Permeable Pavement Systems T-10: Description

Permeable Pavement Systems T-10
Description
The term Permeable Pavement System, as
used in this manual, is a general term to
describe any one of several pavements that
allow movement of water into the layers
below the pavement surface. Depending
on the design, permeable pavements can
be used to promote volume reduction,
provide treatment and slow release of the
water quality capture volume (WQCV),
and reduce effective imperviousness. Use
of permeable pavements is a common Low
Impact Development (LID) practice and is
often used in combination with other
BMPs to provide full treatment and slow Photograph PPS-1. The reservoir layer of a permeable pavement
provides storage volume for the WQCV. Photo courtesy of Muller
release of the WQCV. A number of Engineering and Jefferson County Open Space.
installations within the UDFCD
boundary have also been designed with an increased depth of
aggregate material in order to provide storage for storm events in Permeable Pavement
excess of the water quality (80th percentile) storm event. This
requires some additional design considerations, which are Functions
discussed within this BMP Fact Sheet.
LID/Volume Red. Yes
WQCV Yes
Site Selection WQCV+Flood Control Yes
Fact Sheet Includes
This infiltrating BMP requires consultation with a geotechnical EURV Guidance No
engineer when proposed near a structure. In addition to providing
the pavement design, a geotechnical engineer can assist with Typical Effectiveness for Targeted
Pollutants3
evaluating the suitability of soils, identifying potential impacts,
and establishing minimum distances between the BMP and Sediment/Solids Very Good1
structures. Nutrients Good
Total Metals Good
Permeable pavement systems provide an alternative to Bacteria Unknown
conventional pavement in pedestrian areas and lower-speed
Other Considerations
vehicle areas. They are not appropriate where sediment-laden
runoff could clog the system (e.g., near loose material storage Life-cycle Costs4 High2
1
areas). Not recommended for watersheds with
high sediment yields (unless pretreatment is
This BMP is not appropriate when erosive conditions such as provided).
2
steep slopes and/or sparse vegetation drain to the permeable Does not consider the life cycle cost of the
conventional pavement that it replaces.
pavement. The sequence of construction is also important to
3 Based
preserve pavement infiltration. Construction of the pavement primarily on data from the
International Stormwater BMP Database
should take place only after construction in the watershed is (www.bmpdatabase.org).
complete. 4 Based primarily on BMP-REALCOST
available at www.udfcd.org. Analysis
For sites where land uses or activities can cause infiltrating based on a single installation (not based on
stormwater to contaminate groundwater, special design the maximum recommended watershed
requirements are required to ensure no-infiltration from the tributary to each BMP).
pavement section.
March 2018 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District PPS-1

Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual Volume 3
T-10 Permeable Pavement Systems
Permeable pavements and other BMPs used for infiltration

Benefits
that are located adjacent to buildings, hardscape or
 Permeable pavement systems
conventional pavement areas can adversely impact those provide water quality treatment
structures if protection measures are not provided. Wetting of
in an area that serves more than
subgrade soil underlying those structures can cause the one purpose. The depth of the
structures to settle or result in other moisture-related pavement system can also be
problems. Wetting of potentially expansive soils or bedrock
increased to provide flood
can cause those materials to swell, resulting in structure control.
movements. In general, a geotechnical engineer should
evaluate the potential impact of the BMP on adjacent  Permeable pavements can be
structures based on an evaluation of the subgrade soil, used to reduce effective
groundwater, and bedrock conditions at the site. In addition, imperviousness or alleviate
the following minimum requirements should be met: nuisance drainage problems.
 In locations where subgrade soils do not allow infiltration,  Permeable pavements benefit tree
the pavement section should include an underdrain health by providing additional air
system. and water to nearby roots.
 Where infiltration can adversely impact adjacent  Permeable pavements are less
structures, the filter layer should be underlain by an likely to form ice on the surface
underdrain system designed to divert water away from the than conventional pavements.
structure.
 Some permeable pavements can
 In locations where potentially expansive soils or bedrock be used to achieve LEED credits.
exist, placement of permeable pavement adjacent to
structures and conventional pavement should only be
considered if the BMP includes an underdrain designed to Limitations
divert water away from the structure and is lined with an
essentially impermeable geomembrane liner designed to  Additional design and
restrict seepage. construction steps are required
for placement of any ponding or
infiltration area near or
Designing for Maintenance upgradient from a building
foundation, particularly when
Recommended ongoing maintenance practices for all BMPs potentially expansive soils exist.
are provided in the BMP Maintenance chapter of this manual. This is discussed in the design
During design and construction, the following should be procedure section.
considered to ensure ease of maintenance over the long-term:
 In developing or otherwise
 Hold a pre-construction meeting to ensure that the erosive watersheds, high
contactor has an understanding of how the pavement is sediment loads can clog the
intended to function. Discuss the contractor’s proposed facility.
sequence of construction and look for activities that may
require protection of the permeable pavement system.
 Ensure that the permeable pavement is protected from construction activities following pavement
construction (e.g., landscaping operations). This could include covering areas of the pavement,
providing alternative construction vehicle access, and providing education to all parties working on-
site.
 Include an observation well to monitor the drain time of the pavement system over time. This will
assist with determining the required maintenance needs. See Figure PPS-8.
PPS-2 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District March 2018

 Call for construction fence on the plans around pervious areas where infiltration rates need to be
preserved and could be reduced by compaction from construction traffic or storage of materials.
Example Construction Drawing Notes
 Excavation of subgrade shall not commence until after the pre-construction meeting.
 Subgrade shall be excavated using low ground pressure (LGP) track equipment to
minimize over compaction of the subgrade. 1
 Grading and compaction equipment used in the area of the permeable pavement should be
approved by the engineer prior to use.
 Loose materials shall not be stored on the permeable pavement area.
 The contractor shall, at all times during and after system installation, prevent sediment,
debris, and dirt from any source from entering the permeable pavement system.
 Placement of the wearing course shall be performed after fine grading and landscaping in
adjacent areas is complete. If the wearing course becomes clogged due to construction
activities, clean the surface with a vacuum machine to restore the infiltration rate after
construction is complete.
1
For partial and full infiltration sections only.
Design Procedure and Criteria

Note: This manual includes a variety of specific pavements, which are discussed and distinguished in
supplemental BMP Fact Sheets T-10.1, T-10.2, etc. This BMP Fact Sheet outlines the design procedure
and other design components and considerations that are common to all of the systems. Review of the
supplemental Fact Sheets is recommended to determine the appropriate pavement for a specific site or
use.
1. Subsurface Exploration and Determination of a No-Infiltration, Partial Infiltration, or Full

Infiltration Section: Permeable pavements can be designed with three basic types of sections. The
appropriate section will depend on land use and activities, proximity to adjacent structures and soil
characteristics. Sections of each installation type are shown in Figure PPS-1.
 No-Infiltration Section: This section includes an underdrain and an impermeable liner that
prevents infiltration of stormwater into the subgrade soils. Consider using this section when any
of the following conditions exist:
o Land use or activities could contaminate groundwater if stormwater is allowed to infiltrate.
o Permeable pavement is located over potentially expansive soils or bedrock that could swell
due to infiltration and potentially damage the permeable pavement system or adjacent
structures (e.g., building foundation or conventional pavement).

