Maize Project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

award of the degree of MBA-Agribusiness

Submitted By: Deep A Pandya.

MBA-Agribusiness

Enroll No: 18254371005 Submitted To: Mittal Ma,am

Faculty of Centre For Management Studies & Research

 Introduction

Maize is one of the most important cereal crops of the world and contributes to food security
in most of the developing countries. In India, maize is emerging as third most important crop
after rice and wheat. Its importance lies in the fact that it is not only used for human food and
animal feed but at the same time it is also widely used for corn starch industry, corn oil
production, baby corns etc

Corn production has nearly doubled from around 12.0 million tons in the early 2000s to
around 22 million tons today. This remarkable production growth has been largely driven by
adoption of single cross hybrids in the late 1980’s and continuous demand in domestic and
export market. The increasing use of maize as feed, increasing interest of the consumers in
nutritionally enriched products and rising demand for maize seed are the core driving forces
behind emerging importance of maize crop in India.

However, despite the production strength, Indian corn yields are significantly below the
yields in major corn producing countries. There is immense scope for an increase in India’s
corn production by increasing area under hybrids, adoption of better genetics and improved
agronomic practices.

Driven by structural changes in agriculture and food consumption patterns, maize is bound to
hold its share as an important cereal crop in future. In current scenario, the need is to focus
not only on production and productivity but also on building a competitive maize supply
chain. The study on maize is an effort to bring fore the global and domestic scenario of maize
and issues confronting the maize supply chain.
Cultivated Species
Maize is a cereal crop which is cultivated widely throughout the world and has the highest
production among all the cereals. The worldwide production of maize was more than 960
MnMT in 2013-14. It is an important food staple in many countries and is also used in animal
feed and many industrial applications. The crop has tremendous genetic variability, which
enables it to thrive in tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates.

Global production of maize has grown at a CAGR of 3.4 per cent over the last ten years, from
717 MnMT in 2004-05 to 967 MnMT in 2013-14.

The area under maize cultivation in the period has increased at a CAGR of 2.2 per cent, from
146 Mn hectare in 2004-05 to 177 Mn hectare in 2013-14, the remaining increase in
production is due to increase in yield. Productivity of maize has increased at a CAGR of 1.2
per cent, from 4.9 MT/hectare in 2004-05 to 5.5 MT/ hectare in 2013-14.

Land Area under Maize Cultivation and Yields

United States is the largest maize producer and also has a large surplus, which also makes it
the largest maize exporter. Brazil, Ukraine and Argentina are the other key maize producing
countries behind USA. The four countries together account for 80-85% of the total exports in
maize.

Maize is by far the largest component of global coarse-grain trade. Most of the maize that is
traded is used for feed; smaller amounts are traded for industrial and food uses.
Maize production in India has grown at a CAGR of 5.5 per cent over the last ten years from
14 MnMT in 2004-05 to 23 MnMT in 2013-14. During 2009-10 there was a decline in
production primarily due to drought that affected production of kharif crops in the country.
The area under maize cultivation in the period has increased at a CAGR of 2.5 per cent from
7.5 Mn hectare in 2004-05 to 9.4 Mn hectare in 2013-14, the remaining increase in
production is due to increase in yield. Factors such as adaptability to diverse agro-climatic
conditions, lower labour costs and lowering of water table in the rice belt of India have
contributed to the increase in acreage.

Productivity of maize (yield) has increased at a CAGR of 2.9 per cent from 1.9 MT/hectare in
2004-05 to 2.5 MT/hectare in 2013-14. Introduction of Single cross hybrid (SCH) seeds
coupled with adequate rainfall in 2007-08 contributed to 20 per cent increase in yield.

Economic importance

Economic development in the country is expected to shift India’s maize consumption pattern
to that of developed countries and result in a further drop in direct consumption of maize.

Maize consumption in India has grown at a CAGR of ~4 per cent over the last ten years from
14 MnMT in 2004-05 to 19MnMT in 2013-14. There was a decrease in domestic
consumption in 2009-10 primarily due to the drought that lead to decline in production.

Most of the maize in India is used in the poultry feed industry. Poultry industry is heavily
dependent on maize as it forms 50-60 per cent of the input required for broiler feed and 25-35
per cent of the input required for layer feed. Maize is the preferred source of energy in feed
when compared with other substitutes due to availability, higher energy and price economics.
Poultry feed’s share has remained around 45-50 per cent of the total demand for maize in the
country over the past 4-5 years.

Climatic condition
Maize production in India has grown at a CAGR of 5.5 per cent over the last ten years from
14 MnMT in 2004-05 to 23 MnMT in 2013-14. During 2009-10 there was a decline in
production primarily due to drought that affected production of kharif crops in the country.
The area under maize cultivation in the period has increased at a CAGR of 2.5 per cent from
7.5 Mn hectare in 2004-05 to 9.4 Mn hectare in 2013-14, the remaining increase in
production is due to increase in yield. Factors such as adaptability to diverse agro-climatic
conditions, lower labour costs and lowering of water table in the rice belt of India have
contributed to the increase in acreage.
Productivity of maize (yield) has increased at a CAGR of 2.9 per cent from 1.9 MT/hectare in
2004-05 to 2.5 MT/hectare in 2013-14. Introduction of Single cross hybrid (SCH) seeds
coupled with adequate rainfall in 2007-08 contributed to 20 per cent increase in yield.

USA has the highest productivity when compared with the global average of 5.5 MT/hectare
due to 85 per cent of the area under BT-SCH and remaining 15 per cent under SCH seeds
backed by temperate climate and long duration crop. The yield in EU nations is as high as 6.6
MT/hectare due to 100 per cent area under SCH, temperate climatic conditions and long
duration crop. The yield in China is low when compared to EU nations due to sub-tropical
climate and medium duration crop. Brazil has lower yield due to dependence on rainfall and
tropical climatic conditions.

In India, the yield is half of the global average. Constraints for low productivity
include:

• Climatic conditions resulting in drought/excess water associated with increased

pressure of diseases/pests

• Cultivation in kharif is mainly under rain-fed conditions on marginal lands with

inadequacy in irrigation

• Only about 30 per cent of the area is under SCH. Lack of development of single
cross hybrid technology, which is a key to higher productivity gains like USA, China
and other countries

• Limited adoption of improved production-protection technology

• Deficiencies in the production and distribution system of quality seed

• Small farm holdings and limited resource availability with farmers

Maize season
Maize demand is even throughout the year, however supply is skewed with 77 per cent of
production in kharif season .Rabi maize has emerged as an important crop in the non-
traditional season and non-traditional areas. The predominant rabi maize growing states are
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra and West Bengal. There is
potential to increase the production of maize by increasing the production of rabi maize in the
coming years as rabi maize has a higher yield at 4 MT/hectare as against 2.5 MT/hectare for
kharif maize.
Though Maize favourably responds to better crop management both in kharif and rabi season,
the erratic rainfall pattern of the south-west monsoon comes in the way of timely field
operations of kharif season. In the absence of any major environmental impediments in rabi,
the desired field operations can be planned and executed at the most desired time. Moreover,
the various environmental factors, including absence of any major disease and insect pest in
this season, helps in realizing better profits from every additional unit of monetary inputs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In order to study the “Effect of different planting methods and various nitrogen levels on the
yield and yield components of maize” an experiment was carried out at Malakandher
Research Farms, NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar during July, 2005. The following
treatments and their sub-levels were studied during the experiment.

Planting methods

Ridge planting

Broadcast planting

Flat planting

Nitrogen levels

Control

80 kg ha-1

120 kg ha-1

160 kg ha-1

200 kg ha-1
Cultivation and Harvesting:

Maize is a summer annual. It thrives best in fertile well irrigated, medium, heavy loamy soil.
It is also commonly grown in the carse ravel soils of hilly maize tracts. In India the crops are
generally sown is June-July and harvested in September-October. The steins are cut close to
the ground with the help of corn knife or sickle.

The stalks are stacked to allow the grain to ripe further. After a month of this curing process,
the ears (cobs) are husked by hand or by machine. Maize must be stored in well ventilated
bins so that the excess of moisture is evaporated. The maize contains all the essential
nutrients of food when compared to wheat and other food-grains.

Uses of Maize

The chief use of maize is as a food for man and livestock. The, rain is very nutritious, with a
high percentage of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Not only is the grain valuable as a stock
feed, but the plant as a whole is an important fodder crop. The immature cobs are largely
eaten after manufactured from the grain.

The corn oil is prepared which is used for soap making, lubrication and as a salad oil. Corn
flake, make a good breakfast food. The fibers in the stalks are utilized for making paper and
yarn. Zein, the protein which occurs in maize grain is utilized for making artificial fibers with
good tensile strength and wool-like qualities.
CLASSIFICATION OF MAIZE TYPES

1. Dent corn

Dent corn also known as yellow dent corn, Reid's yellow dent corn, white dent corn is a type
of field corn with a high soft starch content. It received its name because of the small
indentation ("dent") at the crown of each kernel on a ripe ear of corn.

2. Flint corn

Flint corn (Zea mays var. indurata; also known as Indian corn or sometimes calico corn) is a
variant of maize, the same species as common corn. Because each kernel has a hard outer
layer to protect the soft endosperm, it is likened to being hard as flint; hence the name.

3. Popcorn

Popcorn (popped corn, popcorns or pop-corn) is a variety of corn kernel, which expands and
puffs up when heated.

A popcorn kernel's strong hull contains the seed's hard, starchy endosperm with 14–20%
moisture, which turns to steam as the kernel is heated. Pressure from the steam continues to
build until the hull ruptures, allowing the kernel to forcefully expand from 20 to 50 times its
original size—and finally, cool.[1]

4. Flour corn

Powdery flour made of finely ground cornmeal, NOT to be confused withcornstarch. ... Corn
flour is milled from the whole kernel, while cornstarch is obtained from the endosperm
portion of the kernel. Masa Harina is a special corn flour that is the basic ingredient
for corn tortillas.

5. Sweet corn

Field corn is not harvested as early as sweet corn. The goal is for the corn to start to dry while
it is still on the ears. ... The kernels of field corn are darker yellow and are larger than kernels
of sweet corn. You can see that some of these kernels have a dimple.
 6. Waxy corn

The amylopection content makes waxy suitable for a number of uses for both food and
other industries. After the wet milling process the resulting starch is used as athickener and
stabilizer in many food products. Waxy also makes good adhesives. Cardboard boxes may
contain glue made from waxy corn.
Chapter: 2 Total production, Exports
and Imports

Exports from India

Qty Value
10,51,855.95 1,87,250.82

importto India

The government is “positively” considering an industry demand to allow import of 1 million

tonnes of non-genetically modified maize at zero duty to overcome a shortage in domestic
output and check rising prices at home.
India is traditionally a maize or corn exporter and has not imported the crop in the past two
years.
Since the government has imposed a 60% import duty on maize, the industry wants to
import it under the tariff rate quota (TRQ). The industry is hopeful that the government will
allow the import in about two weeks.
India had imported 2,25,000 tonnes of maize under TRQ in 2016.

world Production of Maize

The world is projected to produce 1.105 billion metric tons of corn, up 5.9 million
metric tons from last month. The world is projected to produce 1.105 billion metric
tons of corn, up 5.9 million metric tons from last month.

Indian Production of Maize

Currently, Indian growers produce close to 24.2 million tonnes of maize per year from close
to 9.0 million hectares of land. India's yield of maize is approximately 3 tonnes per hectare
which put India at 91st place out of 168 maize growing countries.
 Exports From India
2018-19
Sr
Country Qty Value
No.
1 Nepal 4,84,927.21 72,982.40
2 Bangladesh Pr 2,90,195.67 50,298.83
Vietnam Soc
3 81,834.07 12,457.42
Rep
4 Pakistan Ir 7,460.12 11,649.22
5 Philippines 68,139.71 11,158.00
6 Myanmar 8,403.04 8,069.46
7 Malaysia 21,050.73 3,028.25
8 Sri Lanka Dsr 18,027.00 2,894.13
9 Yemen Republc 12,060.80 2,430.63
10 Qatar 9,364.30 1,590.26
11 Japan 6,147.00 1,291.10
12 Saudi Arab 6,034.09 1,162.38
13 U Arab Emts 6,404.38 1,152.23
14 Thailand 1,550.86 1,086.63
15 Oman 5,372.50 1,021.73
16 Hong Kong 4,287.46 764.49
17 Bhutan 4,178.45 734.21
18 Seychelles 3,616.38 621.52
19 Taiwan 3,490.00 592.52
20 USA 2,414.24 526.35
21 Singapore 1,826.16 274.19
22 Canada 1,212.12 247.97
23 Jordan 722 163.62
24 Indonesia 27.91 118.81
25 New Zealand 485 107.16
26 Tanzania Rep 80.11 94.47
27 Mayotte 578 85.53
28 Senegal 56.4 84.7
29 Somalia 389 69.77
30 Iran 50 60.42
31 UK 241.02 56.57
32 Lebanon 194 43.43
33 Eritrea 50 42.93
34 Korea Rp 163 39.01
35 Cambodia 17 35.43
36 Cote D Ivoire 20 33.6
37 Morocco 138 30.12
38 Israel 124 25.3
39 Spain 120 23.52
40 Georgia 120 18.4
41 Baharain Is 67.54 14.36
42 Reunion 60.12 13.89
43 Brunei 62 13.74
44 Egypt A Rp 0.75 12.47
45 Kuwait 50.65 11.85
46 Dominic Rep 7.29 5.6
47 Ukraine 0.75 4.52
48 Madagascar 14.2 1.95
49 Mauritius 11.85 1.83
50 Uzbekistan 3.43 1.47
51 Gambia 2.03 1.04
52 South Africa 0.53 0.49
53 Cameroon 2 0.34
54 China P Rp 0.15 0.26
55 Brazil 0.31 0.16
56 Australia 0.46 0.07
57 Congo P Rep 0.05 0.04
58 Mozambique 0.05 0.02
59 Kenya 0.01 0.01
60 Sudan 0.05 0
Total 10,51,855.95 1,87,250.82

Chart Title

Nepal Bangladesh Pr Vietnam Soc Rep Pakistan Ir

Philippines Myanmar Malaysia Sri Lanka Dsr
Yemen Republc Qatar Japan Saudi Arab
U Arab Emts Thailand Oman Hong Kong
Bhutan Seychelles Taiwan USA
Singapore Canada Jordan Indonesia
 US$ per metric ton
MAIZE PRICE IN WORLD MARKET
Month Price Change
Jul-14 182.73 -
Aug-14 176.42 -3.45%
Sep-14 163.06 -7.57%
Oct-14 163.12 0.04%
Nov-14 178.74 9.58%
Dec-14 178.73 -0.01%
Jan-15 174.71 -2.25%
Feb-15 173.7 -0.58%
Mar-15 174.23 0.31%
Apr-15 172.05 -1.25%
May-15 166.29 -3.35%
Jun-15 166.72 0.26%
Jul-15 179.6 7.73%
Aug-15 162.59 -9.47%
Sep-15 165.62 1.86%
Oct-15 171.39 3.48%
Nov-15 166.16 -3.05%
Dec-15 163.95 -1.33%
Jan-16 161.03 -1.78%
Feb-16 159.68 -0.84%
Mar-16 159.14 -0.34%
Apr-16 164.41 3.31%
May-16 168.96 2.77%
Jun-16 179.87 6.46%
-
Jul-16 161.76
10.07%
Aug-16 150.15 -7.18%
Sep-16 148.43 -1.15%
Oct-16 152.26 2.58%
Nov-16 151.8 -0.30%
Dec-16 152.45 0.43%
Jan-17 159.99 4.95%
Feb-17 162.86 1.79%
Mar-17 158.96 -2.39%
Apr-17 156.44 -1.59%
May-17 158.59 1.37%
Jun-17 157.93 -0.42%
Jul-17 157.51 -0.27%
Aug-17 148.5 -5.72%
Sep-17 147.29 -0.81%
Oct-17 148.62 0.90%
Nov-17 148.7 0.05%
Dec-17 148.98 0.19%
Jan-18 155.84 4.60%
Feb-18 163.36 4.83%
Mar-18 172 5.29%
Apr-18 175.6 2.09%
May-18 179.09 1.99%
Jun-18 165.07 -7.83%
Jul-18 156.46 -5.22%
Aug-18 162.37 3.78%
Sep-18 154.8 -4.66%
Oct-18 160.26 3.53%
Nov-18 160.69 0.27%
Dec-18 167.44 4.20%
Jan-19 166.74 -0.42%
Feb-19 169.52 1.67%
Mar-19 166.22 -1.95%
Apr-19 161.49 -2.85%
May-19 171.08 5.94%
Jun-19 195.08 14.03%
 Indian Rupee per Metric Ton
MAIZE PRICE IN INDIAN MARKET (indian Rupee)
Month Price Change
Jul-14 10,975.45 -
Aug-14 10,743.13 -2.12%
Sep-14 9,927.67 -7.59%
Oct-14 10,007.09 0.80%
Nov-14 11,024.20 10.16%
Dec-14 11,208.32 1.67%
Jan-15 10,855.67 -3.15%
Feb-15 10,774.25 -0.75%
Mar-15 10,880.64 0.99%
Apr-15 10,796.93 -0.77%
May-15 10,611.00 -1.72%
Jun-15 10,646.86 0.34%
Jul-15 11,430.79 7.36%
Aug-15 10,580.11 -7.44%
Sep-15 10,966.53 3.65%
Oct-15 11,153.29 1.70%
Nov-15 10,974.94 -1.60%
Dec-15 10,918.33 -0.52%
Jan-16 10,836.25 -0.75%
Feb-16 10,897.05 0.56%
Mar-16 10,671.63 -2.07%
Apr-16 10,928.26 2.40%
May-16 11,301.08 3.41%
Jun-16 12,101.95 7.09%
Jul-16 10,872.99 -10.16%
Aug-16 10,050.67 -7.56%
Sep-16 9,906.49 -1.43%
Oct-16 10,164.46 2.60%
Nov-16 10,250.66 0.85%
Dec-16 10,351.19 0.98%
Jan-17 10,896.53 5.27%
Feb-17 10,928.35 0.29%
Mar-17 10,477.90 -4.12%
Apr-17 10,092.54 -3.68%
May-17 10,216.09 1.22%
Jun-17 10,176.38 -0.39%
Jul-17 10,150.00 -0.26%
Aug-17 9,498.94 -6.41%
Sep-17 9,494.41 -0.05%
Oct-17 9,673.09 1.88%
Nov-17 9,646.54 -0.27%
Dec-17 9,570.82 -0.78%
Jan-18 9,918.33 3.63%
Feb-18 10,516.11 6.03%
Mar-18 11,181.81 6.33%
Apr-18 11,530.35 3.12%
May-18 12,096.45 4.91%
Jun-18 11,190.60 -7.49%
Jul-18 10,748.97 -3.95%
Aug-18 11,290.36 5.04%
Sep-18 11,192.09 -0.87%
Oct-18 11,797.98 5.41%
Nov-18 11,541.44 -2.17%
Dec-18 11,860.03 2.76%
Jan-19 11,796.97 -0.53%
Feb-19 12,071.17 2.32%
Mar-19 11,548.74 -4.33%
Apr-19 11,211.83 -2.92%
May-19 11,939.56 6.49%
Jun-19 13,546.13 13.46%

maize price in Gujarat market

Maize(Corn) in Gujarat Market (Prices in Rs. per quintal)
Commodity/Variet
Market Price
y
Maize(Corn) 1500-
Ahmedabad
Poultry Feed Mills 1550
Maize(Corn) 1500-
Ahmedabad
Starch 1550
Chapter: 3 Data analysis and
interpretation
MAIZE PRICE IN WORLD MARKET

Year 2015
Jan-15 174.71 -2.25%
Feb-15 173.7 -0.58%
Mar-15 174.23 0.31%
Apr-15 172.05 -1.25%
May-15 166.29 -3.35%
Jun-15 166.72 0.26%
Jul-15 179.6 7.73%
Aug-15 162.59 -9.47%
Sep-15 165.62 1.86%
Oct-15 171.39 3.48%
Nov-15 166.16 -3.05%
Dec-15 163.95 -1.33%

Maize price
185
180
175
170
165
160
155
150

Price Change
As we can see in the above table the price of cotton is in Jan 2015 is
174.71and it is increasing to 174.23 in the March 2015 and the reason
behind the same is https://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=corn from
the source

Month Price Change

Jan-16 161.03 -1.78%
Feb-16 159.68 -0.84%
Mar-16 159.14 -0.34%
Apr-16 164.41 3.31%
May-
168.96 2.77%
16
Jun-16 179.87 6.46%
-
Jul-16 161.76
10.07%
Aug-16 150.15 -7.18%
Sep-16 148.43 -1.15%
Oct-16 152.26 2.58%
Nov-16 151.8 -0.30%
Dec-16 152.45 0.43%

Maize price
200
180
160
140
Axis Title

120
100
Series2
80
60 Series1
40
20
0
Mar/16

Jun/16

Aug/16

Oct/16
Jan/16

Nov/16
Feb/16

Jul/16

Sep/16
May/16

Dec/16
Apr/16
MAIZE PRICE IN INDIAN MARKET

Month Price Change

Jan-15 10,855.67 -3.15%
Feb-15 10,774.25 -0.75%
Mar-15 10,880.64 0.99%
Apr-15 10,796.93 -0.77%
May-15 10,611.00 -1.72%
Jun-15 10,646.86 0.34%
Jul-15 11,430.79 7.36%
Aug-15 10,580.11 -7.44%
Sep-15 10,966.53 3.65%
Oct-15 11,153.29 1.70%
Nov-15 10,974.94 -1.60%
Dec-15 10,918.33 -0.52%

11,600.00

11,400.00

11,200.00

11,000.00

10,800.00
Change
10,600.00
Price
10,400.00

10,200.00

10,000.00
Nov/15
Oct/15
Jan/15

Jun/15
Mar/15
Feb/15

Jul/15
Aug/15
Sep/15

Dec/15
May/15
Apr/15
Month Price Change
Jan-16 10,836.25 -0.75%
Feb-16 10,897.05 0.56%
Mar-16 10,671.63 -2.07%
Apr-16 10,928.26 2.40%
May-16 11,301.08 3.41%
Jun-16 12,101.95 7.09%
Jul-16 10,872.99 -10.16%
Aug-16 10,050.67 -7.56%
Sep-16 9,906.49 -1.43%
Oct-16 10,164.46 2.60%
Nov-16 10,250.66 0.85%
Dec-16 10,351.19 0.98%

14,000.00

12,000.00

10,000.00
Axis Title

8,000.00

6,000.00 Change
Price
4,000.00

2,000.00

0.00
Jan/16

Jun/16

Oct/16
Nov/16
Feb/16
Mar/16

Jul/16
Aug/16
Sep/16
Apr/16

Dec/16
May/16