This document provides an overview of guidelines for exercise prescription and program design according to the ACSM personal trainer exam. It covers the FITT-VP framework for exercise prescription, including guidelines for cardiovascular fitness, muscular fitness, flexibility, and neuromotor exercise. It also discusses advanced training methods, different types of resistance training devices, training goals, and the effects of overtraining. The key points covered include guidelines for frequency, intensity, time and type of exercise for different fitness components and how to progress workouts over time based on clients' goals and assessments.
This document provides an overview of guidelines for exercise prescription and program design according to the ACSM personal trainer exam. It covers the FITT-VP framework for exercise prescription, including guidelines for cardiovascular fitness, muscular fitness, flexibility, and neuromotor exercise. It also discusses advanced training methods, different types of resistance training devices, training goals, and the effects of overtraining. The key points covered include guidelines for frequency, intensity, time and type of exercise for different fitness components and how to progress workouts over time based on clients' goals and assessments.
This document provides an overview of guidelines for exercise prescription and program design according to the ACSM personal trainer exam. It covers the FITT-VP framework for exercise prescription, including guidelines for cardiovascular fitness, muscular fitness, flexibility, and neuromotor exercise. It also discusses advanced training methods, different types of resistance training devices, training goals, and the effects of overtraining. The key points covered include guidelines for frequency, intensity, time and type of exercise for different fitness components and how to progress workouts over time based on clients' goals and assessments.
This document provides an overview of guidelines for exercise prescription and program design according to the ACSM personal trainer exam. It covers the FITT-VP framework for exercise prescription, including guidelines for cardiovascular fitness, muscular fitness, flexibility, and neuromotor exercise. It also discusses advanced training methods, different types of resistance training devices, training goals, and the effects of overtraining. The key points covered include guidelines for frequency, intensity, time and type of exercise for different fitness components and how to progress workouts over time based on clients' goals and assessments.
FITT-‐VP:
Exercise
Prescription
Framework
F=
Frequency,
I=
Intensity,
T=
Time,
T=
Type,
V=
Volume,
and
P=
progression
CARDIORESPIRATORY
FITNESS:
Aerobic
fitness
3-‐5
days
a
week,
depending
on
intensity
Go
beyond
baseline
to
lose
weight
(150
mins
+)
Volume
à
measured
by
MET
(500-‐1000)
MUSCULAR
FITNESS:
Muscular
strength
(1RM)
and
Muscular
Endurance
(hold
contraction)
2-‐3
days
a
week
(48
HOURS
between
using
each
muscle
group)
Intensity:
8-‐12
reps
@
60%-‐80%
10-‐15
reps
@
40-‐50%
Sets/Volume:
Each
muscle
à
2-‐4
sets,
2-‐3
mins
between
each
set
ALWAYS
train
opposing
muscle
group
as
well!
Progression:
Many
ways
à
add
weight,
add
sets,
add
reps,
add
more
training
days
FLEXIBILITY:
Improve
joint
range
of
movement
à
10
mins/4
reps
each
stretch
Hold
stretches
for
10-‐30
secs
where
it
is
tight
NEUROMOTOR
EXERCISE:
Great
for
elderly/
people
who
are
fall
risks
Includes
balance,
coordination,
agility,
and
proprioceptive
training
2-‐3
days
a
week
Intensity:
Changes
in
3
ways
à
Base
of
support,
center
of
mass,
peripheral
cues
Tia
chi,
Yoga,
Pilates
(walking
balance,
seated
balance,
standing
balance)
ADVANCED
TRAINING:
Plyometrics
à
improve
power,
agility,
speed
(jumping
training)
Resistance
Training
à
weight
training/strength
training
Came
about
during
WWII
Should
be
guided
by
evidence,
not
testimony
SAID
à
Specific
Adaptations
to
Imposed
Demands
(more
reps,
more
endurance
the
muscle
builds)
PROGRAM
DESIGN:
Always
needs
to
be
changed
overtime
for
progress
Do
initial
assessments
(goals,
time
frame,
health
issues,
target
areas)
Asses
à
body
composition,
anthropometric
measurements,
endurance
Follow
up
assessment:
Keep
logs,
always
customize
to
the
clients
physiological
needs,
ask
for
feedback
à
always
listen
to
your
client
and
read
their
body
language
AFFECTS
OF
OVERTRAINING:
Delayed
Onset
Muscle
Soreness
(DOMS)
DOMS
is
not
a
goal.
Soreness
should
be
3
on
scale
from
0-‐10
HYDRATE
*diuretics
can
influence
tissue
damage
Rhabdomyolysis
à
Rapid
breakdown
of
tissue
in
high
amounts
This
can
be
harmful
to
kidneys
and
can
cause
kidney
failure
(even
death)
Symptoms:
dark
red-‐brown
urine,
severe
muscle
aches,
weakness
TRAINING
GOALS:
Capping
à
small
gains
need
large
amounts
of
time,
yet
they
are
very
necessary
and
shouldn’t
discourage
a
client
Most
training
goals
are
unrealistic
VARIABLE
RESISTANCE
DEVICES:
Need
lever
arm,
pulley,
or
cam
machine
Purpose
is
to
alter
resistance
throughout
ROM
ELASTIC
BAND:
For
resistance
training
à
matches
ascending
curve-‐
bell
ROM
Doesn’t
offer
feedback
to
clients/
needs
the
correct
stretch
and
angle
for
it
to
work
DYMANIC
CONSTANT
EXTERNAL
RESISTANCE
DEVICES:
Good
for
real
world
setting
This
type
does
not
stimulate
neuromuscular
systems
involved
maximally
through
the
entire
ROM
It
provides
little
to
NO
limitation
in
ROM
Isotonic:
Muscular
contraction
in
which
muscle
exerts
a
constant
tension
*dumbbells,
barbells,
kettle
bells,
weight
machine
STATIC
RESISTANCE
DEVICES:
These
are
static/isometric
à
a
muscular
action
where
no
change
in
the
length
of
the
muscle
takes
place
Normally
performed
against
an
immovable
object
*Good
for
joint
disorders
**Can
also
be
performed
by
having
a
weak
muscle
group
contract
against
a
strong
muscle
group
OTHER
RESISTANCE
DEVICES:
There
are
three
Isokinetic:
Popular
in
rehab
settings
à
velocity
is
controlled
and
can’t
be
accelerated.