 Partial Infiltration Section: This section does not include an impermeable liner, and allows
some infiltration. Stormwater that does not infiltrate is collected and removed by an underdrain
system.
 Full Infiltration Section: This section is designed to infiltrate the water stored in the voids of the
pavement into the subgrade below. UDFCD recommends a minimum infiltration rate of 2 times
the rate needed to drain the WQCV over 12 hours.
Subsurface Exploration and Testing for all Sections: A geotechnical engineer should scope and
perform a subsurface study. Typical geotechnical investigation needed to select and design the
pavement system for handling anticipated traffic loads includes:
 Prior to exploration review geologic and geotechnical information to assess near-surface soil,
bedrock and groundwater conditions that may be encountered and anticipated ranges of
infiltration rate for those materials. For example, if the site is located in a general area of known
shallow, potentially expansive bedrock, a no-infiltration section will likely be required. It is also
possible that this BMP may be infeasible, even with a liner, if there is a significant potential for
damage to the pavement system or adjacent structures (e.g., areas of dipping bedrock).
 Drill exploratory borings or exploratory pits to characterize subsurface conditions beneath the
subgrade and develop requirements for subgrade preparation. Drill at least one boring or pit for
every 40,000 ft2, and at least two borings or pits for sites between 10,000 ft2 and 40,000 ft2. The
boring or pit should extend at least 5 feet below the bottom of the base, and at least 20 feet in
areas where there is a potential of encountering potentially expansive soils or bedrock. More
borings or pits at various depths may be required by the geotechnical engineer in areas where soil
types may change, in low-lying areas where subsurface drainage may collect, or where the water
table is likely within 8 feet below the planned bottom of the base or top of subgrade. Installation
of temporary monitoring wells in selected borings or pits for monitoring groundwater levels over
time should be considered where shallow groundwater that could impact the pavement system
area is encountered.
 Perform laboratory tests on samples obtained from the borings or pits to initially characterize the
subgrade, evaluate the possible section type, and to assess subgrade conditions for supporting
traffic loads. Consider the following tests: moisture content (ASTM D 2216); dry density (ASTM
D 2936); Atterberg limits (ASTM D 4318); gradation (ASTM D 6913); swell-consolidation
(ASTM D 4546); subgrade support testing (R-value, CBR or unconfined compressive strength);
and hydraulic conductivity. A geotechnical engineer should determine the appropriate test method
based on the soil type.
 For sites where a full infiltration section may be feasible, perform on-site infiltration tests using a
double-ring infiltrometer (ASTM D 3385). Perform at least one test for every 160,000 ft2 and at
least two tests for sites between 40,000 ft2 and 160,000 ft2. The tests should be located near
completed borings or pits so the test results and subsurface conditions encountered in the borings
can be compared, and at least one test should be located near the boring or pit showing the most
unfavorable infiltration condition. The test should be performed at the planned top of subgrade
underlying the permeable pavement system, and that subgrade should be prepared similar to that
required for support of the permeable pavement system.
 Be aware that actual infiltration rates are highly variable dependent on soil type, density and
moisture content and degree of compaction as well as other environmental and construction
influences. Actual rates can differ an order of magnitude or more from those indicated by

infiltration or permeability testing. Selection of the section type should be based on careful
assessment of the subsurface exploration and testing data.
2. Required Storage Volume: Provide the WQCV based on a 12-hour drain time.
 Find the required WQCV (watershed inches of runoff). Using the effective impervious area of the
watershed area, use Figure 3-2 located in Chapter 3 to determine the WQCV based on a 12-hour
drain time. The maximum recommended ratio for tributary impervious area to permeable
pavement area is 2.0. Higher loading is not recommended, as it may increase the required
maintenance interval.
 Calculate the design volume as follows:
WQCV Equation PPS-1

𝑉𝑉 = � � 𝐴𝐴
12
Where:
A = watershed area tributary to the permeable pavement (ft2)
V = design volume (ft3)
 Add flood control volume if desired. When designing for flood control volumes, provide an
overflow that will convey runoff in excess of the WQCV directly into the reservoir. A gravel strip
or inlet that is connected to the reservoir can provide this overflow.

Figure PPS-1. Permeable Pavement Sections

3. Depth of Reservoir: The minimum recommended depth of AASHTO No. 57 or No. 67 coarse
aggregate is 6 inches. Additional depth may be required to support anticipated loads or to provide
additional storage, (i.e., for flood control). This material should have all fractured faces. UDFCD
recommends that void storage be calculated only for the reservoir, assuming the aggregate filter layer
is saturated. With the exception of porous gravel pavement, use a porosity of 40% or less for both
No. 57 and No. 67 coarse aggregate. For porous gravel pavement use a porosity of 30% or less to
account for reduced volume due to sediment. Porous gravel pavements typically allow greater
sediment volumes to enter the pavement. See Figures PPS-2 and PPS-3 for alternative pavement
profiles. Calculate available storage using equation PPS-2 for a flat subgrade installation, and PPS-3
for a sloped subgrade installation. These equations allow for one inch of freeboard. Flat installations
are preferred as the design spreads infiltration evenly over the subgrade. For sloped subgrade
installations, the increased storage depth located upstream of the lateral barrier (see step 7) can
increase lateral movement (parallel to the flow barrier) of water into areas adjacent to the pavement
section.
When used for vehicular traffic, a pavement design should be performed by a qualified engineer
experienced in the design of permeable pavements and conventional asphalt and concrete pavements.
The permeable pavement should be adequately supported by a properly prepared subgrade, properly
compacted filter material and reservoir material.
Reservoir aggregate should have all fractured faces. Place the aggregate in 6-inch (maximum) lifts,
compacting each lift by using a 10-ton, or heavier, vibrating steel drum roller. Make at least four
passes with the roller, with the initial passes made while vibrating the roller and the final one to two
passes without vibration.
 For flat or stepped installations (0% slope at the reservoir/subgrade interface):
𝐷𝐷 − 1 Equation PPS-2
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑃𝑃 � � 𝐴𝐴
12
Where:
V = volume available in the reservoir (ft3)
P = porosity, ≤0.30 for porous gravel, ≤0.4 for all other pavements
using AASHTO No. 57 or No. 67 coarse aggregate in the reservoir
D = depth of reservoir (in)
A = area of the permeable pavement (ft2)

