Unit 5 - Electromagnetic Field Theory - WWW - Rgpvnotes.in PDF

Subject Name: Electromagnetic Field Theory
Subject Code: EC-5001

Semester: 5th
Downloaded from be.rgpvnotes.in
Unit 5
Scalar magnetic potential and its limitations, Vector magnetic potential and its properties, vector
magnetic potential due to different simple configurations; Self and Mutual inductances, determination
of self & mutual inductances, self inductance of solenoid, toroid coils, mutual inductance between a
straight long wire & a square loop. Energy stored in magnetic Field & energy density, Faraday’s Law,
transformer & motional EMFs, Displacement current, Maxwell’s equations as Generalization of
circuit equations, Maxwell’s equation in free space, Maxwell’s equation for harmonically varying
Field, static and steady fields, Maxwell’s equations in differential & integral form.
Time varying fields and Maxwell's equations

Introduction:
In our study of static fields so far, we have observed that static electric fields are produced by electric
charges, static magnetic fields are produced by charges in motion or by steady current. Further, static
electric field is a conservative field and has no curl, the static magnetic field is continuous and its divergence
is zero. The fundamental relationships for static electric fields among the field quantities can be summarized
as: (5.1a)
(5.1b)
For a linear and isotropic medium, (5.1c)
Similarly for the magnetostatic case (5.2a)
(5.2b)
(5.2c)
It can be seen that for static case, the electric field vectors and and magnetic field vectors and
form separate pairs.
In terms of fields, we can say that a time varying magnetic field produces an electromotive force (emf)
which causes a current in a closed circuit. The quantitative relation between the induced emf (the voltage
that arises from conductors moving in a magnetic field or from changing magnetic fields) and the rate of
change of flux linkage developed based on experimental observation is known as Faraday's law.
Mathematically, the induced emf can be written as
Emf = Volts (5.3)

where is the flux linkage over the closed path.
A non zero may result due to any of the following:

(a) time changing flux linkage a stationary closed path.
(b) relative motion between a steady flux a closed path.
(c) a combination of the above two cases.
The negative sign in equation (5.3) was introduced by Lenz in order to comply with the polarity of the
induced emf. The negative sign implies that the induced emf will cause a current flow in the closed loop in
such a direction so as to oppose the change in the linking magnetic flux which produces it. (It may be noted
that as far as the induced emf is concerned, the closed path forming a loop does not necessarily have to be
conductive).
If the closed path is in the form of N tightly wound turns of a coil, the change in the magnetic flux linking
the coil induces an emf in each turn of the coil and total emf is the sum of the induced emfs of the individual
turns, i.e.,
Emf = Volts (5.4)
By defining the total flux linkage as

(5.5)
Electromagnetic Theory, ECE, CDGI, Indore Page 1

Page no: 1 Follow us on facebook to get real-time updates from RGPV
The emf can be written as
Emf = (5.6)
Continuing with equation (5.3), over a closed contour 'C' we can write
Emf = (5.7)
where is the induced electric field on the conductor to sustain the current.
Further, total flux enclosed by the contour 'C ' is given by
(5.8)
Where S is the surface for which 'C' is the contour.
From (5.7) and using (5.8) in (5.3) we can write
(5.9)
By applying stokes theorem
(5.10)
Therefore, we can write
(5.11)
which is the Faraday's law in the point form
We have said that non zero can be produced in a several ways. One particular case is when a time
varying flux linking a stationary closed path induces an emf. The emf induced in a stationary closed path by
a time varying magnetic field is called a transformer emf .
Motional EMF:
Let us consider a conductor moving in a steady magnetic field as shown in the fig 5.2.
Fig 5.1 illustration of motional EMF

If a charge Q moves in a magnetic field , it experiences a force
(5.18)
This force will cause the electrons in the conductor to drift towards one end and leave the other end
positively charged, thus creating a field and charge separation continuous until electric and magnetic forces
balance and an equilibrium is reached very quickly, the net force on the moving conductor is zero.
can be interpreted as an induced electric field which is called the motional electric field
(5.19)
If the moving conductor is a part of the closed circuit C, the generated emf around the circuit is .
This emf is called the motional emf.

