Entrepreneurship and venture creation is very important matter in new current Era as

compare to the past .

lets to do researchs on entrepreneurship which in result are workable for young
entrepreneurs.
make a world better for people

Call For Papers

Journal of Community Development in Asia (JCDA)
ISSN: 2654-7279
The JCDA vision is to publishing scholarly empirical and theoretical research articles, which
offer its authors and readers a combination of academic rigor and professional
development. We cannot achieve our mission without the contribution of JCDA reviewers
who insights, comments and evaluations assist authors to produce articles of the highest
quality. We are continue to develop a community that composed of professionals and
experts with backgrounds in a variety of subject areas concentrating on business,
management and economics and from different parts of countries. By participating as the
reviewers in JCDA, we hope to offer this opportunity for you to be listed down in this
community.
The aims of the JCDA is to feature narrative, theoretical and empirically-based research
articles, student/faculty reflections, study abroad experience, and book reviews relevant to
international students and their cross-cultural experiences and understanding in anything
related to community development in Asia.. JCDA is indexed by Google Scholar, Neliti and
PKP Index, CrossREF (DOI number). The JCDA vision is to publishing scholarly empirical and
theoretical research articles, which offer its authors and readers a combination of academic
rigor and professional development. We cannot achieve our mission without the
contribution of authors who write and produce the articles of the highest quality. Any
articles in the field of Community and rural development are accepted. We are open for any
academics and professionals to join the editorial board.
JCDA is inviting papers for Vol. 2 No.1, May 2019, which is scheduled to be published in May
2019.
Authors are invited to submit papers for Journal of Community Development in Asia (JCDA)
related to the topics of business, management and economics and from different parts of
countries.
Manuscripts can be submitted online to [email protected]
Please read over the author guidelines and visit our website at
http://ejournal.aibpm.org/index.php/JCDA/index
Schedule of publication in JCDA (20 May 2019)
We hope to get your submissions and be able to publish your papers in one of our issues in
2019.
For more information, contact us at [email protected]
Tinatanong din ng mga tao
What is international business law?
International Commercial Law is a body of legal rules, conventions, treaties, domestic
legislation and commercial customs or usages, that governs international
commercial or business transactions. A transaction will qualify to be international if
elements of more than one country are involved.
What LLM means?

What do you mean by business law?

Definition of Business Law
Business law encompasses all of the laws that dictate how to form and run
a business. This includes all of the laws that govern how to start, buy, manage and
close or sell any type of business. Business laws establish the rules that
all businesses should follow.
What is the purpose of business law?
The purposes and functions of business law include maintaining order, protecting
rights and liberties, establishing standards, and resolving disputes when it comes
to businesses and their interactions with individuals, government agencies, and
other businesses.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was signed by 23 countries in October
1947, after World War II, and became law on Jan. 1, 1948. The GATT's purpose was to make
international trade easier. ... In 1995 the GATT was absorbed into the World Trade
Organization (WTO), which extended it.Oct 24, 2019

What is GATT and its purpose?

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a multilateral agreement
regulating international trade. According to its preamble, its purpose is the “substantial
reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a
reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis.
What are the principle of GATT?
It states that each contracting party to the GATT is required to provide to all other
contracting parties the same conditions of trade as the most favourable terms it extends
to any one of them, i.e., each contracting party is required to treat all contracting parties
in the same way that it treats its “most-favoured ...

GATT and the Goods Council - gateway - WTO

https://www.wto.org › english › tratop_e › gatt_e › gatt_e

1.
2.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) covers international trade in goods. The
workings of the GATT agreement are the responsibility of the Council for Trade in Goods (Goods
Council) which is made up of representatives from all WTO member countries. ... Again, these
committees consist of all member countries.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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"GATT" redirects here. For other uses, see GATT (disambiguation).