Figure PPS-2. Permeable Pavement Profile, Stepped Installation
 For sloped installations (slope of the reservoir/subgrade interface > 0%):
𝐷𝐷 − 6𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 1 Equation PPS-3a

𝑉𝑉 = 𝑃𝑃 � � 𝐴𝐴
12
While:
2 WQCV Equation PPS-3b

𝐿𝐿 <
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Where:
V = volume available in the reservoir (ft3)
P = porosity, ≤0.30 for porous gravel, ≤0.4 for all other pavements using AASHTO
No. 57 or No. 67 coarse aggregate in the reservoir
s = slope of the reservoir/subgrade interface (ft/ft)
D = depth of the reservoir (in)
L = length between lateral flow barriers (see step 4) (ft)
A = area of the permeable pavement (ft2)
WQCV = water quality capture volume (ft3)

Figure PPS-3. Permeable Pavement Profile, Sloped Installation.
4. Lateral Flow Barriers: Construct lateral flow cutoff barriers using concrete walls or a 30 mil
(minimum) PVC geomembrane. Lateral flow barriers should be placed parallel to contours (normal to
flow). This will preserve the volume available for storage and ensure that stormwater will not
resurface, washing out infill material. See Figure PPS-6 and Table PPS-4 when using a PVC
geomembrane for this purpose. Also include a separator fabric, per Table PPS-3, between the
geomembrane and all aggregate materials. Lateral flow barriers should be installed in all permeable
pavement installations that have a reservoir/subgrade interface greater than zero percent. Lateral flow
barriers should be spaced, as necessary, to satisfy equations PPS-3a and PPS-3b. One exception is
reinforced grass pavement. Infill washout is not a concern with reinforced grass pavement.
5. Perimeter Barrier: For all no-infiltration sections, provide a reinforced concrete barrier on all sides
of the pavement system. Perimeter barriers may also be recommended for other permeable pavement
installations depending on the type or use of the pavement. For PICP and concrete grid pavement, a
barrier is required to restrain movement of the pavers or grids. Precast, cast-in-place concrete or cut
stone barriers are required for commercial vehicular areas. For residential use and commercial
pedestrian use, a metal or plastic edge spiked with 3/8-inch-diameter, 10-inch-long nails provides a
less expensive alternative for edge restraint.
For all pavements, consider the section beyond the permeable pavement when evaluating the
perimeter design. The perimeter barrier helps force water into the underdrain and reduces lateral flow
of water. Lateral flow can negatively impact the adjacent conventional pavement section, structure,
or embankment (especially when the subgrade is sloped). Also consider material separation. Consider
construction of the interface between the permeable pavement and the adjacent materials and how the
design will prevent adjacent materials from entering the permeable pavement section. Depending on
the soils, depth of pavement, and other factors, this may be achieved with fabric or may require a
more formalized barrier.
When a permeable pavement section is adjacent to conventional pavement, a vertical liner may be
required to separate the reservoir of the permeable pavement system from dense-graded aggregates
and soils within the conventional pavement. An impermeable linear can be used to provide this
vertical barrier and separate these two pavement systems.
No-Infiltration Section: For this type of section, the perimeter barrier also serves to attach the
impermeable membrane. The membrane should extend up to the top of the filter layer and be firmly

attached to the concrete perimeter barrier using batten bars to provide a leak-proof seal. A nitrile-
based vinyl adhesive can be used when the need for an impermeable liner is less critical. See Figures
PPS-4 and PPS-5 for installation details. For ease of construction, including the placement of
geotextiles, it is suggested that the barrier extend to the bottom of the filter layer.
Partial and Full Infiltration Section: The perimeter barrier for these sections also restricts lateral flow
to adjacent areas of conventional pavement or other structures where excessive moisture and/or
hydrostatic pressure can cause damage. When this is of particular concern, the perimeter barrier
should be extended to a depth 12 inches or more below the underdrain. Otherwise, extend the barrier
to the bottom of the filter layer.
6. Filter Material and Underdrain System: An aggregate filter layer and underdrain are required for
all partial and no-infiltration sections. Without this filter layer, the section will not provide adequate
pollutant removal. This is based on research performed by UDFCD monitoring sites with and without
this component. A filter or separator fabric may also be necessary under the reservoir in a full
infiltration section if the subgrade is not filter compatible with the reservoir material such that finer
subgrade soils could enter into the voids of the reservoir.
In previous versions of the USDCM, UDFCD recommended that the underdrain be placed in an
aggregate drainage layer and that a geotextile separator fabric be placed between this drainage and the
filter layer. This version of the USDCM replaces that fabric, which could more easily plug or be
damaged during construction, with aggregate filter material that is filter-compatible with the
reservoir, and a drainpipe with perforations that are filter-compatible with the filter material. This
eliminates the need for a separator fabric between the reservoir and the underdrain layer. The filter
material provided below should only be used with the underdrain pipe specified within this section.
The underdrain should be placed below a 6-inch-thick layer of CDOT Class B or C filter material
meeting the gradation in Table PPS-1. Extend the filter material around and below the underdrain as
shown in Figure PPS-1.
Provide clean-outs to allow inspection (by camera) of the drainpipe system during and after
construction to ensure that the pipe was not crushed or disconnected during construction and to allow
for maintenance of the underdrain.
Use of Class B or C Filter material with a slotted PVC pipe that meets the slot dimensions provided in
Table PPS-2 will eliminate the need for an aggregate layer wrapped geotextile fabric.
Design Opportunity
Pollutant removal occurs in the filter material layer of the section. The basic permeable pavement
section may be considered with other wearing courses to provide water quality as long as:
 the filter layer is included in the section,
 the wearing course provides adequate permeability, and
 the new section does not introduce new pollutants to the runoff.

