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    O Physical Processes o Chemical Processes o Biological Processes

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    Gloria Garcia Rodriguez
    The document discusses current methods for water and pollutant treatment. It describes 1) important contaminants like suspended solids, biodegradable organics, pathogens, priority pollutants, and heavy metals, and 2) current treatment methods including physical processes like screening and sedimentation, chemical processes like precipitation and chlorination, and biological processes like activated sludge. It also discusses advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) which use radicals to chemically oxidize pollutants that are difficult to degrade using biological methods. Common AOPs generate hydroxyl radicals using combinations of oxidants, catalysts, and ultraviolet light irradiation.

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    O Physical Processes o Chemical Processes o Biological Processes

    Uploaded by

    Gloria Garcia Rodriguez
    40 views7 pages
    The document discusses current methods for water and pollutant treatment. It describes 1) important contaminants like suspended solids, biodegradable organics, pathogens, priority pollutants, and heavy metals, and 2) current treatment methods including physical processes like screening and sedimentation, chemical processes like precipitation and chlorination, and biological processes like activated sludge. It also discusses advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) which use radicals to chemically oxidize pollutants that are difficult to degrade using biological methods. Common AOPs generate hydroxyl radicals using combinations of oxidants, catalysts, and ultraviolet light irradiation.

    Original Description:

    Breve descripción de métodos convencionales para el tratamiento de aguas.

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    The document discusses current methods for water and pollutant treatment. It describes 1) important contaminants like suspended solids, biodegradable organics, pathogens, priority pollutants, and heavy metals, and 2) current treatment methods including physical processes like screening and sedimentation, chemical processes like precipitation and chlorination, and biological processes like activated sludge. It also discusses advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) which use radicals to chemically oxidize pollutants that are difficult to degrade using biological methods. Common AOPs generate hydroxyl radicals using combinations of oxidants, catalysts, and ultraviolet light irradiation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    40 views7 pages

    O Physical Processes o Chemical Processes o Biological Processes

    Uploaded by

    Gloria Garcia Rodriguez
    The document discusses current methods for water and pollutant treatment. It describes 1) important contaminants like suspended solids, biodegradable organics, pathogens, priority pollutants, and heavy metals, and 2) current treatment methods including physical processes like screening and sedimentation, chemical processes like precipitation and chlorination, and biological processes like activated sludge. It also discusses advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) which use radicals to chemically oxidize pollutants that are difficult to degrade using biological methods. Common AOPs generate hydroxyl radicals using combinations of oxidants, catalysts, and ultraviolet light irradiation.

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    of 7

    TEMA 1.

    CURRENT METHODS FOR WATER/POLLUTANT TREATMENT


    (SIGUE DENTRO DEL APARTADO 2).
    INDICE:
    1. Application of treatment processes
    a) Important contaminants
    b) Current methods for pollutant treatment
    o Physical processes
    o Chemical processes
    o Biological processes

    2. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs)


    1a. Important contaminants
    a) Suspended solids
    b) Biodegradable organics
    Those are measured most commonly in terms of BOD (Biochemical Oxygen
    Demand) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
    If discharged untreated to environment, their biological stabilization can lead to
    the depletion (REDUCCIÓN) of natural oxygen resources and to the development
    of septic (QUE PRODUCE PUTREFACCIÓN) conditions.
    c) Pathogenic organisms
    Communicable diseases can be transmitted by the pathogenic organisms in
    wastewater.
    d) Priority pollutants
    e) Refractory organics
    These organics tend to resist conventional methods of wastewater treatment.
    Typical examples include surfactants, phenols and agricultural pesticides.
    f) Heavy metals
    g) Dissolved inorganic constituents
    Calcium, sodium, sulphates

    These methods succeed in removing many pollutants, but this is not enough either for the
    pollutants that remain in the water or for the law that foresees (que prevé) a greater
    putrification.

    d,e,f → These are the categories in which more can be done as a removal of more diffuse
    methods (Current methods).

    1b Current methods for pollutant treatment

    Wastewater treatment is a multi-stage water treatment, in which wastewater is cleaned


    before it is:

    • Discharged to a body of water.


    • Used for irrigation
    • Recycled for other purposes.
    • Wastewater plants remove organic matter, nutrients, pathogens and industrial
    waste.