Maxwell's Equation
Equation (5.1) and (5.2) gives the relationship among the field quantities in the static field. For time varying
case, the relationship among the field vectors written as
(5.20a)
(5.20b)
(5.20c)
(5.20d)
In addition, from the principle of conservation of charges we get the equation of continuity
(5.21)
The equation 5.20 (a) - (d) must be consistent with equation (5.21).
We observe that (5.22)
Since is zero for any vector . Thus applies only for the static case i.e., for the scenario
when . A classic example for this is given below:
Suppose we are in the process of charging up a capacitor as shown in fig 5.2.
Fig 5.2 Amperian Loop with capacitor
Let us apply the Ampere's Law for the Amperian loop shown in fig 5.3. Ienc = I is the total current passing
through the loop. But if we draw a baloon shaped surface as in fig 5.3, no current passes through this surface
and hence Ienc = 0. But for non steady currents such as this one, the concept of current enclosed by a loop is
ill-defined since it depends on what surface you use. In fact Ampere's Law should also hold true for time
varying case as well, then comes the idea of displacement current which will be introduced in the next few
slides.
We can write for time varying case,
(5.23)
(5.24)
The equation (5.24) is valid for static as well as for time varying case.

Equation (5.24) indicates that a time varying electric field will give rise to a magnetic field even in the
absence of . The term has a dimension of current densities and is called the displacement
current density.
Introduction of in equation is one of the major contributions of Jame's Clerk Maxwell. The
modified set of equations
(5.25a)
(5.25b)
(5.25c)
(5.25d)
is known as the Maxwell's equation and this set of equations apply in the time varying scenario, static fields
are being a particular case .

In the integral form
(5.26a)
(5.26b)
(5.26c)
(5.26d)
The modification of Ampere's law by Maxwell has led to the development of a unified electromagnetic field
theory. By introducing the displacement current term, Maxwell could predict the propagation of EM waves.
Existence of EM waves was later demonstrated by Hertz experimentally which led to the new era of radio
communication.
Boundary Conditions for Electromagnetic fields
The differential forms of Maxwell's equations are used to solve for the field vectors provided the field
quantities are single valued, bounded and continuous. At the media boundaries, the field vectors are
discontinuous and their behaviors across the boundaries are governed by boundary conditions. The integral
equations(eqn 5.26) are assumed to hold for regions containing discontinuous media.Boundary conditions
can be derived by applying the Maxwell's equations in the integral form to small regions at the interface of
the two media. The procedure is similar to those used for obtaining boundary conditions for static electric
fields (chapter 2) and static magnetic fields (chapter 4). The boundary conditions are summarized as follows
With reference to fig 5.3

Fig 5.4 Boundary Condition

Equation 5.27 (a) says that tangential component of electric field is continuous across the interface while
from 5.27 (c) we note that tangential component of the magnetic field is discontinuous by an amount equal
to the surface current density. Similarly 5.27 (b) states that normal component of electric flux density vector
is discontinuous across the interface by an amount equal to the surface current density while normal
component of the magnetic flux density is continuous.
If one side of the interface, as shown in fig 5.4, is a perfect electric conductor, say region 2, a surface current
can exist even though is zero as .
Thus eqn 5.27(a) and (c) reduces to
Wave equation and their solution:

From equation 5.25 we can write the Maxwell's equations in the differential form as
Let us consider a source free uniform medium having dielectric constant , magnetic permeability and
conductivity . The above set of equations can be written as
Using the vector identity,
We can write from 5.29(b)
or
Substituting from 5.29(a)

But in source free medium (equation 5.29(c))
(5.30)
In the same manner for equation 5.29(a)
Since from eqn 5.29(d), we can write
(5.31)
These two equations
are known as wave equations.

