
(iii) 48 = 40 + 8 = XL + VIII = XVIII.
(iv) 78 = 50 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 3 = L + X + X + V + III = LXXVIII.

Example 9. Write (i) 2592, (ii) 397 (iii) 492, (iv) 589 in Roman numerals.
Solution. (i) 2592 = 2000 + 500 + 90 + 2 = MM + D + XC + II = MMDXCII.
(ii) 397 = 300 + 90 + 7 = CCCXCVII.
(iii) 492 = 400 + 90 + 2 = CDXCII.
(iv) 589 = 500 + 80 + 9 = DLXXXIX.

Example 10. Write the Roman numeral for

(i) 3097
(ii) 2345
(iii) 1890
(iv) 2934
Solution. (i) 3097 = 3000 + 90 + 7 = MMMXCVII.
(ii) 2345 = 2000 + 300 + 40 + 5 = MMCCCXLV.
(iii) 1890 = 1000 + 800 + 90 = MDCCCXC.

Example 11. Write the Hindu Arabic Numerals for

(i) XXXII
(ii) LXXVIII
(iii) DCCCXCII
(iv) CCLXIX
(v) MXXIII
(vi) MMMCMXCII.

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Solution. (i) XXXII = XXX + II = 30 + 2 = 32.
(ii) LXXVIII = L + XX + VIII = 50 + 20 + 8 = 78.
(iii) DCCCXCII = D + CCC + XC + II = 500 + 300 + 90 + 2 = 892.
(iv) CCLXIX = CC + LX + IX = 200 + 60 + 9 = 269.
(v) MXXIII = M + XX + III = 1000 + 20 + 3 = 1023.
(vi) MMMCMXCII = MMM + CM + XCII
= 3000 + 900 + 92 = 3992.

Please note that in Roman numerals, there is no sign for 0.

Place and Face Value of Numbers.

Place value is the value of digit of any number.

Face value of a digit of a number is the digit itself.

Example 12. Find the sum of place value of all fours in 45,464.
Solution. We can see that in the number 45,464 there is 3 4’s but their values are different. The first
four is placed in ten thousands place, the second 4 is placed in the hundreds place and the
last four is placed in the ones place. So their values respectively are 40,000; 400 and 4
respectively.
∴ Total value of the place value of 4’s = 40,000 + 400 + 4 = 40,404.

Example 13. What is the difference between place value and face value of 5 in 56,890 ?
Solution. As 5 in 56,890 lies in ten thousands place, its place value is 5 × 10,000, ie., 50,000 and the
face value is 5 only.
∴ Required difference = 50,000 - 5 = 49,995.

Why we Put Commas between numbers.

We have written 5 and 4 digit numbers by putting commas. We will now discuss why we put these
commas between the digits.

We put commas in the digits of the numbers because to separate each digit according to its periods.
Before we go further, we need to know what ‘periods’ are. In the number 39,321; the placement of 3 and
9 respectively is in ten thousands and thousands places. Now, as there both values are thousands and 10 ×
thousand, there are separated by thousands period. Also 3, 2 and 1 placement is in places of hundreds,
tens and ones respectively. If there is 1 instead of them, their place values will be 100 × 1, 10 × 1, and 1
× 1, there are separated by ones period. So, to separate them we insert commas. Please note that we can
also separate them without applying commas. Instead, we can leave some space between the periods. For
example, without writing 39,321 we can also write as 39 321 (by leaving space).

Numbers from 6 to 8 digits.

In our earlier sections we have only discussed the operations and about the numbers of 4 to 5 digit. We
will now discuss 6 to 8 digit. And then in our next section we will discuss 9 to 11 digit numbers. Let us
now discuss 6 to 8 digit.

1. We have learnt that the largest (or greatest) 5 digit number is 99,999. It is read has ninety nine
thousand nine hundred ninety nine. Now, if we add 1 to 99,999; the result will be the smallest 6 digit
number, that is 100000. It is read as one lakh. According to the periods, here one new period is
inserted, that is; the lakhs period. According to period it is thus written has 1,00,000.

2. Similarly, the largest 6 digit number is 9,99,999. It is read as nine lakh ninety nine thousand nine
hundred ninety nine. Now if we add 1 to the largest 6 digit number of 9,99,999; we will get the
smallest or least 7 digit number, that is 1000000 which is read as 10 lakh. It is written as 10,00,000
(according to periods). We can also say that 10,00,000 = 10 × 1,00,000.

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3. Similarly the largest (or greatest) 7 digit number is 99,99,999 which is read as ninety nine lakh ninety
nine thousand nine hundred ninety nine. Now if we add 1 to the number 99,99,999 (which is the
greatest seven digit number), we will get the smallest 8 digit number, that is, 1,00,00,000. Also one
new period as been inserted, that is, the crores period. This number (smallest 8 digit number) is read is
1 crore.

We will do similar operations as we have done in case of 4 to 5 digit numbers. Please note that we
will not show Roman numerals because it is not meant for writing higher numbers. Except
numerals, we will show all concepts.

Expanded Form and Number Names.

