CIVE 410

DESIGN OF SLABS
5
Presented by:
Asst.Prof.Dr. Onur MERTER
DESIGN OF RC SLABS IN THE PROJECT HOMEWORK:
 You have drawn “Formwork Plan” considering the Architectural Plan.

 You have given “Dimension” for your RC columns and beams considering the rules in national standards and
codes (e.g.: TS500)

 You have determined “Slab Thicknesses” for two-way and one-way slabs in your project.

(for two-way slabs)

(for one-way slabs)

FORMWORK PLAN:

hf=15 cm
(Assumption for
stair slabs and
balconies)

X
PROJECT HOMEWORK II:
1. Determine “The Design Load” for your Slabs (Make Load Analysis).
2. Determine “Load Distributions” and Make a Table for the vertical loads of slabs
(in “X” and “Y” directions).
3. Calculate “Moments” of Slabs in “Middle Spans (+M)” and “Supports (-M)” using Moment Coefficients
of Westergaard Method (a Coefficients). [NOTE THAT: Take “Unit Strips” both for X and Y directions,
For One-Way Slabs, make an assumption for e (=m) as 2.0.]
PROJECT HOMEWORK II:
4. Make “Support Moment Equalization” for the negative support moments between Slabs (considering
TS500), (e.g.: Between Slab101 & Slab102, make support moment equalization).

NOTE THAT: If one of the negative moment of the common support of the
slab is less than 0.8 times of the negative moment on the other side
(min(X1-2,X2-1)<0.8*max(X1-2,X2-1)), then the difference moment should
be dissipated to neighbor slabs by the ratio of «2/3». This difference
moment is given to neighbor slabs with proportional to slab strip
stiffnesses. Greater moment should be used in RC design.

If min(X1-2,X2-1) is greater than 0.8*max(X1-2,X2-1), the greater moment

should be directly used in RC design
PROJECT HOMEWORK II:
5. Draw “Bending Moment (M)” Diagrams of “Unit Slab Strips” (Continuous Beam Model) for
Reinforced Concrete Design.
(Discontinuous M Diagram:
Because our method is
Approximate !)

[M] kgm
(Before Support Moment Equalization)

463 463 There is only one support moment !

[M] kgm
(After Support Moment Equalization)
Design Moment Diagram [for RC Design]
 PROJECT HOMEWORK II:
6. Calculate “Steel Reinforcements” for both middle spans (for +M) and supports. (for -M).
(For X-X & Y-Y Directions) “Steel Reinforcement” Calculation of Slabs which are under Pure Bending Effect.

In X-X DIRECTION: 1m
(Strip D1-D2-D1)

Make tables for all Slab

Strips (both in X and Y
directions) and Draw the
Steel Reinforcement
Configuration below the table.

STEEL REINFORCEMENTS:

# No Hook for S420

PROJECT HOMEWORK II:
7. Draw “Steel Reinforcement Plan” in the Scale of: 1/50
(Make your drawing to the empty formwork plan) (Scale: 1/50)
DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT:

DETAILING OF SLAB REBARS in

3D VIEW
DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT:

MATERIAL:

 CONCRETE:
C30

 CONCRETE GRADE:
30 MPa

 STEEL
REINFORCEMENT:
S420
DETAILING OF SLAB REBARS
(PLAN VIEW)
DETAILING OF SLAB REBARS (EXAMPLES):
PROJECT HOMEWORK II:
8. Consider and Control the Rules for “Steel Reinforcement Rebars of Slabs” [In TS500 – For Two-Way Slabs]
[Maximum Spacing of Steel Rebars]
 Rules for the Detailing of Slab Rebars (I):
This paragraph refers to some of the rules that one should follow when bending up slab rebars. These
rules apply to both one-way and two-way slabs, with usual lengths and commonly applied loads and
only when the reinforcement detailing is not provided by another more accurate way.