    Wastewater treatment usually consists of four sequential processes:

    • Preliminary treatment – removal of floating materials, grit and oily substances.


    • Primary treatment – removal of suspended organic solids.
    • Secondary treatment – removal of dissolved and colloidal organic matter.
    • Tertiary treatment – additional purification to achieve certain water quality
    criteria.
    The unit operations commonly used in wastewater treatment include physical, chemical
    and biological treatments.

    Common physical treatments – screening, comminution, flow equalization,


    sedimentation, flotation, flocculation, media filtration etc.

    Screening:
    Wastewater screening retains solids found in the wastewater. These solids must be
    removed at the very beginning of the water treatment process, as these solids could make
    the whole system less efficient, damage expensive and essential water treatment
    equipment or contaminate water, causing small to large scale natural upsets for a region’s
    entire ecosystem.
    Chemical processes – chemical precipitation, coagulation, adsorption, chlorination etc.

    Comminution: to reduce the size of the solids contained in the water.

    Flow equalization: the process of controlling hydraulic velocity, or flow rate, through a
    wastewater treatment system. The equalization of flow prevents short term, high volumes
    of incoming flow, called surges, from forcing solids and organic material out of the
    treatment process.

    Sedimentation: gravitational settling of heavy particles.

    Flotation: Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a water treatment process that clarifies
    wastewaters (or other waters) by the removal of suspended matter such as oil or solids.
    The removal is achieved by dissolving air in the water or wastewater under pressure and
    then releasing the air at atmospheric pressure in a flotation tank basin. The released air
    forms tiny bubbles which adhere to the suspended matter causing the suspended matter
    to float to the surface of the water where it may then be removed by a skimming device.

    Granular medium filtration: process for removing suspended or colloidal particles; for
    example removing suspended solids remaining after sedimentation clarification. It
    reduces turbidity and improves clarity by removing various sized particles, from coarse
    sediment down to 10.0 μm [10,12].

    Chemical processes – chemical precipitation, coagulation, adsorption, chlorination


    etc.
    Chemical precipitation: Precipitation is a chemical unit process in which undesirable
    soluble metallic ions and certain anions are removed from water or wastewater by
    conversion to an insoluble form. It is a commonly used treatment technique for removal
    of heavy metals, phosphorus, and hardness. The procedure involves alteration of the ionic
    equilibrium to produce insoluble precipitates that can be easily removed by
    sedimentation. Chemical precipitation is always followed by a solids separation operation
    that may include coagulation and/or sedimentation, or filtration to remove the
    precipitates. The process can be preceded by chemical reduction in order to change the
    characteristics of the metal ions to a form that can be precipitated.

    Adsorption with activated carbon: Activated carbon filtration is a commonly used


    technology based on the adsorption of contaminants onto the surface of a filter. This
    method is effective in removing certain organics (such as unwanted taste and odours,
    micropollutants), chlorine, fluorine or radon from drinking water or wastewater.
    However, it is not effective for microbial contaminants, metals, nitrates and other
    inorganic contaminants. The adsorption efficiency depends on the nature of activated
    carbon used, the water composition, and operating parameters. There are many types of
    activated carbon filters that can be designed for household, community and industry
    requirements. Activated carbon filters are relatively easy to install but require energy and
    skilled labour and can have high costs due to regular replacement of the filter material.

    Disinfection: Water disinfection means the removal, deactivation or killing of pathogenic


    microorganisms. Microorganisms are destroyed or deactivated, resulting in termination
    of growth and reproduction. When microorganisms are not removed from drinking water,
    drinking water usage will cause people to fall ill.
    Sterilization is a process related to disinfection. However, during the sterilization process
    all present microorganisms are killed, both harmful and harmless microorganisms.

    Biological processes – activated sludge, aerated lagoons, trickling filters, pond


    stabilization, anaerobic digestion, biological nutrient removal etc.

    Explicados en los apuntes


    2 Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs)

    They are getting diffused so they can be considered conventional. (Due to the more
    restricted regulations of the past years).

    General properties:
    a) All of them are CHEMICAL OXIDATION PROCESSES of the POLLUTANTS.
    b) They operate at ROOM TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE.
    c) In order to OXIDIZE POLLUTANTS, you use RADICALS (Pretty strong
    oxidizing species, highly reactivity, non-selective reactivity, short lifetime).
    d) Radicals will not travel a long distance far from their source because they have a
    SHORT LIFETIME: 10-9 s.
    e) Non-selective, so they can attack both ORGANIC and NON-ORGANIC
    POLLUTANTS.