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Type Multilateral Treaty

Signed 30 October 1947

Location Geneva, Geneva Canton, Switzerland

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a legal agreement between many
countries, whose overall purpose was to promote international trade by reducing or eliminating trade
barriers such as tariffs or quotas. According to its preamble, its purpose was the "substantial
reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and
mutually advantageous basis."
The GATT was first discussed during the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment and
was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade
Organization (ITO). It was signed by 23 nations in Geneva on 30 October 1947, and took effect on 1
January 1948. It remained in effect until the signature by 123 nations in Marrakesh on 14 April 1994,
of the Uruguay Round Agreements which established the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 1
January 1995. The WTO is the successor to the GATT, and the original GATT text (GATT 1947) is
still in effect under the WTO framework, subject to the modifications of GATT 1994. [1][2] Nations that
were not party in 1995 to the GATT need to meet the minimum conditions spelled out in specific
documents before they can accede; in September 2019, the list contained 36 nations. [3]
 The GATT, and its successor the WTO, have successfully reduced tariffs. The average tariff levels
for the major GATT participants were about 22% in 1947, but were 5% after the Uruguay Round in
1999.[4] Experts attribute part of these tariff changes to GATT and the WTO.[5][6][7]

Contents

 1History

o 1.1Initial round

o 1.2Annecy Round: 1949

o 1.3Torquay Round: 1951

o 1.4Geneva Round: 1955–56

o 1.5Dillon Round: 1960–62

o 1.6Kennedy Round: 1964–67

o 1.7Tokyo Round: 1973–79

o 1.8Formation of Quadrilateral Group: 1981

o 1.9Uruguay Round: 1986–94

 2GATT and the World Trade Organization

 3Effects on trade liberalization

 4Article 24

 5See also

 6References

 7Further reading

 8External links

History[edit]
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade is a portmanteau for a series of global trade
negotiations which were held in a total of nine rounds between 1947 and 1995. The GATT was first
conceived in the aftermath of the Allied victory in the Second World War at the 1947 United Nations
Conference on Trade and Employment (UNCTE), at which the International Trade
Organization (ITO) was one of the ideas proposed. It was hoped that the ITO would be run alongside
the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). More than 50 nations negotiated ITO
and organizing its founding charter, but after the withdrawal of the United States these negotiations
collapsed.[8]
What is import competition?
Term. Import competing industries. Definition. Refers to an industry that competes
with imports. That is, in a two-good model with trade, one good is the export good and
the other is the import-competing good.Oct 24, 2011
What does our government do to restrict imports?
Use of trade controls to reduce foreign competition in order to protect domestic
industries. Government taxes on imports that raise the price of foreign goods and
make them less competitive with domestic goods. Government-
imposed restrictions on the quantity of a good that can be imported over a period of
time.
How do tariffs affect consumers?
Tariffs increase the prices of imported goods. ... Because the price has increased, more
domestic companies are willing to produce the good, so Qd moves right. This also shifts
Qw left. The overall effect is a reduction in imports, increased domestic production, and
higher consumer prices.Aug 21, 2019
People also ask
What are examples of unfair trade practices?

Some examples of unfair trade methods are: the false representation of a good or service;
false free gift or prize offers; non-compliance with manufacturing standards; false advertising;
or deceptive pricing.

What is the meaning of unfair trade practice?

An unfair trade practice means a trade practice, which, for the purpose of promoting
any sale, use or supply of any goods or services, adopts unfair method,
or unfair or deceptive practice. Unfair practices may be categorized as under:
1.False Representation.
What are China's unfair trade practices?
Among the trade practices and their effects which the U.S. claims are unfair are the
growing trade deficit, the theft of intellectual property, and the forced transfer of
American technology to China. Those, and other rationales for the tariffs, were
explained in a government report published in March 2018.

Unfair Trade Practice

REVIEWED BY WILL KENTON

Updated Mar 14, 2019

What Is an Unfair Trade Practice?