 In one-way slabs, the length l is equal to the distance between the two edges upon which the slabs are
supported.
 In two-way slabs, the length l is regarded equal to the smaller dimension of the slab.
 In cantilever slabs, the length l equals the distance between the support and the opposite free edge of
the slab.
 When a slab’s support is considered fixed, the previous corresponding rules apply.
 When the lower rebars are being bent in order to provide support reinforcement, the straight created
upper horizontal part must be extended by the anchorage length.
 Rules for the Detailing of Slab Rebars (II):

 The anchorage length of the rebar (dashed line) is directly proportional to the diameter Φ and the
concrete grade and reversely proportional to the steel class. In usual cases the anchorage length is
in the order of 50cm.

 The use of industrial wire mesh is favourable for the anchorage length.

 Bending the rebar at 135° in the edges of pin supports is positive for the proper behavior of slabs.
However, as a rule, it is not necessary especially in high concrete grades.

 If the formwork drawings contain specific dimensions of the reinforcement bars detailing then
these predominate over the above mentioned empirical rules.
Rules for the Detailing of Slab Rebars
Length of Slab Rebars:
Length of Slab Rebars:

 Bent-up bars can be extended up

to the ¼ length of the neighbor
slab clear (net) span

 Length from twisting point of

bent-up bar to the slab face can
be 1/5 length of the slab clear
span.
Length of Slab Rebars:
Inconvenient Loadings:
 In a structural system, the moment (M) diagram which has the most inconvenient bending moment
values is called the most inconvenient moment diagram. This diagram contains the maximum & minimum
bending moment values. These diagrams are used to calculate steel reinforcements especially for RC
slab systems. Considering these maximum & minimum internal forces, we can make the RC design. This
will be the most convenient way to estimate the most inconvenient internal force (e.g: bending moment)
of the system.
1.4G
 FULL LOADING: 1.4G There is only “DEAD LOAD”
Vertical Design Load:
 EMPTY LOADING: 1.4G+1.6Q There are “DEAD LOADS & LIVE LOADS” pd=1.4G+1.6Q

1.6Q
1.4G
Inconvenient Loadings for 2-span strip:

Slab 1 Slab 2
1.6Q

*1st LOADING: 1.4G 1.4G

[FULL] [EMPTY]

Slab 1
M [kNm]

Diagram +

+Mmax1
Inconvenient Loadings for 2-span strip:

Slab 1 Slab 2
1.6Q

*2nd LOADING: 1.4G 1.4G

[EMPTY] [FULL]

Slab 2
M [kNm]
Diagram +

+Mmax2
Inconvenient Loadings for 2-span strip:

Slab 1 Slab 2
1.6Q 1.6Q

*3rd LOADING: 1.4G 1.4G

[FULL] [FULL]
-Xmax1-2

Slab 1 -- Slab 2
M [kNm]

Diagram
 Inconvenient Loadings for 3-span strip:

Slab 1 Slab 2 Slab 3

1.6Q 1.6Q

*1st LOADING: 1.4G 1.4G 1.4G

[FULL] [EMPTY] [FULL]

M [kNm] Slab 1 Slab 3

Diagram + + + +

+Mmax1 +Mmax3
 Inconvenient Loadings for 3-span strip:

Slab 1 Slab 2 Slab 3

1.6Q

*2nd LOADING: 1.4G 1.4G 1.4G

[EMPTY] [FULL] [EMPTY]

Slab 2
M [kNm]
Diagram + +

+Mmax2
 Inconvenient Loadings for 3-span strip:

Slab 1 Slab 2 Slab 3

1.6Q 1.6Q

*3rd LOADING: 1.4G 1.4G 1.4G

[FULL] [FULL] [EMPTY]
-Xmax1-2

Slab 1 - - Slab 2
M [kNm]
Diagram
 Inconvenient Loadings for 3-span strip:

Slab 1 Slab 2 Slab 3

1.6Q 1.6Q

*4th LOADING: 1.4G 1.4G 1.4G

[EMPTY] [FULL] [FULL]

-Xmax2-3
Slab 2 - - Slab 3
M [kNm]
Diagram
Structural Analysis of the Continuous Slab Systems:

Statically indeterminate system

(Continuous Beam Model)
Cross Method OR Force Method OR Slope-Deflection EQs ?
Structural Analysis Problem
Statically indeterminate system
(Continuous Beam Model)

Distribution ratio is
1/2 for regions where
moment values are not
known
+
Internal Forces:
(& Reactions)

# Shear Force DIAGRAM #

SLAB S1 SLAB S2 SLAB S3

# Moment Results of CROSS Method #

PROJECT HOMEWORK II: (After making load distribution for direction of X-X !!!)
9. Consider Section A-A and take a unit strip in this X-X direction. Show All Inconvenient Vertical Loadings...

pd1X pd2X pd3X

1.6Q
A A 1.4G

…and Solve the system for only FULL-FULL-FULL

Loading Case (Use CROSS Method !)
[Check your moment values with Westergaard Method !]
 IN THE PROJECT HOMEWORK II:
Take: Plaster+Covering (Dead) Load: 0.15 t/m2 (150 kg/m2) for all slabs !
RC Slab (Dead) Load: (hf=0.14 m)*2.5 t/m3=0.35 t/m2 (350 kg/m2)
+

G G: TOTAL DEAD LOAD: 0.50 t/m2

FOR LIVE LOAD: CONSIDER TS 498 !
 Q: 0.20 t/m2 (For residential type of buildings and there are not any
Partition Wall on the slab (10 cm)
 Q: 0.35 t/m2 (For residential type of buildings and there are Partition Walls on the slab
Q (10 cm) [Increase live load in these type of Slabs !]
 Q: 0.35 t/m2 (For entrance and entrway (Stair) Slabs)

 Q: 0.50 t/m2 (For BALCONY Slabs)

IN THE PROJECT HOMEWORK II:
 Calculate THE DESIGN LOAD (t/m2) for All Slabs.

pd=1.4G+1.6Q [for FULL LOADING]

1.4G [for EMPTY LOADING]

[Live load is not included !]

CALCULATE FOR ALL SLABS IN YOUR PROJECT !

LOAD DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENTS FOR TWO-WAY SLABS:
1

𝑞𝑙 𝑙𝑙 4
= 1/ (( ) + 1)
𝑞 𝑙𝑠
(Carried load in
long direction)

𝑞𝑠 𝑙𝑙 4
= 1 − 1/ (( ) + 1)
𝑞 𝑙𝑠
(Carried load in
short direction)
PROJECT HOMEWORK II:
10. Make Load Distributions of two-way Slabs, using k TABLES. Determine the carried load by X and Y
directions. MAKE A TABLE FOR LOAD DISTRIBUTION ON YOUR SLABS.

LOAD DISTRIBUTION TABLE:

e
SLAB TYPE
(OR m)
k (1-k) 1.4Gx
(t/m2)
1.4GY
(t/m2)
PdX PdY
(in short: X (in long: Y (t/m2) (t/m2)
direction) direction)

D101 4 1.63 0.876 0.124 0.613 0.087 1.104 0.156

D102 3 … … … … … … …
D103 2 … … … … … … …
D104 1 … … … … … … …

[EMPTY] [FULL]
IN YOUR PROJECT HOMEWORK II:
 While Showing All Inconvenient Vertical Loadings, Use LOAD DISTRIBUTION Table.

 Section A-A Example:

X Direction
A A

D103 D101 D102 D103

D101 D102
[FULL] [EMPTY] [FULL]

Look at: Look at: Look at:

PdX – D101 1.4Gx-D102 PdX – D103
(t/m2) (t/m2) (t/m2)
FROM LOAD DISTRIBUTION TABLE.