Example 14. Write the number name of the following numerals:

(i) 2,78,234
(ii) 1,29,800
(iii) 9,93,902
(iv) 8,23,987
(v) 8,45,678
(vi) 90,45,678
(vii) 81,32,890
(viii) 92,23,545
(ix) 90,23,879
(x) 65,23,123
(xi) 9,23,90,124
(xii) 1,26,12,987
(xiii) 7,89,23,240
(xiv) 3,23,23,500
(xv) 7,23,56,123
Solution. (i) 2,78,234 : Two lakh seventy eight thousand two hundred thirty four.
(ii) 1,29,800 : One lakh twenty nine thousand eight hundred.
(iii) 9,93,902 : Nine lakh ninety three thousand nine hundred two.
(iv) 8,23,987 : Eight lakh twenty three thousand nine hundred eighty seven.
(v) 8,45,678 : Eight lakh forty five thousand six hundred seventy eight.
(vi) 90,45,678 : Ninety lakh forty five thousand six hundred seventy eight.
(vii) 81,32,890 : Eighty one lakh thirty two thousand eight hundred ninety.
(viii) 92,23,545 : Ninety two lakh twenty three thousand five hundred forty five.
(ix) 90,23,879 : Ninety lakh twenty three thousand eight hundred seventy nine.
(x) 65,23,123 : Sixty five lakh twenty three thousand one hundred twenty three.
(xi) 9,23,90,124 : Nine crore twenty three lakh ninety thousand one hundred twenty four.
(xii) 1,26,12,987 : One crore twenty six lakh twelve thousand nine hundred eighty seven.
(xiii) 7,89,23,240 : Seven crore eighty nine lakh twenty three thousand two hundred forty.
(xiv) 3,23,23,500 : Three crore twenty three lakh twenty three thousand five hundred.
(xv) 7,23,56,123 : Seven crore twenty three lakh fifty six thousand one hundred twenty
three.

Example 15. Write the number name and the expanded form of the numbers.
(i) 8,99,900
(ii) 2,45,567
(iii) 38,99,234
(iv) 32,45,099
(v) 20,45,540
(vi) 21,43,789
(vii) 90,23,134
(viii) 9,29,89,124
(ix) 9,12,78,891
(x) 3,12,45,678

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Solution. (i) 8,99,900 : Eight lakh ninety nine thousand nine hundred.
= 8,00,000 + 90,000 + 9,000 + 900
(ii) 2,45,567 : Two lakh forty five thousand five hundred sixty seven.
= 2,00,000 + 40,000 + 5,000 + 500 + 60 + 7
(iii) 38,99,234 : Thirty eight lakh ninety nine thousand two hundred thirty four.
= 30,00,000 + 8,00,000 + 90,000 + 9,000 + 200 + 30 + 4
(iv) 32,45,099 : Thirty two lakh forty five thousand ninety nine.
= 30,00,000 + 2,00,000 + 40,000 + 5,000 + 90 + 9
(v) 20,45,540 : Twenty lakh forty five thousand five hundred forty.
= 20,00,000 + 40,000 + 5,000 + 500 + 40
(vi) 21,43,789 : Twenty one lakh forty three thousand seven hundred eighty nine.
= 20,00,000 + 1,00,000 + 40,000 + 3,000 + 700 + 80 + 9
(vii) 90,23,134 : Ninety lakh twenty three thousand one hundred thirty four.
= 90,00,000 + 20,000 + 3,000 + 100 + 30 + 4
(viii) 9,29,89,124 : Nine crore twenty nine lakh eighty nine thousand one hundred twenty
four.
= 9,00,00,000 + 20,00,000 + 9,00,000 + 80,000 + 9,000 + 100 + 20 + 4
(ix) 9,12,78,891 : Nine crore twelve lakh seventy eight thousand eight hundred ninety
one.
= 9,00,00,000 + 10,00,000 + 2,00,000 + 70,000 + 8,000 + 800 + 90 + 1
(x) 3,12,45,678 : Three crore twelve lakh forty five thousand six hundred seventy eight.
= 3,00,00,000 + 10,00,000 + 2,00,000 + 40,000 + 5,000 + 600 + 70 + 8

Ascending and Descending orders

Example 16. Arrange (i) and (ii) in ascending and descending orders respectively.
(i) 3,12,982 ; 34,12,900 ; 6,78,234 ; 89,12,345.
(ii) 3,89,12,345 ; 9,87,12,345 ; 7,89,23,450 ; 98,78,123.
Solution. (i) 3,12,982 ; 34,12,900 ; 6,78,234 ; 89,12,345

3,12,982 ; 6,78,234 ; 34,12,900 ; 89,12,345

(ii) 3,89,12,345 ; 9,87,12,345 ; 7,89,23,450 ; 98,78,123

9,87,12,345 ; 7,89,23,450 ; 3,89,12,345 ; 98,78,123

Formation of Numbers by the given digits.