Unfair trade practice refers to the use of various deceptive, fraudulent, or unethical methods to
obtain business. Unfair trade practices include misrepresentation, false advertising or
representation of a good or service, tied selling, false free prize or gift offers, deceptive pricing,
and noncompliance with manufacturing standards. Such acts are considered unlawful by statute
via Consumer Protection Law, which opens up recourse for consumers by way of compensatory
or punitive damages. An unfair trade practice is sometimes referred to as a “deceptive trade
practice” or an “unfair business practice.”
Understanding Unfair Trade Practices

Unfair trade practices are commonly seen in the purchase of goods and services by consumers,
tenancy, insurance claims and settlements, and debt collection. Most states’ unfair trade practices
statutes were originally enacted between the 1960s and 1970s. Since then many states have
adopted these laws to prevent unfair trade practices. Consumers who have been victimized
should examine the unfair trade practice statute in their state to determine whether they have a
cause of action.

Unfair trade practices are commonly seen in the purchase of goods and services by consumers,
tenancy, insurance claims and settlements, and debt collection.
In the United States, unfair trade practices are addressed in Section 5(a) of the Federal Trade
Commission Act, which prohibits “unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting
commerce.” It applies to all individuals engaged in commerce, including banks, and sets the
legal standard for unfair trade practices, which may be deemed unfair, deceptive, or both. Below
are lists of unfair and deceptive practices as per the rule:
Unfair Practices

An act is unfair when it meets the following criteria:

 It causes or is likely to cause substantial injury to consumers.

 It cannot be reasonably avoided by consumers.

 It is not outweighed by countervailing benefits to consumers or to the competition.

Deceptive Practices

An act or practice is deceptive when it meets the following criteria:

 A representation, omission, or practice misleads or is likely to mislead the consumer.

 A consumer’s interpretation of the representation, omission, or practice is considered

reasonable under the circumstances.
  The misleading representation, omission, or practice is material.

Examples of Unfair Trade Practices in Insurance

Unfair trade practices can happen in any industry but are significant enough to prompt
the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) to issue guidance related to the
sale of insurance products. The NAIC defines unfair trade practices in the following ways:

 It misrepresents the benefits, advantages, conditions, or terms of any policy.

 It misrepresents the dividends or share of the surplus to be received on any policy.

 It makes a false or misleading statement as to the dividends or share of surplus previously paid
on any policy.

 It is misleading or is a misrepresentation as to the financial condition of any insurer, or as to the

legal reserve system upon which any life insurer operates.

 It uses any name or title of any policy or class of policies misrepresenting the true nature
thereof.

 It is a misrepresentation, including any intentional misquote of the premium rate, for the
purpose of inducing or tending to induce the purchase, lapse, forfeiture, exchange, conversion,
or surrender of any policy.

 It is a misrepresentation for the purpose of effecting a pledge or assignment of or effecting a

loan against any policy.

 It misrepresents any policy as being shares of stock.

The NAIC considers a deceptive trade practice to be any of the above acts coupled with the
conditions below:

 It is committed flagrantly and in conscious disregard of the act or of any rules promulgated
hereunder.

 It has been committed with such frequency to indicate a general business practice to engage in
that type of conduct.

Related Terms
What Is Racketeering?

Racketeering typically refers to crimes committed through extortion or coercion.

The term is typically associated with organized crime.

more
Understanding Liability Insurance

Liability insurance provides the insured party with protection against claims
resulting from injuries and damage to people and/or property.

more

White-Collar Crime

A white-collar crime is a non-violent crime committed by an individual, typically

for financial gain.

more

Marketing Fraud

Marketing fraud is an illegal practice perpetrated by a company or individual in

the promotion of a product or service.

more

Capitalism Definition

Capitalism is an economic system whereby monetary goods are owned by

individuals or companies. The purest form of capitalism is free market or laissez-
faire capitalism. Here, private individuals are unrestrained in determining where
to invest, what to produce, and at which prices to exchange goods and services.