It may be noted that the field components are functions of both space and time. For example, if we consider
a Cartesian co ordinate system, essentially represents and . For simplicity,
we consider propagation in free space , i.e. , and . The wave eqn in equations 5.30 and
5.31 reduces to
Further simplifications can be made if we consider in Cartesian co ordinate system a special case where
are considered to be independent in two dimensions, say are assumed to be independent
of y and z. Such waves are called plane waves.
From eqn (5.32 (a)) we can write
The vector wave equation is equivalent to the three scalar equations

Since we have ,
As we have assumed that the field components are independent of y and z eqn (5.34) reduces to
(5.35)
i.e. there is no variation of Ex in the x direction.
Further, from 5.33(a), we find that implies which requires any three of the conditions to
be satisfied: (i) Ex=0, (ii)Ex = constant, (iii)Ex increasing uniformly with time.
A field component satisfying either of the last two conditions (i.e (ii) and (iii))is not a part of a plane wave
motion and hence Ex is taken to be equal to zero. Therefore, a uniform plane wave propagating in x direction
does not have a field component (E or H) acting along x.
Without loss of generality let us now consider a plane wave having Ey component only (Identical results can
be obtained for Ez component).
The equation involving such wave propagation is given by
The above equation has a solution of the form
where
Thus equation (5.37) satisfies wave eqn (5.36) can be verified by substitution.
corresponds to the wave traveling in the + x direction while corresponds to a wave
traveling in the -x direction. The general solution of the wave eqn thus consists of two waves, one traveling
away from the source and other traveling back towards the source. In the absence of any reflection, the
second form of the eqn (5.37) is zero and the solution can be written as
(5.38)
Such a wave motion is graphically shown in fig 5.5 at two instances of time t 1 and t2.
Fig 5.5 : Traveling wave in the + x direction

Let us now consider the relationship between E and H components for the forward traveling wave.
Since and there is no variation along y and z.

Since only z component of exists, from (5.29(b))
(5.39)
and from (5.29(a)) with , only Hz component of magnetic field being present
(5.40)
Substituting Ey from (5.38)
The constant of integration means that a field independent of x may also exist. However, this field will not
be a part of the wave motion.
Hence (5.41)
which relates the E and H components of the traveling wave.
is called the characteristic or intrinsic impedance of the free space.

Time Harmonic Fields :
So far, in discussing time varying electromagnetic fields, we have considered arbitrary time dependence.
The time dependence of the field quantities depends on the source functions. One of the most important case
of time varying electromagnetic field is the time harmonic (sinusoidal or co sinusoidal) time variation where
the excitation of the source varies sinusoidally in time with a single frequency. For time-harmonic fields,
phasor analysis can be applied to obtain single frequency steady state response. Since Maxwell's equations
are linear differential equations, for source functions with arbitrary time dependence, electromagnetic fields
can be determined by superposition. Periodic time functions can be expanded into Fourier series of harmonic
sinusoidal components while transient non-periodic functions can be expressed as Fourier integrals. Field
vectors that vary with space coordinates and are sinusoidal function of time can be represented in terms of
vector phasors that depend on the space coordinates but not on time. For time harmonic case, the general
time variation is and for a cosine reference, the instantaneous fields can be written as:
(5.42)
where is a vector phasor that contain the information on direction, magnitude and phase. The
phasors in general are complex quantities. All time harmonic filed components can be written in this
manner.
The time rate of change of can be written as:
(5.43)
Thus we find that if the electric field vector is represented in the phasor form as , then
can be represented by the phasor . The integral can be represented
by the phasor . In the same manner, higher order derivatives and integrals with respect to t can be
represented by multiplication and division of the phasor by higher power of . Considering the
field phasors and source phasors in a simple linear isotropic medium, we can write the
Maxwell's equations for time harmonic case in the phasor form as:
(5.44a)
(5.44b)
(5.44c)
(5.44d)
Similarly, the wave equations described in equation (5.32) can be written as:
or (5.45a)
and in the same manner, for the magnetic field
where is called the wave number .
Electromagnetic Waves
In the previous chapter we introduced the equations pertaining to wave propagation and
discussed how the wave equations are modified for time harmonic case. In this chapter we
discuss in detail a particular form of electromagnetic wave propagation called 'plane waves'.
In source free linear isotropic medium, Maxwell equations in phasor form are,
or,
or,
or, where
An identical equation can be derived for .