We can also form numbers by given digits. In this type of questions, some digits will be given, and we
have to form the greatest and smallest number having the specific number of digits. Please note that when
we are given to form smallest number, we will arrange the digits in ascending order (lowest to highest)
and when we are given to form the greatest number, we will arrange the digits in descending order, which
is just the reverse of ascending order (highest to lowest). We will understand this more clearly after
looking at the examples. Please note that in this type of questions we may have to repeat the digits (in
case when we have to form larger digit numbers and only two or three numbers are given to form the
number) and we may not have to repeat the digits (in case when the number of digits given to form the
number and the number of digits in the number are equal). We have given some examples below which
will help us to clear the concepts easily. First we have given to form numbers without repeating any of the
digits given and then we have given to repeat any of the digits (greatest digits should be repeated in case
of forming greatest number and smallest number should be repeated in case of forming smaller numbers)
to form the greatest or the smallest numbers.

Example 17. Form the greatest 6 digit and 5 digit number using the digits 9, 7, 0, 8, 6 and 5 (it is
not necessary that you have to use all the digits).
Solution. For forming the greatest 6 digit number, we will arrange those digits in descending order
(as discussed above). The digits which are given in descending order are: 9, 8, 7, 6, 5 and 0.

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 ∴ Greatest 6 digit number formed = 987650.
As it is not necessary to use all the digits (as given in the question), for the largest 5 digit
number, we will only take the greatest numbers in the set of numbers which are given. The
greatest numbers in the given set of number is 9, 8, 7, 6 and 5. As we have taken the greatest
5 digit numbers in the series (we have omitted 0 because it is the least), we will form the
greatest 5 digit number by only those numbers. As they are already in descending order (9 >
8 > 7 > 6 > 5) we will drop the commas and then write it as the largest (or greatest) 5 digit
number.
∴ Greatest 5 digit number formed = 98765.

Example 18. Find the difference between the greatest and the smallest 8 digit numbers formed by
any 3 digits.
Solution. In this type of questions, we have to repeat the digits.

For the greatest 8 digit number, we will take greatest 3 digits from 1 - 9, that is, 9, 8 and 7.
Out of these three numerals (or numbers) we have to find the greatest 8 digit number. As
the greatest number among 9, 8 and 7 is 9, we will repeat 9 as many times required. We can
see that we can write 9 only 6 times, so the greatest number formed is: 99999987.
Similarly, for the smallest 8 digit number, we will take 0, 1, and 2 to form the number. 0 is
the smallest among 0, 1 and 2 so as above we have wrote 9 only 6 times, we will also write
0 only 6 times. Now, if we place 0 before 1, the number formed will become a two digit
number (as 0 does not have any value). So, we have to place 1 and then we will place 0. So,
the number formed is: 10000002.

∴ The difference between the number is 99999987 - 10000002 = 89999985.

Example 19. You are given with numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. How many 5 digits number you can
form?
Solution. We have to write the total possible combinations.
∴ Total number of 5 digits formed = 5 × 5 = 25.

Miscellaneous Examples (4 - 8 digit numbers).

Example 20. How many 4 digit numbers we have in our number system?
Solution. Greatest four digit number = 9999
Smallest four digit number = 1000
∴ Number of 4 digit numbers = (9999 - 1000) + 1 = 9000.

Example 21. Using any three digits, form the greatest 7 digit number. Use the following conditions:
The greatest numeral will be at last.
Solution. We have to use 9, 8, and 7. We have to keep 9 at the last. Therefore we will begin with 8.
∴ Greatest 7 digit number formed = 8888897.

Example 22. How many 3 digit numbers we have with 9 at the tens place?
Solution. Number of digits with 9 at tens place from 100 to 200 = 199 - 190 + 1 = 10.
∴ Number of numbers with 9 at tens from 100 - 999 = (10 × 9) = 90.

Example 23. Place 8,92,90,123 on a place value chart and write its number name and expanded
form.
Solution.

C TL L TTh Th H T O
(Crore) (Ten (Lakh) (Ten (Thousand) (Hundred) (Tens) (Ones)
lakh) thousand)
8 9 2 9 0 1 2 3

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 Expanded form : 8,00,00,000 + 90,00,000 + 2,00,000 + 90,000 + 100 + 20 + 3
Number name : Eight crore ninety two lakh ninety thousand one hundred twenty three.

Example 24. Find the value of MMDCCXCIV + MMMDCCCXLIX (In Hindu Arabic System).
Solution. MMDCCXCIV = MM + DCC + XC + IV = 2000 + 700 + 90 + 4 = 2794.
MMMDCCCXLIV = MMM + DCCC + XL + IV = 3000 + 800 + 40 + 4 = 3844.
∴ Required sum = 2794 + 3844 = 6638.

Example 25. What is the value of x in the following sum?

2,00,000 + 50,000 + x + 300 + 20 + 1 = 2,54,321
Solution. 2,00,000 + 50,000 + x + 300 + 20 + 1 = 2,54,321
= 2,50,000 + x + 321 = 2,54,321
= 2,50,000 + 321 + x = 2,54,321
= 2,50,321 + x = 2,54,321
= x = 2,54,321 - 2,50,321 = 4000.