Table PPS-1. Gradation Specifications for Class B and C Filter Material (Source: CDOT Table 703-7)
Class B Class C
Sieve Size Mass Percent Passing Mass Percent Passing
Square Mesh Sieves Square Mesh Sieves
37.5mm (1.5") 100
19.0 mm (3/4") 100
4.75 mm (No. 4) 20-60 60 – 100
1.18 µm (No. 16) 10-30
300 µm (No. 50) 0-10 10 – 30

150 µm (No.
0 – 10
100)
75 µm (No. 200) 0-3 0-3
Table PPS-2. Dimensions for Slotted Pipe
Slot Maximum Slot Slot Open Area1

Pipe Diameter
Length1 Width Centers1 (per foot)
4" 1-1/16" 0.032" 0.413" 1.90 in2
6" 1-3/8" 0.032" 0.516" 1.98 in2
1
Some variation in these values is acceptable and is expected from various pipe
manufacturers. Be aware that both increased slot length and decreased slot centers
will be beneficial to hydraulics but detrimental to the structure of the pipe.
Compact the filter layer using a vibratory drum roller or plate. The top of each layer below the
leveling course must be uniform and should not deviate more than a ½ inch when a 10-foot straight
edge is laid on its surface. The top of the leveling course should not deviate more than 3/8 inch in 10
feet.
7. Impermeable Geomembrane Liner and Geotextile Separator Fabric: For no-infiltration sections,
install a 30 mil (minimum) PVC geomembrane liner, per Table PPS-4, on the bottom and sides of the
basin, extending up at least to the top of the filter layer. Provide at least 9 inches (12 inches if
possible) of cover over the membrane where it is attached to the wall to protect the membrane from
UV deterioration. The geomembrane should be field-seamed using a dual track welder, which allows
for non-destructive testing of almost all field seams. A small amount of single track and/or adhesive
seaming should be allowed in limited areas to seam around pipe perforations, to patch seams removed
for destructive seam testing, and for limited repairs. The liner should be installed with slack to
prevent tearing due to backfill, compaction, and settling. Place CDOT Class B geotextile separator
fabric, per Table PPS-3, above the geomembrane to protect it from being punctured during the
placement of the filter material above the liner. If the subgrade contains angular rocks or other
material that could puncture the geomembrane, smooth-roll the surface to create a suitable surface. If
smooth-rolling the surface does not provide a suitable surface, also place the separator fabric between

the geomembrane and the underlying subgrade. This should only be done when necessary because
fabric placed under the geomembrane can increases seepage losses through pinholes or other
geomembrane defects. Connect the geomembrane to perimeter concrete walls around the basin
perimeter, creating a watertight seal between the geomembrane and the walls using a continuous
batten bar and anchor connection (see Figure PPS-5). Where the need for the impermeable membrane
is not as critical, the membrane can be attached with a nitrile-based vinyl adhesive. Use watertight
PVC boots for underdrain pipe penetrations through the liner (see Figure PPS-4).
Table PPS-3. Physical Requirements for Separator Fabric1
Class B
Property Elongation Elongation Test Method
< 50%2 > 50%2
Grab Strength, N (lbs) 800 (180) 510 (115) ASTM D 4632

Puncture Resistance, N (lbs) 310 (70) 180 (40) ASTM D 4833
Trapezoidal Tear Strength, N (lbs) 310 (70) 180 (40) ASTM D 4533
Apparent Opening Size, mm ASTM D 4751
AOS < 0.3mm (US Sieve Size No. 50)
(US Sieve Size)
Permittivity, sec-1 0.02 default value, ASTM D 4491
must also be greater than that of soil
Permeability, cm/sec k fabric > k soil for all classes ASTM D 4491
Ultraviolet Degradation at 500 50% strength retained for all classes ASTM D 4355
hours
1
Strength values are in the weaker principle direction
2
As measured in accordance with ASTM D 4632
Table PPS-4. Physical Requirements for Geomembrane
Thickness
Property 0.76 mm Test Method
(30 mil)
Thickness, % Tolerance ±5 ASTM D 1593
Tensile Strength, kN/m (lbs/in) width 12.25 (70) ASTM D 882, Method B
Modulus at 100% Elongation, kN/m (lbs/in) 5.25 (30) ASTM D 882, Method B
Ultimate Elongation, % 350 ASTM D 882, Method A
Tear Resistance, N (lbs) 38 (8.5) ASTM D 1004
Low Temperature Impact, °C (°F) -29 (-20) ASTM D 1790
Volatile loss, % max. 0.7 ASTM D 1203, Method A
Pinholes, No. Per 8 m2 (No. per 10 sq. yds.) max. 1 N/A
Bonded Seam Strength, % of tensile strength 80 N/A

8. Outlet: The portion of the WQCV in each cell should be slowly released to drain in approximately 12
hours. An orifice at the outlet of the underdrain can be used for each cell to provide detention and
slow release of the WQCV to offset hydromodification. Use a minimum orifice size of 3/8 inch to
avoid clogging. If lateral walls are required, each cell should be considered a separate system and be
controlled independently. See Figure PPS-6 for underdrain system layout and outlet details showing a
multi-cell configuration. Equations PPS-4 and PPS-5 can be used to determine the depth of the
WQCV within the pavement section (based either on the stepped/flat installation shown in Figure
PPS-2 or the sloped installation shown in Figure PPS-3) and Equation PPS-6 can be used to size the
WQCV orifice. If the design includes multiple cells, these calculations should be performed for each
cell substituting WQCV and VTotal with the volumes provided in each cell. The UD-BMP workbook
available at www.udfcd.org can be used when multiple cells are similar in area. The workbook
assumes that the WQCV is distributed evenly between each cell.
For calculating depth of the WQCV using a flat/stepped installation, see Figure PPS-2:
12 WQCV Equation PPS-4

𝑑𝑑 =
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
Where:
d = depth of WQCV storage in the reservoir (in)
P = porosity, ≤0.30 for porous gravel, ≤0.4 for all other pavements using AASHTO No. 57
or No. 67 coarse aggregate in the reservoir
A = area of permeable pavement system (ft2)
WQCV = water quality capture volume (ft3)
For calculating depth of the WQCV using a sloped installation, see Figure PPS-3:
2 WQCV Equation PPS-5