i.e.,
These equations
are called homogeneous vector Helmholtz's equation.

is called the wave number or propagation constant of the medium.
Plane waves in Lossless medium:

In a lossless medium, are real numbers, so k is real.
In Cartesian coordinates each of the equations 5.1(a) and 5.1(b) are equivalent to three scalar
Helmholtz's equations, one each in the components Ex, Ey and Ez or Hx , Hy, Hz.
For example if we consider Ex component we can write
(5.46)
A uniform plane wave is a particular solution of Maxwell's equation assuming electric field
(and magnetic field) has same magnitude and phase in infinite planes perpendicular to the
direction of propagation. It may be noted that in the strict sense a uniform plane wave doesn't
exist in practice as creation of such waves are possible with sources of infinite extent.
However, at large distances from the source, the wavefront or the surface of the constant
phase becomes almost spherical and a small portion of this large sphere can be considered to
plane. The characteristics of plane waves are simple and useful for studying many practical
scenarios.
Let us consider a plane wave which has only Ex component and propagating along z . Since
the plane wave will have no variation along the plane perpendicular to z i.e., xy plane,
. The Helmholtz's equation (5.2) reduces to,
.........................................................................(5.47)
The solution to this equation can be written as
............................................................(5.48)
are the amplitude constants (can be determined from boundary conditions).
In the time domain,

.............................(5.49)
assuming are real constants.
Here, represents the forward traveling wave. The plot of
for several values of t is shown in the Figure 5.6.

Figure 5.6: Plane wave traveling in the + z direction
As can be seen from the figure, at successive times, the wave travels in the +z direction.
If we fix our attention on a particular point or phase on the wave (as shown by the dot) i.e. ,
= constant
Then we see that as t is increased to , z also should increase to so that
Or,
Or,
When ,
we write = phase velocity .
.....................................(5.50)
If the medium in which the wave is propagating is free space i.e.,
Then
Where 'C' is the speed of light. That is plane EM wave travels in free space with the speed
of light.
The wavelength is defined as the distance between two successive maxima (or minima or
any other reference points).
i.e.,
or,
or,
Substituting ,

or, ................................(5.51)
Thus wavelength also represents the distance covered in one oscillation of the wave.
Similarly, represents a plane wave traveling in the -z direction.
The associated magnetic field can be found as follows:
From (5.52),
= ............(5.53)
where is the intrinsic impedance of the medium.
When the wave travels in free space
is the intrinsic impedance of the free space.
In the time domain,
........... (5.54)
Which represents the magnetic field of the wave traveling in the +z direction.
For the negative traveling wave,
...........(5.55)
For the plane waves described, both the E & H fields are perpendicular to the direction of
propagation, and these waves are called TEM (transverse electromagnetic) waves.
The E & H field components of a TEM wave is shown in Fig 5.2.

Figure 5.7 : E & H fields of a particular plane wave at time t.
TEM Waves:
So far we have considered a plane electromagnetic wave propagating in the z-direction. Let
us now consider the propagation of a uniform plane wave in any arbitrary direction that
doesn't necessarily coincides with an axis.
For a uniform plane wave propagating in z-direction
is a constant vector........................... (5.56)
The more general form of the above equation is
........................................... (5.57)
This equation satisfies Helmholtz's equation provided,

........................... (5.58)
We define wave number vector ........................... (5.59)