Example 26. Ram is 60 years old and Karan is 19 years more than Ram. Find their sum of ages in
Roman numerals.
Solution. Age of Ram = 60 years ∴ Age of Karan = 60 + 19 years = 79 years.
∴ Sum of ages of them = 60 + 79 = 139.
139 = 100 + 30 + 9 = C + XXX + IX = CXXXIX.

Example 27. Identify the number.

1. It is a 4 digit number.
2. Its ten digit if 6.
3. Its ones digit is smallest even prime number.
4. Its thousands digit is half of the ones digit.
5. Its hundreds digit is 1/3rd of the tens digit.
Solution. Ones digit of the number = Even prime number = 2.
Tens digit of the number = 6.
Hundreds digit of the number = 1/3 × 6 = 2.
Thousands digit of the number = 1/2 × 2 = 1.
∴ The number is 1262.

Example 28. Find the difference between sum of place value of 4 and 3 in the number 4,34,34,343.
Solution. Sum of place values of 4 = 4,00,000 + 4,00,000 + 4,000 + 40 = 4,04,04,040.
Sum of place values of 3 = 30,00,000 + 30,000 + 300 + 3 = 30,30,303.
∴ Required difference = 4,04,04,040 - 30,30,303 = 3,73,73,737.

Example 29. Find the value of XXXVI - XXIV + LXIV.

Solution. XXXVI - XXIV + LXIV = 36 - 24 + 64 = 100 - 24 = 76.

Example 30. Write the Roman numerals of:

(i) 2529
(ii) 3603
(iii) 671
(iv) 780
(v) 1230.
Solution. (i) 2529 = 2000 + 500 + 20 + 9
= MM + D + XX + IX = MMDXXIX.
(ii) 3603 = 3000 + 600 + 3
= MMM + DC + III = MMMDCIII.
(iii) 671 = 600 + 70 + 1
= DC + LXX + I = DCLXXI.
(iv) 780 = 700 + 80
= DCC + LXXX = DCCLXXX.

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 (v) 1230 = 1000 + 200 + 30
= M + CC + XXX = MCCXXX.

Example 31. With the numbers 1 and 2,

(i) Find the greatest 4 digit number.
(ii) Find the smallest 4 digit number.
(iii) Find the difference between them.
(iv) Write the number name and expanded form of the largest and the greatest
numbers.
(v) Write the number name and expanded form of the difference.
(vi) Write the Roman number of the greatest and smallest number.
(vii) Write the Roman number of the difference.
Solution. (i) Greatest number = 2221.
(ii) Smallest number = 1112.
(iii) Difference = 2221 - 1112 = 1109.
(iv) For the largest number,
Number name : Two thousand two hundred twenty one.
Expanded form : 2,000 + 200 + 20 + 1.
For the smallest number,
Number name : One thousand one hundred twelve.
Expanded form : 1,000 + 100 + 10 + 2.
(v) Difference = 1109
Number name : One thousand one hundred nine.
Expanded form : 1,000 + 100 + 9.
(vi) For the largest number,
2221 = 2000 + 200 + 20 + 1
= MM + CC + XX + I
= MMCCXXI.
For the smallest number,
1112 = 1000 + 100 + 10 + 2
= M + C + X + II
= MCXII.
(vii) Difference = 1109
1109 = 1000 + 100 + 9
= M + C + IX
= MCIX.

Example 32. How many natural numbers are there between 60 and 100?
Solution. Number of naturals numbers = (100 - 60) + 1 = 40 + 1 = 41.

Example 33. Find the difference of the numbers. Write the difference in Roman numerals.
(i) 650 - 336
(ii) 772 - 89
(iii) 880 - 630
(iv) 892 - 432
(v) 900 - 234
(vi) 896 - 233
(vii) 990 - 433
(viii) 800 - 250
(ix) 9820 - 8510
(x) 3200 - 1200.
Solution. (i) 650 - 336 = 314
314 = 300 + 10 + 4
= CCC + X + IV
= CCCXIV.

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 (ii) 772 - 89 = 683
683 = 600 + 80 + 3
= DC + LXXX + III
= DCLXXXIII.
(iii) 880 - 630 = 250
250 = 200 + 50
= CC + L
= CCL.
(iv) 892 - 432 = 460
460 = 400 + 60
= CD + LX
= CDLX.
(v) 900 - 234 = 666
666 = 600 + 60 + 6
= DC + LX + VI
= DCLXVI.
(vi) 896 - 233 = 663.
663 = 600 + 60 + 3
= DC + LX + III
= DCLXIII.
(vii) 990 - 433 = 557
557 = 500 + 50 + 7
= D + L + VII
= DLVII.
(viii) 800 - 250 = 550
550 = 500 + 50
=D+L
= DL.
(ix) 9820 - 8510 = 1310
1310 = 1000 + 300 + 10
= M + CCC + X
= MCCCX.
(x) 3200 - 1200 = 2000
2000 = 1000 + 1000
= MM.

Operations on 4 - 8 digit numbers.

