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    Understanding A Computer - Part 2

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    kashif ghafoor
    Computers represent data using the binary number system of 0s and 1s because transistors inside computers can only be in two states - on or off. Individual bits (binary digits of 0 and 1) are grouped into bytes to represent individual characters and larger data types. Common coding systems like ASCII and Unicode are used to represent text, numbers, and other data types in binary form so they can be processed by computers. Transistors, the basic building blocks of computers that act as on/off switches, allow binary representations of data to be stored and processed inside a computer.

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    Understanding A Computer - Part 2

    Uploaded by

    kashif ghafoor
    29 views17 pages
    Computers represent data using the binary number system of 0s and 1s because transistors inside computers can only be in two states - on or off. Individual bits (binary digits of 0 and 1) are grouped into bytes to represent individual characters and larger data types. Common coding systems like ASCII and Unicode are used to represent text, numbers, and other data types in binary form so they can be processed by computers. Transistors, the basic building blocks of computers that act as on/off switches, allow binary representations of data to be stored and processed inside a computer.

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    data representation in computer science

    Original Title

    (2019-10-07) data_represenation_

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    Computers represent data using the binary number system of 0s and 1s because transistors inside computers can only be in two states - on or off. Individual bits (binary digits of 0 and 1) are grouped into bytes to represent individual characters and larger data types. Common coding systems like ASCII and Unicode are used to represent text, numbers, and other data types in binary form so they can be processed by computers. Transistors, the basic building blocks of computers that act as on/off switches, allow binary representations of data to be stored and processed inside a computer.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views17 pages

    Understanding A Computer - Part 2

    Uploaded by

    kashif ghafoor
    Computers represent data using the binary number system of 0s and 1s because transistors inside computers can only be in two states - on or off. Individual bits (binary digits of 0 and 1) are grouped into bytes to represent individual characters and larger data types. Common coding systems like ASCII and Unicode are used to represent text, numbers, and other data types in binary form so they can be processed by computers. Transistors, the basic building blocks of computers that act as on/off switches, allow binary representations of data to be stored and processed inside a computer.

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    of 17

    Understanding a Computer – Part 2

    1
    Agenda

    • How computers represent data?


    • How computers process data?

    2
    How do computers
    represent data

    3
    Number System

    • Number systems
    – A manner of counting
    – Several different number systems exist
    • Decimal number system
    – Used by humans to count
    – Uses 10 symbols (0-9)
    – Digits combine to make larger numbers
    • Binary numbering system
    – Uses only two symbols (1 and 0) to represent all
    possible numbers 4
    Data and Program Representation

    • Digital computers: Can only understand two states, off


    and on (0 and 1)
    • In order to be understood by a computer, data and
    programs need to be represented appropriately
    • Coding systems: Used to represent data and programs
    in a manner understood by the computer
    • Digital data representation:
    The process of representing
    data in digital form so it can be
    understood by a computer

    1
    How Computers Represent Data

    • A computer uses the Binary Number System

    • Binary Number System


    – Two distinct digits, 0 and 1
    – 0 and 1 combine to make numbers

    • Why do computers use the Binary Number System?


    – A computer has switches to represent data and switches
    have only two states: ON and OFF.
    – The Binary Number System has two digits to do the
    counting: 0 and 1; a natural fit to the two states of a switch
    (0 = OFF, 1 = ON).
    5
    How Computers Represent Data

    • Our brain contains around 100 billion cells called


    neurons—the tiny switches that let you think and
    remember things

    • Computers contain billions of miniature "brain


    cells" as well, called transistors

    6
    How the CPU Works

    • CPU: Consists of a variety of circuitry and components


    packaged together
    – Transistor: Key element of the microprocessor
    • Made of semi-conductor material that acts like a
    switch controlling the flow of electrons inside a chip
    • Today’s CPUs contain hundreds of millions of
    transistors; the number doubles about every 18 months
    (Moore’s Law)

    16
    Transistors

    • Invented at Bell Laboratories in 1947 by three brilliant US


    physicists: John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William
    Shockley
    • Basic building block of any modern electronic circuit
    • A transistor can work either as an amplifier or a switch
    • Billions of transistors are interconnected and embedded
    into tiny chips to create computer memories,
    microprocessors, and other complex ICs
    http://www.explainthatstuff.com/howtransistorswork.html 7
    And before transistors…?

    The vacuum tube and ENIAC-The first digital computer


    the transistor. Photo: U.S Army
    • Vacuum tubes Photo: Nobelprize.org

    • Just as the transistor, the vacuum tube can switch


    electricity on or off, or amplify a current
    • It generates a lot of heat and has a tendency to burn out
    • Also, compared to the transistor it is slow, big and bulky
    https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/physics/integrated_circuit/history/
    8
    Data Representation

    A computer circuit (transistor) represents the 0 or the 1


    electronically by the presence or absence of an electrical
    charge

    9
    Data Representation
    • Bits and bytes
    – Binary numbers are made of
    bits
    – Bit represents a switch
    – A byte is 8 bits
    – A byte represents a single
    character in the computer

    10
    Digital Data Representation
    • Bit: The smallest unit of data that
    a binary computer can recognize
    (a single 1 or 0)
    • Byte = 8 bits
    • Byte terminology used to
    express the size of documents
    and other files, programs, etc.
    • Prefixes are often used to
    express larger quantities of
    bytes: kilobyte (KB), megabyte
    (MB), gigabyte (GB), terabyte
    (TB), etc.

    2
    Data Representation

    • Text codes
    – Converts letters into binary
    – Standard codes necessary for data transfer
    – ASCII (7 bit)
    • American English symbols
    – Extended ASCII (8 bits)
    • Graphics and other symbols
    – Unicode (UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32)
    • All languages on the planet

    11
    Data Representation

    12
    Data Representation

    • Part of the ASCII-8


    (American Standard
    Code for Information
    Interchange)

    12

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