And radius vector from the origin
........................... (5.60)
Therefore we can write
........................... (5.61)
Here =constant is a plane of constant phase and uniform amplitude just in the case of
,
z =constant denotes a plane of constant phase and uniform amplitude.
If the region under consideration is charge free,

Using the vector identity and noting that is constant we can write,
......................(5.62)
i.e., is transverse to the direction of the propagation.
The corresponding magnetic field can be computed as follows:
Using the vector identity,
Since is constant we can write,
.....................(5.63)
Where is the intrinsic impedance of the medium. We observe that is perpendicular to

both and . Thus the electromagnetic wave represented by and is a TEM
wave.
Plane waves in a lossy medium :
In a lossy medium, the EM wave looses power as it propagates. Such a medium is
conducting with conductivity and we can write:
.....................(5.64)
Where is called the complex permittivity.
We have already discussed how an external electric field can polarize a dielectric and give
rise to bound charges. When the external electric field is time varying, the polarization vector
will vary with the same frequency as that of the applied field. As the frequency of the applied
filed increases, the inertia of the charge particles tend to prevent the particle displacement
keeping pace with the applied field changes. This results in frictional damping mechanism
causing power loss.
In addition, if the material has an appreciable amount of free charges, there will be ohmic
losses. It is customary to include the effect of damping and ohmic losses in the imaginary
part of . An equivalent conductivity represents all losses.
The ratio is called loss tangent as this quantity is a measure of the power loss.
Fig 5.8: Calculation of Loss Tangent
With reference to the Fig 5.3,
.......................... (5.65)
where is the conduction current density and is displacement current density. The loss
tangent gives a measure of how much lossy is the medium under consideration. For a good
dielectric medium is very small and the medium is a good conductor if
. A material may be a good conductor at low frequencies but behave as lossy
dielectric at higher frequencies.
For a source free lossy medium we can write
........................... (5.66)
.................... (5.67)
Where
Proceeding in the same manner we can write,

is called the propagation constant.

The real and imaginary parts and of the propagation constant can be computed as
follows:
And
................... (5.67a)
Similarly ................... (5.67b)
Let us now consider a plane wave that has only x -component of electric field and propagate
along z .
................................... (5.67c)
Considering only the forward traveling wave
................................... (5.68)
Similarly, from , we can find
..................................... (5.69)
Where
..................................... (5.70)

From (5.25) and (5.26) we find that as the wave propagates along z, it decreases in amplitude
by a factor . Therefore is known as attenuation constant. Further and are out of
phase by an angle .
For low loss dielectric, , i.e., .

Using the above condition approximate expression for and can be obtained as follows:
............. (5.71)
& phase velocity
............... (5.72)
For good conductors
= ............... (5.73)
We have used the relation
From (5.31) we can write
............... (5.74)

..................... (5.75)
And phase velocity
..................... (5.76)
Poynting Vector and Power Flow in Electromagnetic Fields:

Electromagnetic waves can transport energy from one point to another point. The electric
and magnetic field intensities asscociated with a travelling electromagnetic wave can be
related to the rate of such energy transfer.
Let us consider Maxwell's Curl Equations:
Using vector identity
the above curl equations we can write
.............................................(5.77)
In simple medium where and are constant, we can write
and
Applying Divergence theorem we can write,
...........................(5.78)
The term represents the rate of change of energy stored in the electric
and magnetic fields and the term represents the power dissipation within the
volume. Hence right hand side of the equation (5.36) represents the total decrease in power
within the volume under consideration.
The left hand side of equation (5.36) can be written as where

2
(W/mt ) is called the Poynting vector and it represents the power density vector associated
with the electromagnetic field. The integration of the Poynting vector over any closed
surface gives the net power flowing out of the surface. Equation (5.79) is referred to as
Poynting theorem and it states that the net power flowing out of a given volume is equal to
the time rate of decrease in the energy stored within the volume minus the conduction losses.
Poynting vector for the time harmonic case:
For time harmonic case, the time variation is of the form , and we have seen that
instantaneous value of a quantity is the real part of the product of a phasor quantity and
when is used as reference. For example, if we consider the phasor
then we can write the instanteneous field as
.................................(5.80)
when E0 is real.
Let us consider two instanteneous quantities A and B such that
..................(5.81)
where A and B are the phasor quantities.