In this section, we will learn operations on 4 - 8 digit numbers. The four basic operations on numbers are
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

Addition.

Example 34. Add : 28,920 + 32,567 + 89,123 + 90,854.

Solution. We first arrange the numbers in column and then operate the sum.

2 8, 9 2 0
+ 3 2, 5 6 7
+ 8 9, 1 2 3
+ 9 0, 8 5 4
2, 4 1, 4 6 4
∴ 28,920 + 32,567 + 89,123 + 90,854 = 2,41,464.

11
Example 35. Subtract 8,00,00,000 - 79,82,676.
Solution.

7 9 9 9 9 9 9 10
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- 7 9 8 2 6 7 6
7 2 0 1 7 3 2 4

∴ 8,00,00,000 - 79,82,676 = 7,20,17,324.

Example 36. Multiply 26034 × 8529.

Solution.
26034
× 8529
234306
+ 520680
+ 13017000
+ 208272000
222043986

Example 37. Divide 130876 ÷ 92.

Solution. 1422
92 ) 130876
- 92
388
- 368
207
- 184
236
-184
52
∴ Quotient = 1420, Remainder = 52.

Division Algorithm

Division algorithm is used to check the division whether it is correct or not. Division Algorithm states
that:
Dividend = Quotient × Divisor + Remainder.

Let us check the above problem done. For that problem,

Quotient = 1422, Remainder = 52 and Divisor = 92
Quotient × Divisor + Remainder = 1422 × 92 + 52 = 130824 + 52 = 130876
Since 130876 = Dividend, the above division is correct.

Please note that we should also check if the remainder is smaller than the divisor. In case, the remainder is
greater than the divisor, the division is wrong. For the above division, since 52 (remainder) < 92 (divisor),
the division is correct. For a correct division, both the properties we should check.

Problems on Division Algorithm.

Example 38. In a division, the dividend was 302, the remainder was 50 and the quotient was 3. Find
the divisor, if the division is correct.
Solution. Let the divisor be x. Then we have,
302 = 3x + 50
= 3x = 302 - 50

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 = 3x = 252 = x = 84.
∴ The divisor is 84.

Word Problems.

Example 39. Cost of 50 railway ticket is Rs. 40,000. If 26 people are going, then how much money
is collected by railway?
Solution. Cost of 50 railway tickets = Rs. 40,000
∴ Cost of 1 railway ticket = Rs. 800
∴ Cost of 26 tickets = Rs. (800 × 26) = Rs. 20,800
Rs. 20,800 is collected by the railway.

Example 40. Cost of 1 ticket to a museum is Rs. 265. If 567 people and 235 people visited on
Monday and Tuesday, then how much money is collected by the museum in this two
days?
Solution. Money collected by museum on Monday = Rs. (567 × 265) = Rs. 150255.
Money collected by museum on Tuesday = Rs. (235 × 265) = Rs. 62275.
∴ Total money collected by museum = Rs. 150255 + Rs. 62275 = Rs. 212530.
Alternative method: We can also work out directly like:
Total number of people visited = 567 + 235 = 802 people.
∴ Total money collected by museum = Rs. (802 × 265) = Rs. 212530.

Example 41. A milkman supplies milk to a hostel in a charge of Rs. 285 per litre. If the hostel
manager purchases 200 litre of milk in evening and 450 litre of milk in morning,
then what amount of money he will give to the milkman ?
Solution. Total milk purchased = 200 litre + 450 litre = 650 litre.
∴ Total money the milkman gets = Rs. (285 × 650) = Rs. 1,85,250.

Example 42. In 35 days, in a zoo, 69,475 people visited. If the rate of visiting people is same every
day, then how many people have visited in each day ?
Solution. In 35 days, 69,475 people visited the zoo.
∴ In 1 day, (69,475 ÷ 35) visited the zoo, ie., 1,985 people visited zoo.
1,985
35 ) 69,475
- 35
344
- 315
297
- 280
175
- 175
0

Example 43. A tempo can carry 42 boxes which weighing 356 g and a lorry can carry 56 boxes of
128 g each. Find the total weight carried by both vehicles in kilograms (kg).
Solution. Total weight carried by tempo = (42 × 356) g = 14,952 g.
Total weight carried by lorry = (56 × 128) g = 7,168 kg.
∴ Total weight carried by both vehicles = 14,952 g + 7,168 g = 22,120 g
∴ Weight in kilograms = 22,120 g = 22.12 kg.

Example 44. In a school function, 43 girls planted 8 saplings each and 44 boys planted 9 saplings
each. If this event continues a week, then how many saplings are planted ? If each
sapling needs 10 mL of water, then how much water is utilized?

Solution. 1 week = 7 days.

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 Number of saplings planted by girls = (43 × 8) = 344
Number of saplings planted by boys = (44 × 9) = 396
∴ Total number of saplings planted by children in 1 day
= 344 + 396
∴ Total number of saplings planted by children in 1 week (ie., 7 days)
= 7 × (344 + 396)
= 7 × 740
= 5180
∴ Total number of water used = 5180 × 10 mL = 51800 mL.