𝑑𝑑 = 6 � � + sL
𝑃𝑃A
Where:
d = depth of WQCV storage in the reservoir (in)
A = area of permeable pavement system (ft2)
s = slope of the reservoir/subgrade interface (ft/ft)
L = length between lateral flow barriers (see step 4) (ft)

For calculating the diameter of the orifice for a 12-hour drain time (Use a minimum orifice size of 3/8
inch to avoid clogging.):
𝑉𝑉
𝐷𝐷12 hour drain time = � Equation PPS-6
1414 𝑦𝑦 0.41
Where:
D = diameter of the orifice to drain a volume in 12 hours (in)
Y = distance from the lowest elevation of the storage volume (i.e. the bottom of the reservoir) to
the center of the orifice (ft)
V = volume (WQCV or the portion of the WQCV in the cell) to drain in 12 hours (ft3)
Additional Design Considerations

Subgrade Preparation
Partial Infiltration and Full Infiltration Installations: The subgrade should be stripped of topsoil or other
organics and either excavated or filled to the final subgrade level. Unnecessary compaction or over-
compaction will reduce the subgrade infiltration rate. However, a soft or loosely compacted subgrade will
settle, adversely impacting the performance of the entire permeable pavement system. The following
recommendations for subgrade preparation are intended to strike a balance between those competing
objectives:
 For sites, or portions thereof, requiring excavation to the final subgrade level, compaction of the
subgrade may not be needed, provided that loose materials are removed from the excavation, and a
firm subgrade is provided for the support of the pavement system. A geotechnical engineer should
observe the prepared subgrade. Local soft areas should be excavated and replaced with properly
compacted fill. As an alternative to excavating and replacing material, stabilization consisting of
geogrid and compacted granular fill material can be used to bridge over the soft area. Fill material
should be free draining and have a hydraulic conductivity significantly higher than the subgrade soil.
Fill is typically compacted to a level equivalent to 95% Standard Proctor compaction (ASTM D 698).
The designer should specify the level of compaction required to support the pavement system.
 For sites (or portions thereof), requiring placement of fill above the existing subgrade to reach the
final subgrade level, the fill should be properly compacted. Specify the hydraulic conductivity for the
material that is to be placed. This should be at least one order of magnitude higher than the native
material. If the type or level of compaction of fill material available for construction is different than
that considered in design, additional testing should be performed to substantiate that the design
infiltration rate can be met. However, additional infiltrometer testing may not be necessary, provided
that it can be demonstrated by other means that the compacted fill material is more permeable than
that considered for design.
 Low ground pressure (LGP) track equipment should be used within the pavement area to limit over-
compacting the subgrade. Wheel loads should not be allowed.

No-Infiltration Sections: Unless otherwise indicated by the geotechnical engineer, the subgrade for this
section should be scarified and properly compacted to support the liner and pavement system. A level of
compaction equivalent to 95% of the Standard Proctor density (ASTM D 698) is typically used. The
designer should specify the level of compaction. No-infiltration sections should be smooth rolled with a
roller compactor, and the prepared subgrade surface should be free of sharp objects that could puncture
the liner. Both the designer and the liner installer should inspect the subgrade for acceptance prior to liner
placement.
Filter and Reservoir Layer Compaction

Filter material placed above the prepared subgrade should be compacted to a relative density between
70% and 75% (ASTM D4253 and ASTM D4254) using a walk-behind vibratory roller, vibratory plate
compactor or other light compaction equipment. Do not over-compact; this will limit unnecessary
infiltration into the underlying subgrade. The reservoir layer may not be testable for compaction using a
method based on specified density (e.g., nuclear density testing). The designer should consider a method
specification (e.g., number of passes of a specified vibratory compactor) for those materials. The number
of passes appropriate is dependent on the type of equipment and depth of the layer.
Figure PPS-4. Geomembrane Liner/Underdrain Penetration Detail

Figure PPS-5. Geomembrane Liner/Concrete Connection Detail

Figure PPS-6. Lateral Barrier Installation

Figure PPS-7. Underdrain System Layout and Outlet Details

Figure PPS-8. Observation Well

Construction Considerations
Proper construction of permeable pavement systems requires measures to preserve natural infiltration
rates (for full and partial infiltration sections) prior to placement of the pavement, as well as measures to
protect the system from the time that pavement construction is complete to the end of site construction.
Supplemental Fact Sheets on the specific pavements provide additional construction considerations. The
following recommendations apply to all permeable pavement systems:
 Specify all aggregate, outside of the filter layer, be dry screened and the mass percent passing the No.
200 sieve be no more than one percent. This reduces sediment within the section. Observe aggregate
on-site prior to placement to ensure it is free of excess sediment.
 When using an impermeable liner, ensure enough slack in the liner to allow for backfill, compaction,
and settling without tearing the liner.
 Provide necessary quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) when constructing an impermeable
geomembrane liner system, including, but not limited to fabrication testing, destructive and non-
destructive testing of field seams, observation of geomembrane material for tears or other defects, and
air lace testing for leaks in all field seams and penetrations. QA/QC should be overseen by a
professional engineer. Consider requiring field reports or other documentation from the engineer.
 Keep mud and sediment-laden runoff away from the pavement area.
 Temporarily divert runoff or install sediment control measures as necessary to reduce the amount of
sediment run-on to the pavement.
 Cover surfaces with a heavy impermeable membrane when construction activities threaten to deposit
sediment onto the pavement area.
Design Example
The UD-BMP workbook, designed as a tool for both designer and reviewing agency is available at
www.udfcd.org. This section provides a completed design form from this workbook as an example.