You
can
maintain
max
resistance
through
the
entire
ROM
Uses
friction,
compressed
air,
and
pneumatics
Pneumatic
resistance:
Compressed
air
exercises
that
can
be
adjusted
during
a
rep
Unable
to
address
balance
and
control
/
but
allows
both
concentric
and
eccentric
movements
Hydraulics:
Safe
and
non-‐intimidating
/
*concentric
only
training
You
do
need
to
train
the
eccentric
phase
to
protect
muscle
MACHINE
V.
FREE
WEIGHTS:
1)
Machines
are
constricting
2)
Free
weights
are
FULL
ROM
3)
Machines
are
good
for
rehab
in
pinpointing
a
muscle
à
free
weights
are
good
for
triggering
stabilizers
and
assistance
muscles
4)
Don’t
generally
need
a
spotter
for
machines
5)
Machines
are
less
intimidating
at
first
6)
Both
offer
movements
that
have
no
joint
deceleration
7)
Rotational
machines
accommodate
certain
body
movement
that
free
weights
cant
CHOOSING
MUSCLE
GROUPS:
Biomechanical
principles
à
need
to
specify
exercises
by:
-‐
joint
around
the
muscle,
joint
ROM
-‐
pattern
of
resistance
through
ROM
(ascending,
descending,
bell)
-‐
pattern
of
limb
velocity
throughout
the
ROM
-‐
type
of
muscle
contraction
(eccentric,
concentric)
**
Transfer
Specificity
à
that
what
you
are
training
can
carry
over
to
what
you’ve
been
training
to
do
CHOICE
OF
EXERCISE:
Primary
v.
assistance
à
Prime
movers:
leg
press,
bench
press
Assisted
trains
muscles
that
aid
in
the
movement
of
prime
movers
(bicep
curl)
Multi-‐joint
v.
Single
joint
à
Multi
joint
is
squats,
military
press,
pull
downs
Single
joint
is
knee
curl,
bicep
curl
*whole
body
multi-‐joint
is
deadlift,
power
cleans,
etc.
Bilateral
v.
Unilateral
à
Unilateral
helps
balance
ORDER
OF
EXERCISE:
Larger
muscle
group
before
smaller
ones
Multi-‐joint
before
single
joint
/
explosive
before
basic
Weak
areas
before
strong
/
intense
to
least
intense
*reps:
6-‐12
***TIP:
Number
of
sets
is
a
critical
variable
in
volume
equation
à
vital
in
progression
CRF
ASSESSMENT:
Tests
how
well
you
can
do
certain
moves
à
Used
for:
Exercise
programming,
Progress
charting,
and
prediction
of
medical
conditions
*The
test
is
contraindicated
for
unconditioned
beginners,
and
those
with
preexisting
heart
problems
ONE
REP
MAX:
To
express
muscular
strength
as
a
ratio
to
total
body
weight
Usually
test
bench
press
or
leg
press
Formula:
max
weight
lifted
(lbs)/
weight
of
client
(lbs)
MUSCULAR
ENDURANCE
ASSESSMENT:
applying
a
force
repeatedly
over
time
Usually
test
push
ups
and
curl
up
Push
ups
à
women
on
knees,
men
standard
(till
fail)
Crunches
à
up
to
75
(or
until
cadence
is
broken)
Tape
for
crunches:
8cm
apart
for
45
and
up,
12
cm
apart
for
45
and
younger
BMI
(Body
Mass
Index)
:
(body
weight
in
kg/height
in
meters^2)
1kg=
2.2
lbs
1
inch
=
2.54
cm,
100
cm=
1
meter
Example:
I
weigh
130lbs
and
am
5’5”.
à
Convert
130
into
kg
=
130/2.2=
59.09
Convert
5’5”,
which
is
65
inches=
65x2.54=
165.1cm
à
1.65
m
SO
à
à
59.09
/
1.65^2
=
21.72
*NOT
the
best
measurement
for
fat
since
it
does
not
differentiate
between
fat
and
fat
free
weight
Anthropometry
WHR
(Waist-‐to-‐Hip
Ratio):
BEST
measurement
for
body
weight
distribution
If
MORE
weight
is
near
the
trunk,
higher
risks
for
many
things!
Men
à
no
more
than
.95
(waist
should
be
31.5-‐40
inches)
Woman
à
no
more
than
.86
(waist
should
be
27.5-‐
35
inches)
Anthropometry
SKINFOLD
(Jackson-‐Pollock):
It’s
an
estimate,
not
always
accurate,
BUT
can
show
client’s
progress
Sum
of
3
skinfolds:
Menà
chest,
abdomen,
thigh
Woman
à
triceps,
suprailiac,
thigh
(Then
check
chart
for
measurements
%)
Body
Composition
BIA
(Bioelectrical
Impedance):
noninvasive
and
easy
to
administer
Uses
electricity
to
check
volume
(muscle
has
lots
of
water,
fat
doesn’t)
ONLY
VALID
if:
No
eating
4
hrs
prior
No
exercise
12hrs
prior
Pee
30
mins
before
No
alcohol
for
48hrs
Body
Composition
PLANES
OF
THE
BODY:
Sagittal
à
Left
and
Right
Frontal
à
Anterior
and
Posterior
Transverse
à
Superior
and
Inferior
REFERENCE
TO
THE
BODY:
Ipsilateral
v.
Contralateral
à
Same
side
v.
Opposite
side
Unilateral
v.
Bilateral
à
One
side
v.
Both
sides
Valgus
v.
Varus
à
Distal
segment
of
a
joint
that
deviates
laterally
v.