Identifying numbers in Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division sentence.

Example 45. What is the value of ? in the given sentence.

45678 + 234567 + 987565 + ? = 1364135
Solution. 45678 + 234567 + 987565 + ? = 1364135
 1267810 + ? = 1364135
 ? = 1364135 - 1267810 = 96325.

Example 46. Find the value of A in the following: 1A × 7 = 84.

Solution. 1 A × 7 = 84
= 1A = 12
= A = 2.

Example 47. Identify the lettered numbers in:

36A
× 108
2920
+ 0000
+ 36A00
394 20
Solution. In the 1st step, we have
36A × 8 = 2920
 36A = 2920 ÷ 8 = 365  A = 5.

Mixed Operations.

In case if a problem has addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, we should simplify as follows:

1. Division, D
2. Multiplication, M
3. Addition, A
4. Subtract S

If division stands for D, multiplication stands for M, addition stands for A and subtraction stands for S,
the rule formed is DMAS. We should apply the rule of DMAS in solving mixed operations concluding
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. We have given some examples below.

Example 48. Evaluate : 9 × 3 - 6 ÷ 3 + 2.

Solution. 9×3-6÷3+2 (performing division)
=9×3-2+2 (performing multiplication)
= 27 - 2 + 2 (performing addition)
= 29 - 2 (performing subtraction)
= 27.

14
In case there is problem with the word ‘of’, performing of first. Please note that ‘of’ works like
multiplication.

Problems Involving Brackets.

We have three types of brackets, which are: (), {} and []. These brackets are called as: parentheses, braces
and brackets, respectively. The rule BODMAS helps us to solve problems with brackets. In BODMAS, B,
O, D, M, A, and S stands for brackets, of, division, multiplication, addition and subtraction. So, the
problems should be solved in the given sequence.

We will now discuss how to treat the brackets. In the previous paragraph we have already understood that
there are three types of brackets, namely, parentheses, braces and brackets. And we also knew that in the
mixed problems involving brackets, we should first operate the brackets. We will first treat the inner most
bracket (parentheses), then the outer bracket (braces) and then the outermost bracket (called as bracket
only.) We have given an expression which represents how to treat brackets. Please note that we should
always treat the brackets as: first solving the inner most and then the outer most.
[{(x)}] = x.

We have given some examples to illustrate such problems.

Example 49. Evaluate: [80 - {8 × 2 - 4 of 5 (9 of 8 ÷ 4)}].

Solution. [80 - {8 × 2 - 4 of 5 (9 of 8 ÷ 4)}] (first treating (). Recall that of works like
multiplication. )
= [80 - {8 × 2 - 4 of 5 (72 ÷ 4)}] (performing division)
= [80 - {8 × 2 - 4 of 5 × 18}] (performing of)
= [80 - {8 × 2 - 20 × 5 × 18}] (performing multiplication)
= [80 - {16 - 1800}] (performing subtraction)
= 1864.

Example 50. Solve: {2 × 3 - 6 × 1 + (8 of 9 ÷ 18 of 2)}.

Solution. {2 × 3 - 6 × 1 + (8 of 9 ÷ 18 of 2)}
= {2 × 3 - 6 × 1 + (72 ÷ 36)}
= {2 × 3 - 6 × 1 + 2}
= {6 - 6 + 2} = {8 - 6} = 2.

Numbers From 9 to 11 digits.

We have just studied numbers up to 8 digits. We will now study numbers from 9 to 11 digits.

1. The largest 8 digit number is 9,99,99,999. It is read as nine crore ninety nine lakh ninety nine
thousand nine hundred ninety nine. Now, if we add 1 to the 9,99,99,999; we will get the smallest 9
digit number, which is, 10,00,00,000. It is read as ten crore.
So, we can conclude that:
Smallest 9 digit number = 10 × 1 crore = 100 × 10 lakh = 1000 × 1 lakh.

2. Similarly, the largest 9 digit number is 99,99,99,999. It is read as ninety nine crore ninety nine lakh
ninety nine thousand nine hundred ninety nine. Now similarly if we add 1 to it, then we will get the
smallest 10 digit number, that is, 1,00,00,00,000. It is read as one arab.

3. The largest 10 digit number is 9,99,99,99,999. It is read as nine arab ninety nine crore ninety nine
lakh ninety nine thousand nine hundred ninety nine. Now similarly if we add 1 to it we will get the
smallest 11 digit number, that is, 10,00,00,00,000. It is read as ten arabs. Similarly the largest 11
digit number is 99,99,99,99,999. It is read as ninety nine arabs ninety nine crore ninety nine lakh
ninety nine thousand nine hundred ninety nine. We will finish our study in 11 digit numbers. Next
we will study the International System of numeration and then we will learn more about numbers in
this chapter in later sections.