Design Procedure Form: Permeable Pavement Systems (PPS)
Sheet 1 of 2
Designer: G. Frazer
Company: BMP Inc.
Date: November 29, 2010
Project: Shops at 56th Ave.
Location: SE corner of 56th Ave. and 83rd St.
Choose One
1. Type of Permeable Pavement Section
No Infiltration
A) What type of section of permeable pavement is used? Partial Infiltration Section
(Based on the land use and activities, proximity to adjacent
structures and soil characteristics.) Full Infiltration Section
Choose One
B) What type of wearing course?
PICP
Concrete Grid Pavement

Pervious Concrete
Porous Gravel
2. Required Storage Volume
A) Effective Imperviousness of Area Tributary to Permeable Pavement, Ia Ia = 65.0 %
B) Tributary Area's Imperviousness Ratio (I = Ia / 100) i= 0.650
C) Tributary Watershed Area ATotal = 55,000 sq ft

(including area of permeable pavement system)
D) Area of Permeable Pavement System APPS = 15,000 sq ft

(Minimum recommended permeable pavement area = 13491 sq ft)
E) Impervious Tributary Ratio RT = 1.7

(Contributing Imperviuos Area / Permeable Pavement Ratio)
F) Water Quality Capture Volume (WQCV) Based on 12-hour Drain Time WQCV = 932 cu ft
(WQCV = (0.8 * (0.91 * i3 - 1.19 * i2 + 0.78 * i) / 12) * Area)
Choose One
G) Is flood control volume being added?
YES
Provide overflow to carry runoff directly
NO into the reservoir layer to ensure use
of flood control volume regardless
H) Total Volume Needed VTotal = 6,340 cu ft of infiltration rates.
3. Depth of Reservoir
A) Minimum Depth of Reservoir Dmin = 18.0 inches

(Minimum recommended depth is 6 inches)
Choose One
B) Is the slope of the reservoir/subgrade interface equal to 0%?
YES- Flat or Stepped Installation
NO- Sloped Installation
C) Porosity (Porous Gravel Pavement < 0.3, Others < 0.40) P= 0.40
D) Slope of the Base Course/Subgrade Interface S= ft / ft
E) Length Between Lateral Flow Barriers L= ft
F) Volume Provided Based on Depth of Base Course V= 8,500 cu ft

Flat or Stepped: V = P * ((Dmin-1)/12) * Area
Sloped: V = P * [(Dmin - (Dmin - 6*SL-1)) / 12] * Area
4. Lateral Flow Barriers

Choose One
A) Type of Lateral Flow Barriers
Concrete Walls
PVC geomembrane installed normal to flow
N/A- Flat installation
Other (Describe):
B) Number of Permeable Pavement Cells Cells = 1
5. Perimeter Barrier
Choose One
A) Is a perimeter barrier provided on all sides of the YES
pavement system?
(Recommeded for PICP, concrete grid pavement, or for any NO
no-infiltration section.)

Design Procedure Form: Permeable Pavement Systems (PPS)

Sheet 2 of 2
Designer: G. Frazer
Company: BMP Inc.
Date: November 29, 2010
Project: Shops at 56th Ave.
Location: SE corner of 56th Ave. and 83rd St.
6. Filter Material and Underdrain System

Choose One
A) Is the underdrain placed below a 6-inch thick layer of
YES
CDOT Class C filter material?
NO
N/A
B) Diameter of Slotted Pipe (slot dimensions per Table PPs-2) Choose One
4-inch
6-inch
C) Distance from the Lowest Elevation of the Storage Volume y= 3.8 ft

(i.e. the bottom of the base course to the center of the orifice)
7. Impermeable Geomembrane Liner and Geotextile Separator Fabric
Choose One
A) Is there a minimum 30 mil thick impermeable PVC geomembrane
liner on the bottom and sides of the basin, extending up to the top YES
of the base course? NO
Choose One
B) CDOT Class B Separator Fabric
Placed above the liner
Placed above and below the liner
8. Outlet
(Assumes each cell has similar area, subgrade slope, and length
between lateral barriers (unless subgrade is flat). Calculate cells
individually where this varies.)
A) Depth of WQCV in the Reservoir DWQCV = 1.86 inches

(Elevation of the Flood Control Outlet)
B) Diameter of Orifice for 12-hour Drain Time DOrifice = 0.62 inches

(Use a minimum orifice diameter of 3/8-inches)
Notes:

Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement T-10.1
Note: This BMP Fact Sheet is a supplement to Fact Sheet T-10, Permeable Pavement Systems. It
is not intended to be a standalone document.
Description
Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement (PICP) is one
of several different types of permeable pavement systems
contained within Volume 3. In previous versions of this
manual, PICP was referred to as cobblestone block
pavement. The PICP wearing course consists of concrete
blocks that, when placed together, create spaces between
the blocks where runoff can enter the pavement. Typically,
the blocks contain ridges along the sides that both create
these spaces and help ensure that the blocks are installed
correctly. The spaces between the blocks are filled with
aggregate. Depending on the manufacturer, these spaces
should provide an open surface that is between 5 and 15%
of the pavement surface. Figure PICP-1 provides a
pavement section.
Site Selection
PICP is appropriate for areas with low to high traffic Photograph PICP-1. PICP in downtown Ft.
volume and lower vehicle speeds. Applications include: Morgan, CO. Photo courtesy of SEH and the City of
Ft. Morgan.
 Intersections,
 Parking lots,
 Residential streets,
 Sidewalks/pedestrian
areas,
 Emergency vehicle and

fire access lanes, and
 Equipment storage
areas.
See additional details

on Fact Sheet T-10.
Figure PICP-1. PICP Pavement Section
November 2010 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District PICP-1

T-10.1 Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement
Benefits
Use the herring bone pattern shown in Photo PICP-1 and
units with an overall length to thickness (aspect) ratio of  Provides traffic calming
three or less for vehicular applications. When ADA benefits.
accessibility is needed, select units with a maximum
opening of 0.5 inches.  Can be placed back if utility
cuts or other patches are
Designing for Maintenance required.
Recommended ongoing maintenance practices for all BMPs  Maintains infiltration rates well.
are provided in Chapter 6 of this manual. During design,
the following should be considered to ensure ease of  Provides flexibility in design
maintenance over the long-term. These items are in options such as color and
addition to the items provided on BMP Fact Sheet T-10: patterns.
 The outer edge of any vehicular PICP area should be  Can be ADA compliant.
bordered by concrete. This can be a concrete ribbon
or curb and gutter. Additionally, provide a line of Limitations
uncut blocks adjacent to the concrete border. This
will ensure that cut edges are not placed directly  Capital costs are generally more
against the concrete border, which could cause expensive than some other
damage to the paver at the interface with the concrete. permeable pavement systems.
This is often accomplished by specifying a sailor
course (see photo PICP-1) or soldier course (see
photo PICP-2) adjacent to the concrete edge.
 Specify that all cut pavers used must be at least 40% of its full, uncut size when subject to vehicular
use. This criterion can be easily met, although it occasionally requires a slight modification to the
paver pattern in construction. See photo PICP-2.
 Use units with an overall length to

thickness (aspect) ratio of three or
less for vehicular applications.
Units with aspect ratios between
three and four may be used in
pedestrian areas or in areas with
limited automobile use (e.g.,
residential driveways) (ICPI Tech
Spec No. 10).
 Specify a herringbone pattern for

areas intended for vehicular traffic.
This provides greater structural
support.
Photograph PICP-2. The very small cut paver shown in this photo
could have been eliminated by rotating the paver above it 90 degrees
PICP-2 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District November 2010