more

Trumponomics

Trumponomics describes the economic policies of U.S. President Donald Trump,

who won the November 8, 2016, presidential election on the back of bold
economic promises to cut personal and corporate taxes, restructure trade deals
and introduce large fiscal stimulus measures focused on infrastructure and
defense.

more
Import and Export Procedures in the
Philippines – Best Practices



June 23, 2017Posted byASEAN BriefingWritten byBradley DunseithReading Time:4 minutes
The Philippines is an archipelago comprising of 7,641 islands. The country shares
maritime borders with China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam, and the
island nation of Palau. In 2015, the Philippines exported goods valued at US$77.9
billion and imported products worth US$76.8 billion. The Philippines’ top export
destinations are China, Japan, the United States, and Singapore; and the country’s top
import partners are China, Japan, Korea, the United States, and Thailand. In this article
we explain best practices for importing into and exporting out of the Philippines.

Registration
For importers

To register as an importer, businesses first need an Import Clearance Certificate from

the Bureau of Internal Revenue. Importers then register with the Bureau of Customs
(BOC) and set up an account with the Client Profile Registration System (CPRS). The
Import Clearance Certificate is valid for three years while the Customs Client Profile
Accreditation must be updated annually. The CPRS accreditation costs P1000 (US$20)
and typically takes 15 working days to process.

For exporters
 First time exporters need to register with the CPRS through the Philippine Exporters
Confederation.

RELATED SERVICES

 CORPORATE ESTABLISHMENT AND STRUCTURING

As with importers, the CPRS accreditation must be renewed annually, costs P1000 and takes
approximately 15 business days. For certain types of exporters, the Philippines requires
additional registration. For instance, coffee exporters must register with the Export Marketing
Bureau. Exporters operating out of a special economic zone (SEZ) must register with the
Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) while companies exporting out of free port zones
must register with the specific free port. Once registered, exporters will receive a Unique
Registration Number, necessary for all export activity.

Required documents
For importers

Businesses importing into the Philippines must provide the following documents when
their goods arrive:

 Packing list;

 Invoice;

 Bill of lading;

 Import Permit;

 Customs Import Declaration; and

 Certificate of Origin.

Additional documents for certain imports

Importers bringing in animals, plants, foodstuff, medicine or chemicals must additionally
obtain a Certificate of Product Registration from the Philippines’ Food and Drug
Administration.

For exporters

Businesses exporting out of the Philippines must provide the following documents
before their goods depart:

 Packing List;

 Invoice;

 Bill of Lading;

 Export License;

 Customs Export Declaration; and

 Certificate of Origin.

Additional documents for certain exports

Certain products require government permission to be exported. Below is a detailed list

of products requiring additional permission as well as the concerned government
authority:

 Endangered species of flora and fauna (Bureau of Biodiversity Management);

 Animals and animal products (Bureau of Animal Industry);

 Fish and fish products (Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources);

 Plants (Bureau of Plant Industry);

 Rice (National Food Authority);

 Radioactive materials (Philippine Nuclear Research Institute) and;

  Sugar and molasses (Sugar Regulatory Administration).

Tariffs and Taxes

For importers

The Philippines follows the United Nation’s Standard International Trade Classification
(SITC). Import tariffs can range from 0 to 65 percent. Imported goods in sectors which
have high domestic production typically incur higher tariffs. For non-agricultural goods,
tariffs average at 6.7 percent.

The Philippines Tariff Commission has launched a ‘tariff finder’ web portal to help
importers, which can be accessed here.

The Philippines Customs apply a value added tax (VAT) for imported goods at 12
percent. The Philippines’ customs levy no tariff or tax for goods worth less than P10,000
(US$200).

For exporters

The only exported good which incur a tariff are logs at 20 percent.