15
Example 51. Write the number name of:
(i) 82,23,56,780 (xi) 89,12,98,56,980
(ii) 29,30,56,678 (xii) 95,12,90,12,290
(iii) 30,78,89,234 (xiii) 89,12,09,34,354
(iv) 42,12,89,345 (xiv) 67,23,78,24,123
(v) 1,23,89,56,789 (xv) 9,12,34,56,783
(vi) 8,12,92,98,900 (xvi) 89,12,34,56,678
(vii) 9,12,98,90,102 (xvii) 9,90,09,90,099
(viii) 8,12,65,12,909 (xviii) 98,78,12,98,900
(ix) 12,12,12,12,121 (xix) 12,34,56,78,890
(x) 90,12,34,56,678 (xx) 23,34,56,12,009
Solution. (i) 82,23,56,780 : Eighty two crore twenty three lakh fifty six thousand seven hundred
eighty.
(ii) 29,30,56,678 : Twenty nine crore thirty lakh fifty six thousand six hundred seventy
eight.
(iii) 30,78,89,234 : Thirty crore seventy eight lakh eighty nine thousand two hundred
thirty four.
(iv) 42,12,89,345 : Forty two crore twelve lakh eighty nine thousand three hundred forty
five.
(v) 1,23,89,56,789 : One arab twenty three crore eighty nine lakh fifty six thousand seven
hundred eighty nine.
(vi) 8,12,92,98,900 : Eight arab twelve crore ninety two lakh ninety eight thousand nine
hundred.
(vii) 9,12,98,90,102 : Nine arab twelve crore ninety eight lakh ninety thousand one
hundred two.
(viii) 8,12,65,12,909 : Eight arab twelve crore sixty five lakh twelve thousand nine
hundred nine.
(ix) 12,12,12,12,121 : Twelve arab twelve crore twelve lakh twelve thousand one hundred
twenty one.
(x) 90,12,34,56,678 : Ninety arab twelve crore thirty four lakh fifty six thousand six
hundred seventy eight.
(xi) 89,12,98,56,980 : Eighty nine arab twelve crore ninety eight lakh fifty six thousand
nine hundred eighty.
(xii) 95,12,90,12,290 : Ninety five arab twelve crore ninety lakh twelve thousand two
hundred ninety.
(xiii) 89,12,09,34,354 : Eighty nine arab twelve crore nine lakh thirty four thousand three
hundred fifty four.
(xiv) 67,23,78,24,123 : Sixty seven arab twenty three crore seventy eight lakh twenty four
thousand one hundred twenty three.
(xv) 9,12,34,56,783 : Nine arab twelve crore thirty four lakh fifty six thousand seven
hundred eighty three.
(xvi) 89,12,34,56,678 : Eighty nine arab twelve crore thirty four lakh fifty six thousand six
hundred seventy eight.
(xvii) 9,90,09,90,099 : Nine arab ninety crore nine lakh ninety thousand ninety nine.
(xviii) 98,78,12,98,900 : Ninety eight arab seventy eight crore twelve lakh ninety eight
thousand nine hundred.
(xix) 12,34,56,78,890 : Twelve arab thirty four crore fifty six lakh seventy eight thousand
eight hundred ninety.
(xx) 23,34,56,12,009 : Twenty three arab thirty four crore fifty six lakh twelve thousand
nine.

The expanded form of 9 - 11 digits number is done in the same way as expanded forms of 4,5,6, 7, 8 digit
numbers.

16
International System of Numeration.

The number we have just studied are written in Indian System of Numeration. We will now study
International system of numeration.

Suppose we take a number 111567899. It is a 9 digit number. We have learnt that we insert commas to
numerals to separate from periods. Now, inserting commas is different in International system from
Indian system. We have placed this number in Indian System of Numeration place value chart and
International system of place value chart respectively.
Indian System Place Value chart

TC C TL L TTh Th H T O
(Ten (Crore) (Ten (Ten (Thousands) (Hundred) (Tens) (Ones)
Crore) lakh) (Lakh) thousands)
1 1 1 5 6 7 8 9 9

International System of Place Value Chart

HM TM M HTh TTh Th H T O

1 1 1 5 6 7 8 9 9

From the above tables we can say that,

In International System, Ten crore stands for hundred million (HM), crore stands for ten million (TM),
ten lakh stands for million (M), lakh stands for HTh (hundred thousand), thousand, hundred and tens are
kept the same. We have,
1 lakh = 100 thousand
10 lakh = 1 million
1 crore = 100 lakh = 10 million
10 crore = 1000 lakh = 100 million
1 arab = 1 billion
10 arab = 10 billion.

The right side shows the value of Indian system of numeration in International system of numeration.

1. Difference between writing the Number: Suppose the number is 8912309567 (10 digit number).
In Indian System: 8,91,23,09,567
In International System: 8,912,309,567

2. Difference between naming the numeral (or number name): Take the above number.
In Indian System: Eight arab ninety one crore twenty three lakh nine thousand five hundred sixty
seven.
In International System: Eight billion nine hundred twelve million three hundred nine thousand five
hundred sixty seven.

Solved Examples.

Example 52. Write 11098755321 in both Indian and International Systems with number name.
Solution. Look at the table at next page.

17
 Indian System International System
11,09,87,55,321 11,098,755,321
Eleven arab nine crore eighty seven lakh fifty Eleven billion ninety eight million seven hundred
five thousand three hundred twenty one. fifty five thousand three hundred twenty one.

Example 53. Write 5498346732 in International and Indian system. Also write their number
names and expanded form.
Solution. In International System,
5,498,346,732 : Five billion four hundred ninety eight million three hundred forty six
thousand seven hundred thirty two.
Expanded form: 5,000,000,000 + 400,000,000 + 90,000,000 + 8,000,000 + 300,000 +
40,000 + 6,000 + 700 + 30 + 2
In International System,
5,49,83,46,732 : Five arab forty nine crore eighty three lakh forty six thousand seven
hundred thirty two.
Expanded form : 5,00,00,00,000 + 40,00,00,000 + 9,00,00,000 + 80,00,000 + 3,00,000 +
40,000 + 6,000 + 700 + 30 + 2

Miscellaneous Examples.

Example 54. Divide: 238767984 by 2312.

Solution. 103273
2312 ) 238767984
- 2312
7567
- 6936
6319
- 4624
16958
- 16184
7744
- 6936
808
Q = 103273, R = 808.

Example 55. There are 98,76,54,090 people in a village. Out of these, 9,87,56,980 are children and
56,98,12,980 are men. Calculate the number of woman.
Solution. Total number of people in the village = 98,76,54,090
Total number of children = 9,87,56,980
Total number of men = 56,98,12,980
∴ Number of women = 98,76,54,090 - (56,98,12,980 + 9,87,56,980)
= 98,76,54,090 - 66,85,69,960
= 31,90,84,130
Thus, there are 31,90,84,130 women in the village.

Example 56. In a division sum, the quotient was 3664, the divisor was 8889 and the remainder
was 250. Find the dividend, if the division is correct.
Solution. According to division algorithm,
Dividend = Quotient × Divisor + Remainder
= 3664 × 8889 + 250
= 32569296 + 250
= 32569546.

Example 57. Area of town X, Y and Z is 366789 km2, 89023456 km2, and 9876123 km2. Find the
combined area of X, Y and Z. Write the number name of the area in International
System.

18
Solution. Area of town X = 366789 km2
Area of town Y = 89023456 km2
Area of town Z = 9876123 km2
∴ Combined area = 366789 km2 + 89023456 km2 + 9876123 km2
= 99266368 km2, ie.,
Ninety nine million two hundred sixty six thousand three hundred sixty eight square
kilometre.

Example 58. Find MDCCXVIII + MMDCCVIII in Hindu Arabic System.

Solution. MDCCXVIII = 1000 + 500 + 200 + 10 + 8 = 1718.
MMDCCVIII = 2000 + 700 + 8 = 2708
∴ Required sum = 1718 + 2708 = 4426.

Example 59. Cost of 10 ticket is Rs. 55680. Find the cost of 12 such tickets.
Solution. Cost of 10 tickets = Rs. 55680.
∴ Cost of 1 ticket = Rs. (55680 ÷ 10)
= Rs. 5568.
∴ Cost of 12 tickets = Rs. (5568 × 12)
= Rs. 66816.

Before we go further, we are now going to answer the following questions.

Short answer type questions

1. In Hindu Arabic System, numbers are made of symbols of __________.
2. How many basic symbols are used in Roman Numerals?
3. Commas in numerals are put to separate them from __________.
4. X can be repeated only four times. True or false?
5. Cost of 13 tickets of aeroplane is Rs. 1,25,255. What is the cost of 1 ticket?
6. How many lakhs are equal to 1 million?
7. Find the sum of the largest 5 digit number and the largest 6 digit number. What is the number name
of the sum?
8. Fill in up with >, < or =. 12,56,78,900 ______ 12,54,78,900.
9. Write the standard form of 1,00,00,000 + 20,00,000 + 5,00,000 + 2,000 + 20 + 1.
10. During occasion, 88 students made orange juices. If each student made 24 glasses, then how many
glasses were made?
11. Write 891204567 in International and Indian System.
12. What is the innermost bracket that should be solved first?
13. What should be outermost bracket that should be solved last?
14. How many types of brackets do we have?
15. A garden measures 114 m by 108 m.
(i) What is the area of the garden ?
(ii) Find the cost of fencing the garden for Rs. 68 per 1 m.
16. Place 11678724956 in the International place value chart. Find the place value of each digit.
17. Weight of each chapatti is 505 g. If 13130 g of flour is used, then how many chapattis were made?
18. Solve: {8 × [8 × 5 - 30 (7 × 7 - 40)]}.
19. What should be multiplied to 2314 to get 13013936 ?
20. Meetu saves Rs. 124 each day. How much money she will save in 8 weeks?
21. Write the number name and expanded form of 1,23,56,78,908.
22. Find the area of a garden, whose side measures 1.8 km by 1.9 km.
[Hint: Area of garden = 1.8 km × 1.9].
23. A cake of 2.688 kg was cut into 24 pieces. What is the weight of each piece?
24. Cost of 12 cakes is Rs. 1,320. Find the cost of 890 cakes.

19
20