Paver Placement
Where cutting pavers can be avoided, there is often a savings of time and cost. Additionally, the integrity
of the paver is preserved. Photos PICP-3, 4, and 5 show good examples for incorporating markings into
the pavement with and without cutting paver blocks.
Photograph PICP-3. Parking spaces can

be clearly delineated without cutting the
pavers. Photo courtesy of Bill Wenk.
Photograph PICP-4. The pattern used

allows both parking spaces and the
crosswalk to be delineated with minimal
cutting of pavers. Photo courtesy SEH and
the City of Ft. Morgan.

Photograph PICP-5. Pavers can also be

painted just like conventional pavement.
Photo courtesy of SEH and the City of Ft.
Morgan.
Photograph PICP-6. Mechanical

placement in larger areas can reduce the unit
cost of the pavement. Photo courtesy of
Muller Engineering and Jefferson County
Open Space.

Local Installation
The City of Greenwood Village
decided to replace their concrete patio
at the employee entrance of City Hall
with PICP citing the following issues
with the former concrete patio:
 The patio had little positive

drainage.
 Roof drains discharged directly

onto the patio.
 Snowmelt caused icing and a

safety issue.
 Freeze/thaw cycles were rapidly Photograph PICP-7. City staff demonstrate the infiltration capacity
deteriorating the existing of PICP at the Greenwood Village City Hall.
concrete creating tripping
hazards.
The patio has been in place since

November 2008. To date, the City
lists the following benefits:
 The patio dries quickly with no

ponding or refreezing.
 Water moves quickly through

the pavement rather than sheet
flowing over the entire length of
the walkway.
 City staff describe maintenance

of the patio as "minimal."
Discussions with building
maintenance staff were held to Photograph PICP-8. The limits of wetting remain the same after
get assistance with debris multiple demonstrations.
removal and to ensure that
sanding for ice control was
eliminated.

References
Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute (ICPI), Contractor Focus PICP Construction Tips. Interlocking
Concrete Pavement Magazine vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 16-22, May 2010.
Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute (ICPI). 2008. Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement: A
Comparison Guide to Porous Asphalt and Pervious Concrete. www.icpi.org
Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute (ICPI). 2007. Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavements:
Selection, Design, Construction, Maintenance. www.icpi.org
Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute (ICPI). 2004. ICPI Tech Spec No. 10. www.icpi.org

Concrete Grid Pavement T-10.2
Description
Concrete grid pavement is one of several
different types of permeable pavement
systems described in Volume 3. Previous
versions of the manual referred to this
pavement as modular block pavement.
This pavement consists of concrete block
units with large openings (at least 20% of
the total surface area) that are filled with
free draining material. Figure CGP-1
provides a pavement section.
Site Selection Photograph CGP-1. Concrete grid pavement installation in a parking

area. The concrete segments along the perimeter of this installation
showed wear that could have been mitigated with a concrete perimeter
Concrete grid pavement is appropriate for barrier.
areas with low traffic volume and lower
vehicle speeds. Applications include:
 Overflow parking areas,
 Access/maintenance roads,
 Emergency vehicle and fire access lanes, and
 Equipment storage
areas.
See additional details on

Fact Sheet T-10.
Figure CGP-1. Concrete Grid Pavement Section
October 2010 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District CGP-1

T-10.2 Concrete Grid Pavement
Designing for Maintenance Benefits

Recommended ongoing maintenance practices for all BMPs are
provided in Chapter 6 of this manual. During design, the  Concrete blocks can be removed
following should be considered to ensure ease of maintenance and replaced back if utility cuts or
over the long-term. These items are in addition to the items other patches are required.
provided on BMP Fact Sheet T-10:
 Concrete grid pavement maintains
 A concrete perimeter is recommended for this pavement. infiltration rates well.
This will reduce movement and grinding between blocks.
Limitations
Local Installation
 Concrete Grid Pavement does not
The concrete grid pavement parking site was one of UDFCD's meet ADA requirements for
first stormwater monitoring sites. This site was constructed in accessible paths.
1994 and monitored with and without a layer of ASTM C-33
sand to provide filtration. Through our work at this site and the
data collected, UDFCD learned the following:
 A filter layer (such as ASTM C-33 sand or CDOT Class C filter material) is required to achieve
adequate pollutant removal.
 A concrete perimeter barrier will increase the lifespan of the concrete blocks.
 Concrete blocks can be removed and reused.
Photograph CGP-2. The Lakewood concrete grid pavement installation

was one the first permeable pavement stormwater monitoring sites
constructed by UDFCD. This photo was taken following construction in
1994.
CGP-2 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District October 2010

Pervious Concrete T-10.3
This BMP Fact Sheet was removed in January 2013. UDFCD does not recommend pervious concrete at
this time. Additional information is provided in a memorandum available at www.udfcd.org (Ken
MacKenzie, January 2013)
January 2013 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District PC-1

Porous Gravel T-10.4
Description
Porous gravel is one of several different
types of permeable pavement systems
contained within Volume 3. This BMP
can be used in place of conventional
gravel paving and is well suited for
industrial applications that do not pose
contamination risks to groundwater.
Figure PG-1 provides a typical pavement
section of porous gravel.
Site Selection
Porous gravel is appropriate for areas
with low traffic volume and lower vehicle
speeds. Applications include: Photograph PG-1. This Denver installation of porous gravel provides
volumetric treatment of the WQCV as well as a material storage area.
 Parking lots,
 Driveways,
 Storage yards, and
 Maintenance roads.
See additional details on

Fact Sheet T-10.
Figure PG-1. Porous Gravel Pavement Section
November 2010 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District PG-1