Special Economic Zones

Businesses operating in Special Economic Zones (SEZs) or free port zones are
exempted from paying taxes and tariffs on imported raw material and manufacturing
equipment. As stipulated in the Customs Modernization and Tariff Act, 2015, the main
SEZs in the Philippines include:

 Clark Freeport Zone;

 Poro Point Freeport Zone;

 John Hay Special Economic Zone;

 Subic Bay Freeport Zone;

  Cagayan Special Economic Zone;

 Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone and;

 Freeport Area of Bataan.

As mentioned earlier, exporters and importers operating in SEZs or free port zones
must register with either PEZA or the specific free port regulator.

Free trade agreements

The Philippines is a member of six regional free trade agreements (FTAs) as well as
one bilateral FTA with Japan.

RELATED NEWS

 The Philippine Economic Zone Authority - Incentives and Assistance

As a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the Philippines is naturally a
participant in the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA). The country enjoys significantly reduced
tariff rates within ASEAN though some tariff lines on sensitive food products still remain. The Philippines,
by virtue of its membership in ASEAN, is also a party to the five FTAs that ASEAN has signed with the
following countries or group of countries:

 Australia and New Zealand;

 China;

 India;

 Japan; and

 Korea

The Philippines government offers a breakdown of each FTA and the applicable
preferential tariff rates here.
Conclusion
The Philippines is a dynamic and strategic trading location. As the country continues to
comply with ASEAN-wide economic integration, opportunities for both importers and
exporters will continue to grow. Utilizing experts with up-to-date local knowledge can
help exporters and importers to not only avoid customs-related delays and frustrations
but also ensure import and export activity occurs quickly and remains profitable. Local
experts at Dezan Shira & Associates possess years of experience supporting the
establishment and growth of businesses across ASEAN, and are well situated to guide
companies through the Philippines’ constantly evolving regulatory landscape.

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Tariffs and Taxes

For importers

The Philippines follows the United Nation’s Standard International Trade Classification
(SITC). Import tariffs can range from 0 to 65 percent. Imported goods in sectors which
have high domestic production typically incur higher tariffs. For non-agricultural goods,
tariffs average at 6.7 percent.

The Philippines Tariff Commission has launched a ‘tariff finder’ web portal to help
importers, which can be accessed here.

The Philippines Customs apply a value added tax (VAT) for imported goods at 12
percent. The Philippines’ customs levy no tariff or tax for goods worth less than P10,000
(US$200).

For exporters
 The only exported good which incur a tariff are logs at 20 percent.

Special Economic Zones

Businesses operating in Special Economic Zones (SEZs) or free port zones are
exempted from paying taxes and tariffs on imported raw material and manufacturing
equipment. As stipulated in the Customs Modernization and Tariff Act, 2015, the main
SEZs in the Philippines include:

 Clark Freeport Zone;

 Poro Point Freeport Zone;

 John Hay Special Economic Zone;

 Subic Bay Freeport Zone;

 Cagayan Special Economic Zone;

 Zamboanga City Special Economic Zone and;

 Freeport Area of Bataan.

As mentioned earlier, exporters and importers operating in SEZs or free port zones
must register with either PEZA or the specific free port regulator.

Free trade agreements

The Philippines is a member of six regional free trade agreements (FTAs) as well as
one bilateral FTA with Japan.

RELATED NEWS

 The Philippine Economic Zone Authority - Incentives and Assistance

As a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the Philippines is naturally a
participant in the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA). The country enjoys significantly reduced
tariff rates within ASEAN though some tariff lines on sensitive food products still remain. The Philippines,
by virtue of its membership in ASEAN, is also a party to the five FTAs that ASEAN has signed with the
following countries or group of countries:

 Australia and New Zealand;

 China;

 India;

 Japan; and

 Korea

The Philippines government offers a breakdown of each FTA and the applicable
preferential tariff rates here.

