19CH1002-Module 1 Chemical Bonding - Part A

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19CH1002 Chemistry for Computer Science and Engineering (2:0:0)
• Module 1: Chemical Bonding (5 Hours)

• Module 2: Polymers (5 Hours)
• Module 3: Nanomaterials (5 Hours)
• Module 4: Electrochemical Reactions and Energy Storage
Devices (5 Hours)
• Module 5: Liquid Crystals (5 Hours)
• Module 6: Spectroscopic Techniques (5 Hours)
Module 1: Chemical Bonding: Types of bonding –

Ionic, Covalent, Coordinate bond, Vander Waals
forces, Hydrogen bond, Metallic bond, VB theory –
Hybridization, MO theory.
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Electronegativity Range
IONIC BOND
BASIC CONDITIONS FOR THE

FORMATION OF IONIC BOND
• Two atoms must be different.
• Ionization potential of one
atom must be small.
• Electron affinity of second
atom must be high.
• Electronegativity of second
atom must be high. Difference
of E.N. between two will be
greater than or equal to 1.7.
• WHICH GROUP FORM IONIC
BOND: IA, IIA, IIIA Vs VIA,
VIIA
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PROPERTIES OF IONIC BOND

• Non Molecular Form:
Ionic compounds are not in molecular form. Their formula only indicates the
number of atoms.
In ionic compounds each ion is surrounded by a number of oppositely charged ions.
Two atoms must be different.
• State: Due to strong binding forces ionic compounds exist in solid form.
• Melting and Boiling Point: High M.P and B.P
• Hardness: Very hard due to strong attractive forces between ions
• Solubility in water: Soluble (except few compounds)
• Solubility in organic solvents: Insoluble
• Electrical Conductivity: Ionic compounds are electrolytes because they conduct
electricity in molten state and in the form of solution.
PROPERTIES OF COVALENT BOND

• They are directional in nature
• Have lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds
• Non-conductors of electricity
• Non-polar in nature
• May exhibit isomerization
• Their reactions are non-ionic in nature
• They are more flammable than ionic compounds
• They are usually not very soluble in water
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POLAR CHARACTER OF COVALENT BOND
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Coordinate Covalent bond – Dative bond

• The bond formed between two atoms by sharing a pair of electrons provided
entirely by one of the combining atoms but shared by both.
• Eg. Ammonium (NH4+) ion, Hydronium ion (H3O+)
• The formation of
coordinate bond is
possible only between
(i) an atom, with an

unshared pair of
electrons in the
valence shell and Acceptor Donor
(ii) an atom or ion that

needs a pair of
electrons to acquire a
stable electronic
configuration
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Trends
• Magnitude increases with increase in no. of electrons per molecule
• Are of decreasing effectiveness with increase in temperature.
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HYDROGEN BOND
CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROGEN BOND

• Strength: 3-10 kcal/ mol (covalent bond: 100 kcal/mol)
• Partially polar
• Can form bridge between two atoms
CONSEQUENCES OF HYDROGEN BOND

• Association: Form associated units
• High M.P and B.P: Eg: H2O, HF
• Solubility: Lower alcohols soluble in water
Hydrogen Bonding in Water
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METALLIC BOND
• The attractive force which binds various metal atoms together is called metallic
bond.
• The metallic bond is neither a covalent bond nor an ionic bond because neither
of these bonds are able to explain the known properties of metals.
Electron gas model of ionic bond
• Positive metal ion in a cloud of valency electrons
(electon gas).
• Kernels occupy fixed position
• Valence electron lie in between the kernels and they
are mobile.
• The e- can not remember which of the atoms
actually it belongs to.
• Electron gas acts as a metal: Metal atoms cohere; Their collective energy is
lower when they are bound together than when they exist as separate atoms. PE
of e- is less in crystal than in isolated atom => responsible for metallic bond.
• The valence energy levels of the various metal atoms are all slightly altered by
their interactions and an energy band is formed, which consists of as many
closely packed energy levels as the total no. of valence energy levels
METALLIC BOND
• Conditions for metallic bonding: When the attraction between the positive
metal ion and the electron gas exceeds the repulsion of electron in that gas.
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• Charcteristics of metallic bond

• Good conductor of electricity: Due to the presence of mobile valence electrons
• (When T is increased, Kernel vibrate, flow of electron is disturbed).
• Good conductor of heat: When heated, mobile electron acquires lot of Kinetic
energy, some of the thermal energy is transferred
• Bright metallic lusture: When light falls on metal, electrons in metal’s surface
oscillate. Due to momentary exchange of light, metal exhibit shining appearance.
• Softness, Maleability and ductility: Metallic bond – non diractional, kernels
move, but average inter-kernel distance not changed.
• High tensile strength
• Limitations of Gas Model:

• Fails to explain low m.p of mercury.
• Fails to explain high m.p of tungsten
• Extreme hardness of Osmium metal
• Fails to explain reletive electrical conductivities Ag > Cu > Pb
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9/10/2019

19CH1002 Chemistry for Computer Science and Engineering (2:0:0)

• Module 1: Chemical Bonding (5 Hours)

Module 1: Chemical Bonding: Types of bonding –

BASIC CONDITIONS FOR THE

PROPERTIES OF IONIC BOND

PROPERTIES OF COVALENT BOND

POLAR CHARACTER OF COVALENT BOND

Coordinate Covalent bond – Dative bond

(i) an atom, with an

(ii) an atom or ion that

CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROGEN BOND

CONSEQUENCES OF HYDROGEN BOND

• Charcteristics of metallic bond

• Limitations of Gas Model:

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