Distal
segment
of
a
joint
that
deviates
medially
***TIP:
Valgus
has
an
‘l’
for
‘lateral/
Varus
sounds
like
‘air’,
the
knees
have
gap
<
-‐-‐
>
PLANES
(AND
MOVEMENT):
Sagittal
Plane
à
Flexion
v.
Extention
Movement
on
FRONTAL
axis
(ex.
Walking,
Squatting,
Overhead
Press)
Flexion:
movement
decreasing
joint
angel
anteriorly
to
sagittal
plane
Extension:
movement
increasing
joint
angel
posteriorly
to
sagittal
plane
#2
Dorsiflexion
v.
Plantarflexion
Dorsiflexion:
Flexing
the
ankle
so
the
foot
moves
anteriorly
Plantarflexion:
Extending
the
ankle
so
the
foot
moves
posteriorly
Frontal
Plane
à
Abduction
v.
Adduction
Movement
on
SAGITTAL
axis
(ex.
Star
Jump,
Lateral
arm
raises,
side
bending)
Abduction:
Movement
away
from
midline
on
frontal
plane
Adduction:
Movement
toward
the
midline
on
frontal
plane
#2
Lateral
Flexion:
R
or
L
movement
away
from
midline
(usually
for
trunk
or
neck)
*head
tilt,
body
tilt
#3
Elevation
v.
Depression
(shoulder
shrugs)
Elevation:
Movement
of
the
scapula
superiorly
on
frontal
plane
Depression:
Movement
of
the
scapula
inferiorly
on
frontal
plane
#4
Retraction
v.
Protraction
(shoulders
front
and
back)
Retraction:
Movement
of
the
scapula
toward
the
spine
Protraction:
Movement
of
the
scapula
away
from
the
spine
#5
Upward
Rotation
v.
Downward
Rotation
Upward
R:
Superior
and
Lateral
movement
of
the
inferior
angle
of
the
scapula
Downward
R:
Inferior
and
Medial
movement
of
the
inferior
angle
of
the
scapula
#6
Eversion
v.
Inversion
(sickle
foot,
turned
out
foot)
Eversion:
Abducting
the
ankle
à
turn
out
Inversion:
Adducting
the
ankle
à
sickle
#7
Radial
deviation
v.
Ulnar
deviation
Radial
D:
Abduction
of
the
wrist
on
frontal
plane
à
wrist
comes
in
Ulnar
D:
Adduction
of
the
wrist
on
frontal
plane
à
wrist
goes
out
#8
Pronation
v.
Supination
(Foot
or
Ankle)
Pronation:
Combined
movements
of
abduction
and
eversion
resulting
in
the
lowering
of
the
medial
margin
of
the
foot
à
Ankle
leans
IN
Supination:
Combined
movement
of
adduction
and
inversion
resulting
in
the
raising
of
the
medial
margin
of
the
foot
à
Ankle
leans
OUT
(me…)
#9
Circumduction:
A
compound
circular
movement
involving
flexion,
extension,
abduction,
adduction,
circumscribing
a
cone
shape
Transverse
Planeà
Horizontal
Abduction
v.
Horizontal
Adduction
H.
Abduciton:
Movement
away
from
midline
on
transverse
plane
H.
Adduction:
Movement
toward
the
midline
on
transverse
plane
#2
Internal
(Medial)
Rotation
v.
External
(Lateral)
Rotation
Internal
R:
Rotation
on
the
transverse
plane
toward
the
midline
of
the
body
External
R:
Rotation
on
the
transverse
place
away
from
the
midline
of
the
body
#3
Rotation:
R
or
L
rotation
on
transverse
plane
(usually
neck
or
trunk)
Otherà
Opposition:
Diagonal
movement
of
thumb
across
the
palmer
surface
of
the
hand
to
make
contact
with
5th
digit
(making
the
OK
sign)
BONES
Long
Bones
à
Legs:
Femur
and
Tibia
Arms:
Humerus
Forearm:
Ulna
and
Radius
Short
Bones
à
Carpals
and
Tarsals
(hands
and
feet)
***TIP:
Tarsals
are
feet
because
‘T’
is
for
‘toes’
ARTICULAR
SYSTEM
Joints:
Articulations
between
bones
Ligaments:
Tough,
fibrous
connective
tissue
anchoring
bone
to
bone
Most
common
joints:
Synovial
Joints
No
other
joint
contains
synovial
fluid
Proprioceptive
Feedback:
These
joints
have
a
sensation
because
of
sensory
fibers
*Feedback
is
IMPORTANT
for
preventing
injury
and
regulating
human
movement
CARTILAGINOUS
JOINTS:
Primary
and
Secondary
Primary:
Usually
temporary
to
permit
bone
growth/
fuse
(epiphyseal
plates)
Secondary:
Strong,
slightly
mobile
joints
(intervertebral
disk/
pubic
symphysis
SYNOVIAL
JOINTS:
6
types
Plane:
gliding
and
sliding
Hinge:
uniaxial
movements
(elbow
extension
and
flexion)
Ellipsoidal:
Biaxial
joint
(flexion
at
wrist)
Saddle:
Unique
joint
that
permits
movements
in
all
planes,
including
opposition
Ball-‐and-‐socket:
Multiaxial
joints
that
permit
movements
in
all
directions
(hip/shoulder)
Pivot
Bicondylar:
Uniaxial
joint
that
permits
rotation-‐
primarily
around
one
axis
(knee)
JOINTS:
Open
pack
v.
Closed
pack
Open:
Least
joint
congruency
(knee
slightly
bent)
Closed:
max
congruency
and
tautness
(knee
is
straight)
ROM:
Active
and
Passive
movement
Active:
Voluntary
Passive:
Moved
by
external
means
ROM
is
quantified
by
using
goniometers
and
inclinometers
ROM
is
used
for:
baseline
of
prescription
and
to
show
progress
Major
Joints:
KNOW
THESE.