Conclusion
The Philippines is a dynamic and strategic trading location. As the country continues to
comply with ASEAN-wide economic integration, opportunities for both importers and
exporters will continue to grow. Utilizing experts with up-to-date local knowledge can
help exporters and importers to not only avoid customs-related delays and frustrations
but also ensure import and export activity occurs quickly and remains profitable. Local
experts at Dezan Shira & Associates possess years of experience supporting the
establishment and growth of businesses across ASEAN, and are well situated to guide
companies through the Philippines’ constantly evolving regulatory landscape.

Share this:

Philippines - Prohibited & Restricted

Imports
Includes a list of goods that are prohibited from being exported to the country or are otherwise
restricted.
Export

Import

Last Published: 7/18/2019

Philippine law restricts the importation of certain goods for reasons of national
security, environmental and public health protection, and order and morality, in
addition to complying with international treaties and obligations. Prohibited
goods include:

 Used clothing and rags;

 Toy guns;

 Right-hand drive vehicles;

 Hazardous waste, even in transit into Philippine territory;

 Laundry and industrial detergents containing hard surfactants;

 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs);

 Used motorcycle parts, except engine; and

 Live piranha, shrimp, and prawns.

 The Philippine Tariff and Customs Code also prohibit the importation of
the following goods:

 Dynamite, gunpowder, ammunition, and other explosives, firearms,

weapons of war, and parts thereof, except when authorized by law;

 Written or printed articles containing information that advocates or

incites: treason, rebellion, insurrection, sedition, subversion against the
government, forcible resistance to laws, threats to life, or inflicting bodily
harm upon any person in the Philippines;
 Written or printed articles, negatives or cinematographic film,
photographs, engravings, lithographs, objects, paintings, drawings, or
other representation of an obscene or immoral character;

 Articles, instruments, drugs, and substances designed, intended or

adapted for producing unlawful abortion;

 Roulette wheels, gambling outfits, loaded dice, marked cards,

machines, apparatus or mechanical devices used in gambling or the
distribution of money, cigars, cigarettes, or other when such distribution
is dependent on chance, including jackpot and pinball machines or
similar contrivances, or parts thereof;

 Lottery and sweepstakes tickets except those authorized by Philippine

government, advertisements thereof, and list of drawings therein;

 Any article manufactured in whole or in part of gold, silver or other

precious metals or alloys thereof, the stamps, brands or marks of which
do not indicate the actual fineness of quality of metals or alloys;

 Weapons of mass destruction and goods included in the National

Strategic Goods List (NSGL) as provided under the Strategic Trade
Management Act;

 Any adulterated or misbranded articles of food or any adulterated or

misbranded drug in violation of the provisions of the Food and Drugs
Act;

 Marijuana, opium, poppies, coca leaves, heroin or any other narcotics or

synthetic drugs, which are or may hereafter be declared habit forming
by the President of the Philippines, or any compound, manufactured
salt, derivative, or preparation thereof, except when imported by the
government or any person duly authorized by the Dangerous Drugs
Board, for medical purposes only;

 Opium pipes and parts thereof, or whatever material; and,

 All other articles and parts thereof, the importation of which is prohibited
by law or rules and regulations issued by competent Philippine authority.
Regulated/Restricted Commodities
A broad range of commodities require import clearance/licenses from
appropriate government agencies prior to importation into the Philippines.
Discretionary licensing arrangements are in place for rice imports. The
National Food Authority (NFA) is the sole importer of rice and continues to be
involved in the importation of corn. Private grain dealers with import
clearance are allowed to import rice.

Furniture manufacturers and agents, as well as log and lumber contractors

and lumber dealers, may import wood materials under several different
licensing regimes. Importers must submit a Phytosanitary Certificate issued
by the country of origin to the Department of Agriculture’s Bureau of Plant
Industry (DA-BPI). The Department of Agriculture also issues biosafety
permits for the use of genetically modified (GM) plant and plant products for
field trials, commercial propagation, and/or direct use as food, feed, or
processing.
The table below lists other commodities with required import clearances
issued by concerned Philippine government agencies: