SEWERAGE & SEWAGE

TREATMENT PLANT

PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT, HARYANA

By Lalit Arora
S.E Rewari
Sewerage System is the method of collection & transportation of
sewage from household to Sewage Treatment Plant. Effective design
and proper execution is the key for successful commissioning of
Sewerage Projects.

Components of Sewerage System consist of

following

House Service Connection

Sewers

Pump Stations

Sewerage Treatment Plant

Safe Disposal of Effluent

Data Required for design of sewerage system

1. Project Area-Geographical description with reference to map,

Topography, climate, culture, religion etc
2. Population pattern – Previous population data ,estimate future
population data with different methods and most probable growth rate
curve (demographic pattern to followed).
3. Socio-economic Aspects-Living standard of people ,density, present
and future land uses as per development plan.
4. Natural gradient of the project area based on Survey of India sheets for
identification of contour pattern.
 Design parameters

Sr. No. Description Design periods in years Clarification

1 Trunk Sewer/ Outfall Sewer 30 years Laid for carrying discharge from branch sewers.

2 Pumping station 30 years Civil work

3 Pumping machinery 15 years The additional pumping machinery can be

added later as per demand
4 Rising Main 30 Years It can be laid in two parts 15 years and then
parallel line can be draw laid
5 Sewage Treatment Plant 15 years So that STP may not run underutilized. Capacity
can be augmented later on as per requirement.
 DENSITY OF POPULATION IF NOT SPECIFIED

Population Density for Hectare

Upto 5000 75 to 150
5001 to 20000 150 to 250
20001 to 50000 250 to 300
50001 to 100000 300 to 350
Above 100001 350 to 1000

Per capita sewage flow is 70% to 80% of the water supply i.e. @ 135
LPCD
 PEAK FACTOR
Contributing Population Peak Factor
Upto 20000 3.00
20001 to 50000 2.50
50001 to 750000 2.25
Above 750001 2.00

DESIGN FLOW
Street Sewers 6 DWF
Trunk Sewers 3 DWF
Rising Main Depending upon pumping hours
3 DWF – for 8 hours pumping
2 DWF – for 12 hours pumping
1.5 DWF – for 16 hours pumping
And so on…..
 SELF CLEANSING VELOCITY
The velocity at which suspended material in sewerage is not silted up is known as self
cleansing velocity.

Sewers Minimum Velocity at 0.6 m/s

initial peak flow
Minimum Velocity at 0.8 m/s
ultimate peak flow
Open Drains Peak flow 0.75-0.90 m/sec
Minimum velocity for force maximum (when 0.3 m/sec
lowest duty pump is working)
MAXIMUM VELOCITY
S.W. Pipes Velocity 1.4 m/sec
Brick Drain 2.1 M/sec
Concrete Drain 2.5 M/sec
Cemented Drain 3.0 M/sec
C.I Pipe 3.0 M/sec
PERMITTED DEPTH OF FLOW AND GRADIENT

Size of sewer Depth of flow

Upto 400 mm 0.5 diameter
400 to 900 mm 0.67 diameter
Above 900 mm 0.75 diameter

GRADIENT TO MAINTAIN SELF CLEANSING VELOCITY

Dia Slope Capacity in LPM Capacity in cusecs

150 1:155 410 0.24
200 1:280 670 0.39
250 1:375 1045 0.61
300 1:480 1505 0.88
350 1:570 2860 1.67
400 1:680 2510 1.47
 MINIMUM GRADIENT OF SANITARYY SEWERS

SEWER SIZE (mm) GRADIENT – 1 IN

150 170
200 250
250 360
300 450
375 670
450 830
≥ 525 1000
 GUIDELINES FOR EXECUTION
• Fix the permanent benchmark at one location and temporary bench mark along
the alignment of sewer line and transfer the reduced level (R.L.)
• Study the L-Section drawing of the sewer to be laid especially with respect to
(i) Ground Level
(ii) Finished Excavation Level or Depth of excavation
(iii) Depth of water table below ground level
(iv) Size and slope of the sewer to be laid