T-10.4 Porous Gravel
Designing for Maintenance

Benefits
Recommended ongoing maintenance practices for all BMPs are
provided in Chapter 6 of this manual. During design, consider  Low cost compared to other
the items provided on BMP Fact Sheet T-10 as well as the permeable pavements.
following:
 The surface of porous gravel pavement may rut more than

Limitations
desired. If this is a concern, consider an interlocking plastic
 Not ADA compliant.
cellular paving product (or similar product) to better
stabilize the wearing course. Discussion on this product is  Ruts without stabilization.
provided in BMP Fact Sheet T-10.5 (Reinforced Grass).
PG-2 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District November 2010

Reinforced Grass T-10.5
Note: This permeable pavement system differs from others discussed in this manual. Rather than
a pavement system designed to capture the WQCV, it is offered for the uses discribed
within this Fact Sheet. Unlike Fact Sheets T-10.1 through T-10.4, this document is intended
as a standalone document.
Description
Reinforced grass is one of several different types of permeable pavement systems contained within
Volume 3. Reinforced grass is designed to have the appearance of grass turf while providing the stability
of pavement. There are a number of reinforced grass products available. Different products provide
varied levels of turf protection as well as pavement stability and can vary significantly in price. This
BMP is frequently used to provide emergency vehicle access. It can also be used to stabilize an area
adjacent to a roadway. Figure RG-1 provides a non-proprietary section for reinforced grass pavement.
Site Selection
Reinforced grass is appropriate for areas with low traffic volume and lower vehicle speeds. Applications
include:
 Roadway shoulder,
 Maintenance roads including BMP access ramps,
 Emergency vehicle access roads, and
 Infrequently used parking areas.
Figure RG-1. Aggregate Turf Pavement Section
November 2010 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District RG-1

T-10.5 Reinforced Grass
Designing for Maintenance Benefits

Recommended ongoing maintenance practices for all BMPs
are provided in Chapter 6. During design, the following  Reduces the heat island effect.
should be considered to ensure ease of maintenance over the
long-term. These items are in addition to the items provided Limitations
on BMP Fact Sheet T-10:
 Requires irrigation.
 For parking lot installations, consider a conventional
pavement section in the drive aisles. These areas  Not recommended when
experience a higher volume of traffic. frequency of use exceeds two to
three uses per space (for parking
 Irrigation requirements increase with frequency of use. stalls) per week.
Selection Considerations
Figure RG-1 is adapted from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) section for aggregate turf
pavement. In addition to this non-proprietary section, there are a number of products available under the
name of reinforced grass or turf pavement systems. The most commonly used systems include:
 Plastic Cellular Paving: This category includes interlocking plastic pavers typically designed to be
filled with turf or aggregate. This system allows for a high percentage of grass surface within the
pavement area.
 Concrete Cellular Paving: This type of pavement consists either of interlocking pavers that have
openings for the placement of grass or a similar cast-in-place system. Some systems include a
reinforcement system that ties the pavers together providing greater protection from over-compaction
and greater resistance to differential movement. Although some systems confine the grass area to the
opening in the concrete, others are designed to provide the appearance of a fully vegetated landscape.
Consider the following variables when selecting a reinforced grass system:
 Frequency of Use: For more frequently used areas, it is important to select a system that protects the
root system of the turf from compaction.
 Appearance: Concrete systems look different than plastic systems.
 Vehicle Loading: Emergency vehicle access roads may need to be designed for high loads but will
be used infrequently.
 Irrigation Expectations: Some pavements rely, in part, on the turf for stability.
 Optimum Drainage Capability: Where soils allow for infiltration, select a product that will bridge
the subgrade providing better protection from over-compaction.
RG-2 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District November 2010


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Permeable Pavement Systems T-10

March 2018 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District PPS-1

Permeable pavements and other BMPs used for infiltration

PPS-2 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District March 2018

Example Construction Drawing Notes

 Loose materials shall not be stored on the permeable pavement area.

Design Procedure and Criteria

1. Subsurface Exploration and Determination of a No-Infiltration, Partial Infiltration, or Full

o Land use or activities could contaminate groundwater if stormwater is allowed to infiltrate.

March 2018 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District PPS-3

PPS-4 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District March 2018

 Calculate the design volume as follows:

WQCV Equation PPS-1

A = watershed area tributary to the permeable pavement (ft2)

V = design volume (ft3)

March 2018 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District PPS-5

Figure PPS-1. Permeable Pavement Sections

PPS-6 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District March 2018

 For flat or stepped installations (0% slope at the reservoir/subgrade interface):

V = volume available in the reservoir (ft3)

D = depth of reservoir (in)

A = area of the permeable pavement (ft2)

March 2018 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District PPS-7

Figure PPS-2. Permeable Pavement Profile, Stepped Installation

 For sloped installations (slope of the reservoir/subgrade interface > 0%):

𝐷𝐷 − 6𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 1 Equation PPS-3a

2 WQCV Equation PPS-3b

V = volume available in the reservoir (ft3)

s = slope of the reservoir/subgrade interface (ft/ft)

D = depth of the reservoir (in)

L = length between lateral flow barriers (see step 4) (ft)

A = area of the permeable pavement (ft2)

WQCV = water quality capture volume (ft3)

PPS-8 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District March 2018

Figure PPS-3. Permeable Pavement Profile, Sloped Installation.

March 2018 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District PPS-9

 the filter layer is included in the section,

 the wearing course provides adequate permeability, and

PPS-10 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District March 2018

19.0 mm (3/4") 100

4.75 mm (No. 4) 20-60 60 – 100

1.18 µm (No. 16) 10-30

300 µm (No. 50) 0-10 10 – 30

Table PPS-2. Dimensions for Slotted Pipe

Slot Maximum Slot Slot Open Area1

March 2018 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District PPS-11

Table PPS-3. Physical Requirements for Separator Fabric1

Grab Strength, N (lbs) 800 (180) 510 (115) ASTM D 4632

Table PPS-4. Physical Requirements for Geomembrane

Bonded Seam Strength, % of tensile strength 80 N/A

PPS-12 Urban Drainage and Flood Control District March 2018

12 WQCV Equation PPS-4

d = depth of WQCV storage in the reservoir (in)

A = area of permeable pavement system (ft2)

WQCV = water quality capture volume (ft3)

2 WQCV Equation PPS-5

d = depth of WQCV storage in the reservoir (in)

A = area of permeable pavement system (ft2)