SHOULDER
INNJURIES:
More
common
than
hip
Humerus,
scapula,
clavicle
The
glenohumeral
moves
on
ALL
three
planes/
most
freely
moving
in
body
Joint
Muscles
–
move
shoulder
Gurdle
Muscles-‐
stabilize
and
maintain
posture
Pec
Major
is
a
prime
mover
for
adduction,
horizontal
adduction,
and
internal
rotation
Rotator
Cuff:
Stabilizes
shoulder
in
4
ways
à
1) Passive
muscle
tension
2) Contraction
of
muscles
causing
compression
of
the
articular
surface
3) Joint
motion
that
result
in
secondary
tightening
of
the
ligamentous
restraints
4) The
barrier
effect
of
contracted
muscles
EXAMPLE
OF
HEART
RATE
CALCULATIONS:
RESTING
HEART
RATE
à
Usually
given.
(#
of
beats
in
1
min)
MAX
HEART
RATE
à
2
ways!
1)
220-‐
AGE
-‐or-‐
2)
208
–
(.7
x
AGE)
**HEART
RATE
RESERVEà
Max
HR
–
Resting
HR
FIND
LOWER
AND
UPPER
à
Uses
whatever
percentage
you
want!
(80%=.8)
Upper
à
(HR
Reserve
x
.8)
+
Resting
HR
Lower
à
(HR
Reserve
x
.4)
+
Resting
HR
TARGET
HEART
RATE
à
Take
upper
and
lower
and
divide
them
by
2
Target
HR
à
(Upper
+
Lower)/
2
EXAMPLE
OF
ABOVE
CALCULATIONS
Age:
26,
with
Resting
HR
at
64
MAX
à
220-‐
26
=
194
Reserve
à
194
–
64
=
130
Upper
à
(130
x
.8)
+
64
=
168
Lower
à
(130
x
.4)
+
64
=
116
Target
HR
à
168+116/2
=
142
CONVERSIONS
LBS
to
KG
à
1lb
=
2.2kg
INCHES
TO
CENTIMETERSà
1
inch
=
2.54
cm
CENTIMETERS
TO
METERS
à
2.54
cm
=
.0254
m
CALORIES
DURING
WORKOUT
FIND
MET
à
1
MET
=
3.5
mlkg
EXAMPLES
OF
MET/CALORIE
CALCULATIONS
1)
Client
runs
on
treadmill
for
45
mins
at
7mph
He
weighs
150lbs
(so,
68.2
kg),
and
MET
level
is
11.7
CALORIES
PER
MINUTE
à
(MET
x
3.5
x
weight
(kg))/
200
So,
(11.7
x
3.5
x
68.2)/200
=
14
kcal
How
many
calories
for
the
workout??
=
14kcal
x
45
mins
=
630
kcal
VOLUME
IN
EXERCISE
à
Using
MET
and
time
1)
Client
walks
3mph
(roughly
3.3MET)
for
30
mins
a
day,
5
days
a
week
3.3
MET
x
30
mins
=
99
MET
Volume
=
99
MET
x
5
days
a
week
=
495
MET
IDEAL
BODY
WEIGHT
à
Ex:
Mark
weighs
220lbs
and
is
25%
body
fat
.
He
wants
to
only
have
17%
body
fat.
Find
his
ideal
weight.
First
à
take
his
weight
in
lbs
and
x
by
(%
body
fat/100)
So,
220
x
(25/100)
=
55
Take
that
number
and
minus
it
from
220
à
220-‐
55=
165
Now
you
can
begin
your
Ideal
Body
Weight
calculation
Divide
the
165
by
[
1-‐
(ideal
%
of
body
fat/100)]
So,
165/
1-‐
(17/100)
=
165/
.83
=
198.8
He
wants
to
be
198.8
lbs
to
hit
17%
body
fat.
How
much
weight
does
he
need
to
lose?
Take
initial
weight
–
new
weight
220-‐
198.8
=
21.2
lbs
SPECIAL
PROGRAMMING
FOR
PEOPLE
Children
à
6-‐17
years
of
age
(60
mins
a
day)
Have
LOWER
anaerobic
capacity
Thermoregulatory
systems
are
more
prone
to
heat
injuries
Target:
Endurance
(aerobic),
muscular
strength,
bone
strengthening
Elderly
à
65+
or
medically
limited
50-‐64
age
Problems:
Stroke
volume
and
cardiac
output
declines,
anaerobic
capacity
declines
Water
loss,
slower
reaction
time,
decrease
in
muscle
fibers
and
atrophy
of
type
II
(fast
twitch
fibers)
**Endurance
is
better
than
power
Basically
à
help
them
stay
active
(delay
chronic
diseases,
enhance
cardiorespiratory
fitness,
prevent
limitations)
need
resistance
training
as
well
as
balance
(static
and
dynamic)
5
days
a
week,
30
mins
(moderate)
3
days
a
week,
20
mins
(vigorous)
CVDà
THEY
NEED
CARDIORESPITORY
FITNESS
Intense
aerobic
training
5-‐7
days
a
week,
20-‐60
mins
(moderate)
Resistance
training
à
to
help
with
CVD
demands,
improve
muscular
fitness
Pregnantà
always
be
evaluated
by
a
doctor
Need
an
extra
300kcal
a
week
for
metabolic
demands
Breastfeed
BEFORE
working
out,
stay
hydrated
10-‐15
min
bouts
helps,
nothing
TOO
intense
Avoidà
supine
position
(orthostatic
hypertension)
Isometric/heavy
resistance
(NONE)
No
overaggressive
stretching
Diabetes
à
Main
goal
is
to
control
blood
glucose
levels
(less
than
126mg)
Want
to
help
them
decrease
complications,
reduce
blood
pressure,
improve
cardiorespiratory,
muscular
strength,
reduce
body
fat
**THEY
NEED
CONSISTANCY!