    Ideal Process starting from POLLUTANT MIXTURE. (Not always this result, usually
    we have by-products).

    −
    𝑷𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒎𝒊𝒙𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 + (𝑨𝑶𝑷) → 𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 + 𝑺𝑶𝟐− −
    𝟒 , 𝑪𝒍 , 𝑵𝑶𝟑

    OBJECTIVE OF USING AOPS:


    They are used to oxidize complex organic contaminants that are found in wastewater and
    that are difficult to degrade into simpler end products through biological processes.

    THEORY OF AOP:
    The basic principle of AOPs entails the generation of hydroxyl free radical HO∙, non-
    selective chemical oxidant, as a strong oxidant for destroying organic compounds which
    cannot be oxidized by conventional oxidants such as ozone, oxygen and chlorine.
    Hydroxyl radicals are effective in the destruction of organic chemicals due to the fact they
    are reactive electrophiles which not only react rapidly, but also non-selectivity with
    almost all organic compounds that electron-rich. Their oxidation potential is quantified
    as 2.80 V, and this makes them to exhibit faster rates of oxidation reactions compared to
    conventional oxidations.
    Table 1. Oxidation potential of various oxidants

    Oxidant Oxidation Potential (V)


    Hydroxyl radical (OH∙) 2.7/2.8
    Ozone (O3) 2.08
    Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 1.78
    Chlorine (Cl2) 1.36
    Molecular oxygen (O2) 1.23

    Classification of AOPs:
    There are several methods that are classified under the broad definition of advanced
    oxidation processes. Most of these methods combine a strong oxidizing agent such as
    H2O2 or O3 with a catalyst such as transition metal ions and irradiation such UV. Evidence
    shows titanium dioxide (TiO2)/UV light processes, Fenton’s reactions and hydrogen
    peroxide (H2O2)/UV light as the most popular AOP producing hydroxyl radicals.

    1. Processes using chemicals → Homogeneous process without using energy


    2. Photolytic processes → Homogeneous process using ultraviolet energy
    3. Photocatalytic processes → Heterogeneous process
    4. Electrochemical processes → Homogeneous process using electrical energy

    AOPS
    Los que tienen asterisco (*) tienen INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS.
    Using chemicals (1) Photolytic (2) Photocatalytic (3) Electrochemical (4)
    O3* O3/UV* TiO2/UV Anodic hydrolysis
    O3/H2O2* H2O2/UV* TiO2/H2O2/UV Electro-Fenton
    Fenton* PAA/UV TiO2/UV/Bias
    Photo-Fenton* TiO2/UV/H2O/Bias

    Fenton Process:
    The Fenton reagent is a mixture of iron (II) salt and hydrogen peroxide. Fenton described
    the oxidation power of hydrogen peroxide on various organic molecules in which OH∙
    radicals are produced from H2O2 through addition of Fe (II) as the catalyst.
    Fe2+ + H2O2 → Fe3+ + OH- + OH·
    Fe3+ + H2O2 → Fe2+ + HOO· + H+

    2H2O2 → OH· + HOO· + H2O (OVERALL REACTION)

    Applications of AOPs:

    AOPs are usually applied to wastewaters with low COD due to the low cost of H2O2
    and/or ozone required for the generation of hydroxyl radicals.

    a) Industrial wastewaters (Petrochemical, Agroindustrial wastewaters, Metallurgic


    industrial wastewater…).
    b) Dangerous effluents (Hospitals).
    c) Refractory organic compounds (Chlorinated solvents, pesticides, DAES).
    d) Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) and Pharmaceutical and Personal Care
    Products (PPCPS).
    e) Disinfection.
    f) Removal of heavy metals.
    g) Sludge conditioning and stabilization.

    Overview:
    The reasoning behind using AOPs for disinfection is that free radicals that are generated
    from ozone are more powerful oxidants that ozone alone and this makes them effective
    for oxidation of microorganisms and refractory organic materials in wastewater.
    However, the fact that the half-life of the hydroxyl free radical is short and as a result it
    is impossible to achieve high concentrations. Extremely low concentrations imply that
    the required detention times for disinfection if microorganisms are much higher and are
    determined on the basis of CT concept.

    · End of first topic ·

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