• Get the depth of water table checked and record its level with respect to
benchmark and get it signed from the contractual agency.
• Get the centre line of sewer alignment marked on the ground.
• Start laying trunk main sewer to ensure it is made functional with completion.
• Ensure permissions from B&R, NHAI, Railways, Forest Deptt.
 GUIDELINES FOR LAYING OF SEWERS
• Material of Sewers mostly being used in Public Health Engineering Department.
(a) SW pipe upto 400 mm dia --- As per IS Code 651-1992
These shall be subject to test pressure of at least 1.5 m and is no case more than 2.45 m head of
water.
(b) RCC NP-3 pipe manufactured with Sulphate Resistant Cement
From 450mm dia to 900 mm dia ---- As per IS Code 458-2003 & IS 783-2003
(c) RCC pipe NP-3 above 900 mm dia with 3 mm thick HDPE lining
• (i) No. of aggressive agents are observed in Sewage such as Hydrogen Sulphide. This
causes immense damage in Concrete Sewage Pipes.
• (ii) The use of high density. Polyethylene lines inside the concrete pipe is recommended.
• What is NP-3
Non-Pressure, medium duty reinforced concrete pipes.
These can withstand a test pressure of 7 m head.
• What is Sulphate Resistant Cement (IS 12330-1988)
Use of this cement is particularly beneficial when the concrete is exposed to risk of deterioration
due to sulphate attack BY acidic gases like H2S etc.
• Rubber Ring ----- IS code 5382-----1985
 GUIDELINES FOR EXECUTION
CONTINUED
• Study the Cross-Section of sewer for knowing the
• (i) Width of excavation especially at bottom
(ii) Thickness and mix of lean concrete at bottom.
• (iii) Type of sewer to be laid i.e. Type – A, B, C or D.
• The excavation should be carried out at least for one reach at a time i.e. from one
man-hole to another man-hole.

• Proper safety arrangements to be observed i.e. either Shuttering of the trench

Or Proper side slope in case of open excavation.
• Ensure payment of width of excavation as per PWD specifications or as per cross
section specified in the agreement.
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM WIDTH OF
TRENCHES
Maximum width of Trenches:-

Trenches upto 2 meter depth – 500 mm + external diameter of pipe sewer

Trenches exceeding 2 meter to 4.5 meter depth – 600 mm + external diameter of
pipe sewer

Trenches exceeding 4.5 meter depth – 680 mm + external diameter of pipe sewer

Minimum width of trenches down to the crowns of the barrels, for pipe sewers and
drains:-

Upto 18” (450 mm) in diameter shall be such as to give a clearance of 8” (200mm)
on each side of the barrel of the pipe

≥ 18” (450 mm) in diameter – clearance of 9” (230mm) on each side of the barrel
of the pipe

All such trenches shall have a clear width at the bottom equal to the width of the
cradles of the sewers to be laid in them.
 GUIDELINES FOR EXECUTION
CONTINUED…
• The socket end of pipe should face towards upstream of flow.
• Quantity of Yarn to be used should be as per specifications in case of SW pipes.
• While laying the pipes, top and central threads should be tied for maintaining the
slope and straightness.
• Concrete in haunches to be placed as per cross-section.
• The cement mortar mixing must be done on pucca platform or a wooden tray.
• Curing of joints for minimum of 3 days before earth filling.
SPUN YARN CONSUMPTION IN LAYING
OF S.W. PIPES
Internal Dia of SW pipes (mm) Quantity of Yarn in Kg. per 100 joints
100 4.54
150 9.10
200 12.30
250 16.80
300 19.00
350 22.20
400 25.00
450 28.00
 MAN-HOLES
• The larger side (length) of man-hole should be in direction of flow.
• Lean concrete should extend minimum 15 cm extra on all side from outer face of
walls of man-hole.
• Preferably RCC bed as per structural design with steel on both faces be placed in
man-holes with depth more than 2.5 – 3 mtrs. Especially in areas of high water
table.
• Man-hole walls be got plastered from outside also with CP 1:3.
• In case of sub soil water, RCC man-holes shall be constructed.
• Man-hole cover and frame be fixed in corner on upstream side.
• Fix man-hole cover as per site requirement i.e. MD, HD, EHD IS-4111-2003 to be
followed.
 MAN-HOLES CONTINUED…
• Flow in man-hole should be carried in U-shaped channel constructed integrally
with concrete bed. The side of channel should be equal to diameter of sewer pipe.
The benching should have a slope of 1 in 10.
• The top level of man-hole slab should be such that man-hole cover/ frame flushes
with the road level.
• Rungs/ PVC steps staggered in two rows 30 cm. apart vertically as well horizontally.
Top rung 45 cm below man-hole cover and lowest rung not more than 30 cum
above benching.
• Check that sewer pipe joint has been filled properly on underneath side.
• Check the weight of PVC step.
 PVC FOOT REST
Specifications:
• Polypropylene – 8 mm thick copolymer polypropylene confirming to IS-10910
• Steel – 12 mm diameter steel bar conforming to IS-786
• Load Requirement – Easily exceeds 225 Kg as per IS-5455
• Surface finish – 2 mm treads – On top surface by ribbing or chequering.
• Overall minimum length as 263 mm and width as 165 mm
• Minimum cross section of 23 mm x 25 mm
• Minimum 112 mm space between protruded legs.
 POINTS TO BE OBSERVED DURING
EXECUTION OF SEWERAGE WORK
• Depth of water table.
• Bottom width of trench.
• Thickness and mix of lean concrete.
• Proper slope and straightness of sewer.
• Quantity of yarn and Quality of PVC step.
• ISI marked rubber ring.
• Quality of pipes i.e. ISI marked and stamp of inspecting officer.
• Concrete in hanuches.
• Curing
• Lean concrete in man-holes.
• Cleaning and plugging of man-holes.
• Rate for excavation i.e. without shuttering or with shuttering.
 RCC PIPE INSPECTION
• Check the weight of steel cage.
• In case of NP-3 RCC pipes with barrel wall thickness as 100 mm and above (i.e.
pipes of dia 900 mm and above), there shall be double reinforcement cage.
• Proof for use of Sulphate Resistant Cement i.e. Bill of Cement etc. be checked.
• Check marking on each pipe i.e.
(i) Indication of source of manufacture.
(ii) Class and size of the pipe.
(iii) Words “SPUN PIPE” (Reinforced).
(iv) Date of manufacture.
(v) ISI marking.
• These markings shall be outside only for pipes upto 350 mm i/d whereas both
inside and outside for pipes above 350mm i/d.
• Stamp identification mark on the pipe.
• A copy of inspection note must be attached with office copy of voucher/ bill of the
agency.
 STEEL TABLE FOR RCC PIPE NP-3
• Design and Strength Test Requirements of Concrete Pipes of Class NP3 – Reinforced Concrete, Medium Duty, Non-pressure
Pipes.
• (Clauses 6.1.1, 6.1.2.1, 6.1.3, 6.2.2, 9.3.2 and 8.1; and Table 20) IS 458:2003
Internal Diameter of Barrel Wall Thickness Reinforcements Strength Test Requirements for Three Edge Weight of spirals
pipes Bearing Test (Hard drawn steel in
sockets)
Longitudinal, Mild Steel or Hard Drawn Steel Spiral, Hard Load to produce 0.25 Ultimate Load
mm Crack