3-‐7
days
a
week
If
they
are
on
meds
or
obese,
DAILY
exercise
is
key
50%
of
MaxHR,
20-‐60
mins
NOTHING
too
high
impact,
DON’T
workout
late
MAXIMIZE
caloric
expenditure
Hypertension
à
the
silent
killer
Goal:
Lower
both
systolic
and
diastolic
NEED
aerobic
activity
EVERYDAY
if
possible
30-‐60
mins
a
day,
40-‐60%
of
MaxHR
Aerobics
is
key
/
Cool
downs
are
a
must
TRANSTHEORTEICAL
MODEL
Pre-‐Contemplation:
Client
really
isn’t
thinking
about
the
benefits
or
taking
action
towards
fitness
Contemplation:
The
client
sees
that
changes
should
be
made
and
considers
the
negative
consequences
of
their
behavior
Preparation:
Client
has
a
plan
of
action
and
will
implement
the
changes
within
30
days
(may
need
help
planning)
Action:
Client
is
actively
making
changes
(less
than
6
months)
(may
need
help
problem-‐solving)
Maintenance:
Client
is
working
on
the
prevention
of
relapse
RISK
STRATIFICATION
High
–
CVD,
asthma,
lung
disease,
cystic
fibrosis,
diabetes,
renal
disease
(also,
if
they
show
risk
factors
that
suggest
there
is
something
wrong
–
dizziness,
pain,
shortness
of
breath
after
mild
exertion,
ankle
edema,
known
heart
murmur)
Moderate
–
Hypertension,
having
two
risk
factors
(smoking,
prediabetes,
age,
family
history,
obesity,
dyslipidemia)
Low-‐
only
1
risk
factor
(that
is
not
listed
on
high
risk
sheet)
Exam
for
Low
–
Nothing
for
doctor
or
pre-‐exercise
or
supervision
Exam
for
Moderate
–
vigorous
exercise
for
doctor,
nothing
for
pre-‐exercise
or
supervision
Exam
for
High
–
need
EVERYTHING
done
à
doctor
for
any
exercise,
pre-‐ exercise
for
any
exercise,
and
supervision
through
it
all
THE
SPINE
Spine
Curves
Cervical
and
Lumbar:
Lordosis
***Tip:
Lumbar
and
Lordosis
both
have
an
‘L’
Sacral
and
Thoracic:
Kyphosis
Lateral
deviation:
Scoliosis
(7,
12,
5)
à
#
of
vertebrates
in
cervical,
thoracic,
and
lumbar
***TIP:
Think
of
eating
times:
7am
for
breakfast,
12
for
lunch,
5pm
for
dinner
SITS
MUSCLES
Supraspinatus
à
Abduction
of
humerus
/
stabilization
Infraspinatus
à
extension
and
lateral
rotation
of
humerus
Teres
Minor
à
“^”
Subscapularis
à
Adduction
and
medial
rotation
of
humerus
ADVANCED
TRAINING/PROGRAMMING
Resistance
training
à
Heavy
&
forced
negatives,
functional
isometrics,
partial
repetitions,
variable
resistance,
forced
reps,
breakdown
sets,
combining
exercises,
discontinuous
sets,
quality
training,
and
spectrum
repetition/contrast
loading
combinations
Heavy
and
Forced
Negatives
à
Targets
ECC
training
Always
use
precaution
when
doing
ECC
(for
muscle
damage)
For
hypertrophy
and
adv.
Strength
EX:
Bench
press
à
lower
it
down
slowly
then
have
someone
help
you
get
it
back
up.
Functional
Isometrics
à
To
increase
dynamic
strength
Perform
near
STICKING
POINT
(weak
point)
Basically
the
opposite
of
Forced
Negative
EX:
Strict
press
à
push
bar
up,
then
bend
elbows
(sticking
point)
and
hold
it
for
a
few
seconds,
then
lower
a
little
more
and
hold
Partial
Repetitions
à
Performed
with
limited
ROM
Can
be
used
for
hypertrophy
or
dynamic
sets
Many
can
first
do
traditional
movements
and
then
incorporate
partial
EX:
Bench
Press
à
pushing
the
bar
up,
lowering
it
half
way,
then
pushing
it
back
up
Variable
Resistance
Training
à
Alternate
loading
throughout
the
ROM
by
using
elastic
bands
and
chains
EX:
On
a
bench
press,
you
have
chains
on
your
rack.
When
you
push
up
(CON)
the
chains
weigh
it
down.
On
the
lowering
(ECC),
the
chains
weight
is
lessened.
Forced
Repetitions
à
Going
beyond
your
capacity
(with
a
spotter)
Can
be
used
at
any
level,
but
are
most
effective
in
advanced
training
Contrast
Loading
à
Different
weight
after
sets
with
different
reps
Used
to
increase
hypertrophy
EX:
Have
5
sets.
First
2
go
heavy
with
5
reps,
then
2nd
2
go
moderate
for
10
reps,
then
1
low
for
20
reps
Breakdown
Sets
à
Made
to
increase
hypertrophy
and
endurance
Set
a
number
of
reps
and
decrease
the
weight
(Like
Kegan)
EX:
Start
heavy
and
do
5
reps,
then
take
10%
off
and
do
another
5,
then
take
10%
off
again
and
do
5
more
Combining
Exercises
à
performing
2
to
3
exercises
consecutively
Muscular
strength
may
increase,
but
it’s
mostly
for
endurance
EX:
Thrusters
–
a
clean
off
the
floor,
a
squat,
and
then
a
push
press
ALSO
Supersets
à
consecutive
performance
of
two
exercises
either
from
the
same
group
of
muscles
or
different
(Body
builders
usually
do
same
muscles,
athletes
usually
do
separate
muscles)
Tri-‐sets
(3
exercises)
and
Giant
set
(4
or
more)
Quality
Training
à
Involves
reducing
rest
intervals
within
specific
loading/volume
parameters
as
training
progresses
Discontinuous
Sets
à
Sets
that
include
rests
between
reps
STARTING
A
BUSINESS
6
Business
Models
1.
Sole
Proprietorship
à
One
owner
of
the
business
(just
need
liscense)
2
set
backs:
Start
up
capital
and
personal
liability
of
incurred
debt
2.
Independent
Contractor
à
Service
for
a
business
or
individual
Can
work
at
multiple
places,
set
their
own
hours,
paid
by
session
3.
Partnership
à
More
than
one
owning
the
business
Allows
for
a
bigger
money
pool,
resources,
and
talents
However,
you
are
liable
for
one
another
4.
Corporation
à
Formal
business
entity
subject
to
laws,
regulations,
and
stockholders.
It’s
completely
separate
from
its
owners.
Ownership
is
more
easily
transferred
than
ownership
in
a
partnership
or
sole
proprietorship
5.
S
Corporation
à
Small
chapter
corporation
(better
for
small
business)
Benefits
include:
Limited
risk
and
exposure
of
personal
assets
No
double
taxation
of
both
salary
and
business
income
Freedom
for
each
partner
to
distribute
dividends
6.
Limited
Liability
Company
à
Flexible
for
small/medium
size
business
More
advantageous
than
partnerships
or
S-‐Corporations
Articles
of
Organization
can
be
filed
with
the
Office
of
the
Secretary
of
State
Many
Personal
Trainers
use
this
***TIP:
When
you
first
start
a
business,
you
NEED
a
Comprehensive
Demographic
analysis
BLOOD
PRESSURE:
Normal
blood
pressure
à
120/80
and
LESS
Pre
hypertension
à
between
121/81
and
139/90
High
blood
pressure/
hypertension
à
140/91
and
up
Systolic
pressure
à
TOP
number
(max
pressure)
Diastolic
pressure
à
BOTTOM
number
(rest
pressure)
CONCENTRIC
AND
ECCENTRIC
For
Exam:
Running
uphill
à
quads
contract
CONCENTRICALLY
Hamstrings
contract
ECCENTRICALLY
Running
downhill
à
OPPOSITE
OF
ABOVE
***TIP:
Think
of
stretching
when
thinking
of
concentric
and
eccentric
movements.
If
you
are
bending
your
knee,
you
are
eccentrically
using
your
quad
(like
a
quad
stretch)
CALORIES
In
a
pound
à
3,500
In
a
macronutrient
à
Protien:
4
Fat:
9
Carbs:
4
Alcohol:
7
(probably
won’t
need)
Glucose
Levels:
Resting:
Between
70-‐100
Pre-‐diabetes:
100-‐
125
Diabetes:
126
and
above
Cholesterol
Levels:
Total:
No
more
than
200
(total
serum
should
not
be
over
5.2)
Triglycerides:
No
higher
than
150
LDL
(bad
cholesterol)
should
be
around
100
(no
more
than
120)
HDL
(good
cholesterol)
should
not
be
lower
than
35
***
if
HDL
is
more
that
60,
it’s
a
POSITIVE
factor
BLOOD
FLOW
IN
THE
HEART
Atria
–
Upper
chambers
Ventricle
–
Lower
chambers
The
right
side
collects
the
DEoxyginated
blood
(Atria
first,
then
Ventricle)
and
then
pumps
it
into
the
lungs
The
left
side
collects
the
oxygenated
blood
from
the
lungs
and
pumps
it
into
the
body
(Atria
first,
then
Ventricle)
The
tricuspid
is
located
between
the
Right
Atria
and
Right
Ventricle
The
bicuspid
is
located
between
the
Left
Atria
and
Left
Ventricle
The
blood
goes
into
the
lungs
through
the
Pulmonary
Arteries
THINGS
THAT
MAY
COME
UP
ON
THE
EXAM
1)
Heart
rate
INCREASES
LINEARLY
in
relation
to
work
rate
and
oxygen
uptake
during
dynamic
exercise
2)
INTERNAL
INTERCOSTALS
cause
forceful
respiration
à
they
are
respiratory
muscles
3)
TRICEPS
BRACHII
extend
the
FOREARM
4)
Eccentric
à
may
induce
delayed
muscle
soreness
BUT
may
be
good
for
rehabilitation
5)
What
describes
the
systemic
approach
to
learning
anatomy?
à
Anatomy
learned
according
to
organ
systems
6)
What
is
another
term
for
the
body
orientation
known
as
inferior?
à
Caudal
7)
What
is
a
commonly
used
term
for
cranial
orientation?
à
Superior
8)
The
transverse
plane
has
a
à
Longitudinal
axis
9)
The
sagittal
plane
has
a
à
mediolateral
axis
(perpendicular
to
it)
10)
The
frontal
plane
has
a
à
anteroposterior
axis
***TIP:
Plantarflexion
is
‘p’ointing
the
toes
(so
it
is
extension)
11)
What
movement
brings
the
sole
of
the
foot
toward
the
body’s
midline?
à
Inversion
12)
The
axial
skeleton
makes
up
the
à
longitudinal
axis
13)
How
many
bones
make
up
the
skull?
à
29
bones
14)
What
is
the
mandible
(on
the
skull)
good
for?
à
locating
the
coritod
pulse
15)
What
are
the
best
pulse
sites?
à
radial
and
brachial
16)
The
outer,
fibrocartilaginous
portion
of
intervertebral
discs
is
called?
à
Annulus
fibrosus
17)
What
does
the
Annulus
fibrosus
do?
à
Binds
the
vertebrae
from
the
spine
together
and
resists
destructive
forces
18)
What
is
a
primary,
normal
curve
in
the
sagittal
plane?
à
Sacral
19)
What
are
Secondary
curves?
à
they
are
curvatures
of
the
spine
that
develop
as
an
infant
progresses
in
weight
bearing.
20)
Which
are
the
secondary
curves
of
the
spine?
à
Cervical
and
lumbar
21)
What
is
hyperlordosis?
à
An
abnormal
cuve,
exaggerated
anteriorly
lumbar
curvature
22)
Which
ribs
do
not
articulate
to
anything?
à
Ribs
11
and
12
23)
How
many
pairs
of
ribs
are
there?
à
12
pairs,
7
pairs
are
articulated,
5
are
not
articulated
24)
What
is
the
importance
of
the
intercostal
space
between
the
true
ribs?
à
It
locates
the
correct
placement
for
electrocardiography
electrodes
25)
What
part
of
the
sternum
should
you
place
your
hands
for
CPR?
à
Xiphoid
process
(lowest
part
of
sternum)
26)
What
part
of
the
sternum
helps
you
locate
paddle
placement
for
defibrillation?
à
Manubrium
(highest
point
of
sternum)
27)
What
is
the
inferior
angle
of
the
scapula
used
for?
à
skin
fold
test
site
for
fat
assessment
MORE
INFO
THAT
MAY
BE
ON
THE
TEST
1.
Chest
pain
and
angina
–
Nitrates
and
nitroglycerine
Blood
pressure
problems
–
Beta
blockers
and
antihypertensives
Lipids
and
cholesterol
(LDL)
–
Antihyperlipidemics
Blood
coagulation
–
aspirin
2.
90%
of
fat
stored
in
body
connected
to
glycerol
molecule
–
Triglycerides
(TG)
It
is
three
fatty
acids
connected
to
glycerol.
Cholesterol
and
phospholipids
are
also
a
part
of
dietary
fat.
3.
Saturated
fatty
acids
–
single
bond
(worst
one)
Monounsaturated
fatty
acids
–
one
double
bond
Polyunsaturated
fatty
acids—two
or
more
double
bonds
4.
Hamstrings
can
contribute
to
lower
back
pain.
If
not
stretched
through
its
ROM
it
can
lead
to
chronic
lower
back
pain
5.
Macrominerals
–
calcium,
potassium,
magnesium,
phosphorus,
sulfur,
sodium,
and
chloride.
They
are
MACRO
because
you
need
big
doses
of
them
Microminerals
are
iron,
zinc,
manganese,
copper,
etc.
that
you
only
need
LITTLE
amount
of
at
a
time
Minerals,
in
general,
are
inorganic
substances
that
assist
enzymes
to
help
make
the
body
function
6.
Negligence
–
Failure
to
conform
one’s
conduct
in
a
generally
accepted
duty
Commission
(Or
gross
negligence)
is
a
conscious
act
(voluntary)
Ommision
–
reckless
disregard
of
the
legal
duty
and
of
the
consequence
to
the
plaintiff
*
So
negligence
and
gross
negligence
is
more
of
a
conduct
based
problem
7.
If
someone
has
heat
exhaustion,
you
should
STOP
the
workout,
get
them
water
and
electrolytes
and
have
them
laying
supine
with
feet
elevated
8.
Rotation
is
movement
of
long
bones
about
their
long
axis
9.
Work
Rate
=
force
x
distance
If
the
question
asks
for
Watts,
then
divide
the
answer
by
6
10.
Body
Composition
=
relative
proportions
of
fat
and
fat-‐free
(lean)
tissue
11.
Training
regularly
DOES
NOT
change
your
CO
(cardiac
output).
However,
it
does
lower
your
HR
and
increases
your
stroke
volume
12.
The
RPE
(Rating
of
perceived
exertion)
helps
with
clients
who
can’t
properly
regulate
their
own
HR
or
have
medications
that
alter
their
HR.
On
the
Borg
Scale
(6-‐ 20)
it
should
be
around
a
12-‐16
for
intensity.
13.
HIGH
Risk
factors
for
CVD
(cardiovascular
disease)
are
–
age
(men
over
45,
women
over
55),
smoking,
family
history
of
myocardial
infarction,
hypertension
(140/90),
Diabetes
type
1
for
more
than
15
years,
or
type
2
in
individuals
over
30,
and
MOST
IMPORTANT,
your
total
cholesterol
should
be
LESS
than
200mg,
or
HDL
must
be
MORE
than
35
mg!
14.
Waist-‐to-‐Hip
ratio:
Men
should
be
NO
MORE
than
.95
Women
should
be
NO
MORE
than
.86
WAIST
ALONE:
Men
should
be
NO
MORE
than
40
in
(should
be
less
than
31
in)
Women
should
be
NO
MORE
than
35
in
(should
be
less
than
27
in)
15.
VITAMINS
–
Water
Soluble
=
Vit
B
complex
and
C
Need
these
for
everyday
life
–
metabolism!
FAT
soluble
vitamins
=
A,
D,
E,
and
K
and
are
stored
in
body
fat
16.
If
elderly
begin
to
work
out,
their
life
satisfaction
will
go
up,
but
not
their
appetite.
17.Angina-‐
discomfort
associated
with
myocardial
ischemia.
It
means
there
is
insufficient
blood
flow
to
one
or
more
arteries.
Sympotms
can
be
felt
in
the
chest,
arm,
neck,
and
shoulder
18.
Physiological
theories
provide
conceptual
framework
for
DEVELOPMENT,
not
management
of
programs.
They
evaluate
effectiveness,
NOT
measurement
of
outcomes.
All
about
MOTIVATION
and
application
of
COGNITIVE-‐BEHAVIORAL
principles.
19.
PNF
(Prioprioceptive
neuromuscular
facilitation)
can
cause
residual
muscle
soreness,
is
time
consuming,
and
usually
needs
a
partner.
If
your
partner
pushes
you
too
hard,
injury
can
happen.
This
type
of
stretching
deals
with
the
contraction
and
relaxation
of
agonist
and
antagonist
muscles.
Static
stretching
is
the
one
most
used
–
hold
10-‐30s
in
a
slight
discomfort
position
Ballistic
has
bouncing
involved
and
can
cause
muscle
soreness
or
acute
injury.
20.
Plyometrics
à
A
method
of
strength
and
power
training
that
involves
an
eccentric
loading
of
muscles
and
tendons
followed
immediately
by
an
explosive
concentric
contraction.
There
is
NO
significant
difference
in
power
improvement
when
comparing
plyometrics
with
high
intensity
training.
This
way
might
actually
CASUE
injury
(musculoskeletal).
21.
The
informed
consent
document
is
NOT
a
legal
document
22.