i.e,
Therefore,
..............................(5.82)
Since A and B are periodic with period , the time average value of the product form
AB, denoted by can be written as
.....................................(5.83)
Further, considering the phasor quantities A and B, we find that
and , where * denotes complex conjugate.
..............................................(5.84)
The poynting vector can be expressed as
...................................(5.85)

If we consider a plane electromagnetic wave propagating in +z direction and has only

component, from (5.85) we can write:
Using (5.41)
........................................(5.86)
where and , for the plane wave under consideration.

For a general case, we can write
.....................(5.87)
We can define a complex Poynting vector
and time average of the instantaneous Poynting vector is given by .

We hope you find these notes useful.
You can get previous year question papers at
https://qp.rgpvnotes.in .
If you have any queries or you want to submit your

study notes please write us at
[email protected]

Unit 5 - Electromagnetic Field Theory - WWW - Rgpvnotes.in PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit 5 - Electromagnetic Field Theory - WWW - Rgpvnotes.in PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit 5 - Electromagnetic Field Theory - WWW - Rgpvnotes.in PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Subject Name: Electromagnetic Field Theory

Subject Code: EC-5001

Time varying fields and Maxwell's equations

Emf = Volts (5.3)

A non zero may result due to any of the following:

Emf = Volts (5.4)

By defining the total flux linkage as

Electromagnetic Theory, ECE, CDGI, Indore Page 1

The emf can be written as

Further, total flux enclosed by the contour 'C ' is given by

Therefore, we can write

Fig 5.1 illustration of motional EMF

Electromagnetic Theory, ECE, CDGI, Indore Page 2

when . A classic example for this is given below:

Suppose we are in the process of charging up a capacitor as shown in fig 5.2.

Fig 5.2 Amperian Loop with capacitor

Electromagnetic Theory, ECE, CDGI, Indore Page 3

are being a particular case .

Electromagnetic Theory, ECE, CDGI, Indore Page 4

Fig 5.4 Boundary Condition

Wave equation and their solution:

Using the vector identity,

We can write from 5.29(b)

Electromagnetic Theory, ECE, CDGI, Indore Page 5

But in source free medium (equation 5.29(c))

Since from eqn 5.29(d), we can write

These two equations

are known as wave equations.

From eqn (5.32 (a)) we can write

The vector wave equation is equivalent to the three scalar equations

Electromagnetic Theory, ECE, CDGI, Indore Page 6

The above equation has a solution of the form

Fig 5.5 : Traveling wave in the + x direction

Since and there is no variation along y and z.

Electromagnetic Theory, ECE, CDGI, Indore Page 7

Since only z component of exists, from (5.29(b))

is called the characteristic or intrinsic impedance of the free space.

can be represented by the phasor . The integral can be represented

where is called the wave number .

An identical equation can be derived for .

are called homogeneous vector Helmholtz's equation.

Plane waves in Lossless medium:

. The Helmholtz's equation (5.2) reduces to,

In the time domain,

Electromagnetic Theory, ECE, CDGI, Indore Page 10

Figure 5.6: Plane wave traveling in the + z direction

we write = phase velocity .

Electromagnetic Theory, ECE, CDGI, Indore Page 11

where is the intrinsic impedance of the medium.

When the wave travels in free space

is the intrinsic impedance of the free space.

In the time domain,

Electromagnetic Theory, ECE, CDGI, Indore Page 12

Figure 5.7 : E & H fields of a particular plane wave at time t.

This equation satisfies Helmholtz's equation provided,

We define wave number vector ........................... (5.59)

Electromagnetic Theory, ECE, CDGI, Indore Page 13

Using the vector identity,

Since is constant we can write,