mm mm Minimum number Kg/linear metre Kg/linear metre KN/ linear metre KN/linear metre Kg/Number

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

80 25 6 0.59 0.16 13.00 19.50 0.08

100 25 6 0.59 0.22 13.00 19.50 0.09

150 25 6 0.59 0.46 13.70 20.55 0.12

200 30 6 0.59 0.81 14.50 21.75 0.14

225 30 6 0.59 1.03 14.80 22.20 0.15

250 30 6 0.59 1.24 15.00 22.50 0.16

300 40 8 0.78 1.80 15.50 23.25 0.45

350 75 8 0.78 2.95 16.77 25.16 0.64

400 75 8 0.78 3.30 19.16 28.74 0.71

450 75 8 0.78 3.79 21.56 32.34 0.76

500 75 8 0.78 4.82 23.95 35.93 0.87

600 85 8 or 6+6 1.18 7.01 28.74 43.11 1.00

700 85 8 or 6+6 1.18 10.27 33.53 50JO 2.16

800 95 8 or 6+6 2.66 13.04 38.32 57.48 2.87

900 100 6+6 2.66 18.30 43.11 64.67 4.06

 STEEL TABLE FOR RCC PIPE NP-3-CONTD.
• Design and Strength Test Requirements of Concrete Pipes of Class NP3 – Reinforced Concrete, Medium Duty, Non-pressure Pipes.
• (Clauses 6.1.1, 6.1.2.1, 6.1.3, 6.2.2, 9.3.2 and 8.1; and Table 20) IS 458:2003

Internal Diameter of Barrel Wall Thickness Reinforcements Strength Test Requirements for Three Edge Weight of spirals
pipes Bearing Test (Hard drawn steel in
sockets)
Longitudinal, Mild Steel or Hard Drawn Steel Spiral, Hard Load to produce 0.25 Ultimate Load
mm Crack

mm mm Minimum number Kg/linear metre Kg/linear metre KN/ linear metre KN/linear metre Kg/Number

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

1000 115 6+6 2.66 21.52 47.90 71.85 ---------

1100 115 6+6 2.66 27.99 52.69 79.00 ---------

1200 120 8+8 3.55 33.57 57.48 86.22 ---------

1400 135 8+8 3.55 46.21 67.06 100.60 ---------

1600 140 8+8 3.55 65.46 76.64 114.96 ---------

1800 150 12+12 9.36 87.10 86.22 129.33 ---------

2000 170 12+12 9.36 97.90 95.80 143.70 ---------

• N
2200 185 12+12 9.36 133.30 105.38 158.07 ---------

• 2400 NOE 200 12+12 14.88 146.61 114.96 172.44 ---------

2600 215 12+12 14.88 175.76 124.54 186.81 ---------

• D
NOTES
1. If mild steel is used for spiral reinforcement, the weight specified under col 5 shall be increased to 140/125.
2. The longitudinal reinforcement given in this table is valid for pipes upto 2.5 m effective length for internal diameter of pipe upto 250 mm and upto 3 m
effective length for higher diameter pipes.
3. Total mass of longitudinal reinforcement shall be calculated by multiplying the values given in col 4 by the length of the pipe and the deducting for the
cover length provided at the two ends.
4. Concrete pipes shall have a minimum compressive strength of 35 N/mm2 at 28 days.
5. Longitudinal reinforcement in sockets shall be proportional to length of socket cage.