ACSM
recommends
that
exercise
intensity
be
prescribed
within
what
percentage
of
oxygen
uptake
RESERVE
should
be
40%-‐59%
and
60-‐
89%
23.
ACSM
recommends
8-‐12
reps
for
strength
and
endurance
training.
Should
exercise
each
muscle
group
2-‐3
nonconsecutive
days
a
week
24.
Transtheoretical
Model
-‐-‐-‐
uses
Self-‐reevaluation.
This
model
deals
with
the
processes
of
behavioral
change.
Behavioral
process
–
Counterconditioning,
helping
relationships,
reinforcement
management,
self-‐liberation,
and
stimulus
control)
Cognitive
Processes
–
consciousness
raising,
dramatic
relief,
environmental
reevaluation,
self-‐
reevaluation,
and
social
liberation)
EXTRAS
FROM
THE
TEST
Need
to
know…
1. Risk
Stratifications—Know
SPECIFICS
for
the
Coronary
Artery
Disease
(CAD)
and
Cardiovascular
(CVD).
There
are
a
few
questions
where
they
may
use
the
same
client
but
ask
didn’t
questions
regarding
this
persons
medical
revue.
2. Know
HDL
carries
lipids
away
from
storage
and
to
the
liver
(*this
was
on
my
exam,
however
yours
may
ask
about
LDL
or
saturated
fats)
3. Know
protein
can
be
turned
into
fat
in
the
body.
4. Know
about
arm
and
leg
movements
when
it
comes
to
eccentric
and
concentric
movements
(*I
had
a
few
questions
on
this.
One
had
to
do
with
seated
leg
extension,
standing
leg
abduction,
and
I
think
one
dealt
with
an
arm
curl)
5. Research
cortisol.
It
asks
a
question
about
it,
particularly
when
it
is
high.
6. Calorie
intake—There
was
a
very
specific
question
on
a
man’s
carb
intake
on
a
2,500
calorie
diet.
Be
able
to
make
calculations
around
how
much
he
can
eat,
has
left
to
eat,
how
many
carbs
he
can
have,
fats
he
can
have,
etc.
My
question
was
specifically
about
his
carb
intake.
7. Know
what
the
liability
form
is
called
AND
what
the
Privacy
sheet
is
called.
(*I
believe
its
HIPAA)
8. Know
that
supplements
are
the
most
frequents
claims
related
to
the
violation
of
scope
practice.
9. Know
that
HDL
is
seen
as
a
positive
in
the
risk
factor
scheme
if
it
is
above
60.
10. Know
what
can
help
with
colds
sometimes
(this
was
one
of
the
odd
ones.
All
I
remember
is
one
of
the
choices
being
Echinacea,
which
is
what
I
put)
11. Models
–
The
most
important
one
is
Transtheoretical,
but
do
brush
up
on
the
others!
They
asked
a
few
different
questions
concerning
those.
Know
stimulus
control
and
motivational
interviewing.
12. Transtheoretical
Model
–
One
specific
question
asked
which
part
of
the
model
was
this
person
in-‐
“I
really
want
to
start
working
out
but
I
just
don’t
have
the
time.”
13. Water
intake
on
a
hot
day.
14. Intrinsic
and
Extrinsic
–
They
asked
two
very
specific
questions
on
this.
KNOW
the
difference
when
it
comes
to
your
clients.
15. Muscle
strength
–
In
initial
weeks,
know
what
causes
muscle
strength
16. Tricuspid
–
Know
what
it
SPECIFICLLY
does
(not
just
where
is
it
located)
17. Dull
Ache
–
If
a
man
complains
of
a
dull
ache
in
the
left
side
of
his
chest
after
working
out,
where
is
that
pain
coming
from?
18. High
Altitude
–
Know
what
you
should
be
doing
if
you
are
working
out
in
this
climate
19. PNF
–
Know
exactly
what
is
means,
not
that
it’s
just
one
of
the
stretching
techniques
20. Smoking—Know
exactly
what
it
could
do
to
the
body
after
smoking
prior
to
exercise.
(*see
what
nicotine
does
to
the
body)
21. Spotting
technique—They
asked
two
questions.
Not
sure
if
I
got
them
right,
but
I’m
pretty
sure
you
should
never
just
stand
there
and
do
nothing.
22. Children
–
Know
if
kids
should
be
allowed
to
start
resistance
training,
and
know
about
children
in
hot
weather
(more
prone
to
heat
injuries)
23. Pregnant
women
–
should
not
be
in
a
supine
position.
Also
know
what
to
do
if
your
client
tells
you
they
have
become
pregnant.
What
do
you
do?
(*I
know
two
of
the
choices
were
to
continue
doing
the
usual
workout
until
the
2nd
trimester,
or
have
them
go
to
a
physician
right
away
to
get
checked)
24. Resistance
Training
–
Had
two
questions
regarding
specific
types
of
training
(*supersets,
pyramid,
forced
negatives,
etc.)
25. Bronchial
dilators
–
Know
what
they
do.
26. Hypoglycemia
–
If
someone
is
experiencing
hypoglycemia
after
a
workout,
you
call
the
physician.
Once
the
physician
is
called,
what
do
you
do?
(*three
of
the
choices
where
give
them
insulin,
give
them
an
orange
juice,
or
wait
till
the
physician
arrives)
(I
think
answer
was
give
them
an
orange
juice)
27. Law—Know
what
law
you
are
under
as
a
Personal
Trainer
when
someone
needs
resuscitation
methods.
Others
are
under
it
but
you
are
not.
(*one
of
the
answers
was
the
Good
Samaritan
Law—that’s
most
likely
the
answer)
28. Protein
–
Know
what
a
‘complete’
bond
is.
(Whether
its
all
the
essential
amino
acids,
or
just
one,
etc.)
29. Absolute
and
Relative
Contraindications
–
Know
these
definitions
because
they
will
ask
how
they
differ
30. Body
Fat—What
is
the
normal
percentage
for
men
and
women
(*keep
in
mind
they
could
ask
you
a
what
the
underweight
and
overweight
is
as
well)