22

Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents, analyzes and interprets the results. The presentation, analysis

and interpretation of data are in accordance to the problems stated in the first chapter.

Problem No. 1 What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. Grade Level

b. Place of origin

Table 1

The Grade Level Frequency of Respondents

Demographic Profile Frequency Percentage

7 34 27.87%

8 30 24.59%
Grade Level
9 28 22.95%

10 30 24.59%

G7 G8 G9 G10

G10 G7
25% 28%

G9 G8
23% 24%

Figure 4. The Grade Level Frequency of Respondents

 23

Table 1 and Figure 3 shows the different grade levels of the respondents during the

conduct of the study. Respondents from Grade 7 are 27.87% of the total sample size, from

Grade 8 with 24.59%, those who are in Grade 9 are 22.95%, and from Grade 10 are 24.59%.

The data shows that majority of the respondents are from the Grade 7. These grade levels

are the years where girls are already expected to have menstruation.

Table 2

The Place of Origin of Respondents

Demographic Profile Frequency Percentage

Place Urban 101 82.79%

of Origin Rural 21 17.21%

Urban Rural

17%

83%

Figure 5. The Place of Origin of the Respondents

As presented in Table 5 and Figure 4, the percentage of respondents originating

from Urban areas are 82.79%, while those coming from Rural areas are only 17.21%. It

can be concluded that most of the respondents come from the Urban than the Rural area.
 24

Problem No. 2 What is the extent of knowledge about breast cancer and attitude of

respondents concerning breast self-examination?

Table 3

The Extent of the Respondents’ Knowledge about Breast Self-Examination (BSE)

Frequency Frequency Frequency

Overall
of correct of wrong of wrong Verbal
Statement rating
answer answer answer Description
(%)
(Yes) (No) (DK)
1. Breast cancer is a
tumor that starts within
Did not meet
the breast tissue caused 79 11 32 64.75
expectations
by diet high in calories
and rich in animal fats.
2. Breast cancer is
prevented by early
110 1 11 90.16 Outstanding
detection using Breast
self-examination (BSE).
3. Breast cancer is
higher in women whose
99 7 16 81.15 Satisfactory
blood relatives have the
disease.
4. Breast cancer occurs
Did not meet
primarily in women, 75 29 18 61.48
expectations
occasionally in men,
5. Smoking cigarettes
significantly increase
Did not meet
the likelihood of 52 18 52 42.62
expectations
developing breast cancer
for some women.
 25

6. Breast cancer can lead

Very
to cure if there is early 106 6 10 86.89
Satisfactory
detection.
7. Breast cancer is
treated by surgery such
as Lumpectomy, the
Did not meet
simplest type that 75 0 47 61.48
expectations
involve the removal of
tumor and surrounding
tissues.
8. BSE is a simple, safe,
cost-free technique to
Did not meet
detect cancer that 87 12 23 71.31
expectations
women can use to assess
their own breast.
9. BSE is done in three
steps. The first step is
visual examination of
the breast which
includes checking for Did not meet
76 0 46 62.30
lumps, puckering, any expectations
change in skin color,
fluid around the nipple
or other changes in
appearance.
10. BSE can be done
standing and lying
Did not meet
down. The examination 62 7 53 50.82
expectations
is done by palpating the
breast.
Did not meet
Average 82.1 9.1 30.8 67.3
expectations
 26

Table 3 shows the extent of knowledge of the respondents according to their

answers on the questionnaire. It can be seen that the average number of respondents who

answered the items correctly are only 82.1 which is 63.7% only. It can be inferred

according to the scale that the results did not meet the expectations. This means therefore,

that the respondents are less likely unaware of breast cancer and breast self-examination.

Regardless of their Grade Level or Place of origin, the information received by the

respondents are therefore the same.

Table 4

The Extent of Respondents’ Attitude about Breast Self-Examination

Weighted Verbal
Statement Interpretation
Mean Description

1. Do you believe that if more

women examined their breast
4.48 Strongly Believe Very Positive
regularly, there would be fewer
deaths from breast cancer?
2. Do you believe that finding a
lump in your breast does really 3.61 Believe Positive
matter and not considered late?
3. Do you believe that in
examining your own breast
regularly, you might find a lump 3.49 Believe Positive
sooner than if you just went to the
doctor for check-up?
4. Do you believe that going to
the doctor for breast self-
4.49 Strongly Believe Very Positive
examination is a good idea and
not an embarrassing thing to do?
5. Do you believe that examining
your own breast often makes you
4.03 Believe Positive
free from worry about breast
cancer?

Grand Mean 4.02 Believe Positive

 27

Table 4 presents the responses of the respondents on the extent of their attitude

toward BSE. Data result reveals that most of the respondents’ reactions are positive which

is 4.02. It can be inferred that This means that the respondents understand the importance

of conducting breast self-examination and to detect signs of breast cancer at an early stage.

Problem 3. Is there a significant difference in the extent of knowledge of the respondents

when grouped according to the following:

a. Grade Level

b. Place of origin

Table 5

Test Difference of Extent of Knowledge of the Respondents according to Grade Level

Sum of
df Mean Square F P-value
Squares

Between Groups 119.075 3 39.692 1.275 .298

Within Groups 1120.900 36 31.136

Total 1239.975 39

Ho: There is no significant difference in the extent of knowledge of the respondents

according to age

Table 8 presents the difference on the respondents’ extent of knowledge on BSE

according to their age. Using the SPSS Student Trial Version, the table shows that the p-

value of 0.298 is greater than the alpha of 0.05. Hence, the null hypothesis is accepted. It
 28

implies that there is no significant difference on the extent of knowledge of the respondents

according to their grade level. Therefore, the extent of knowledge of the respondents is the

same regardless of their grade level.

Table 6

T-test for Independent Samples for Extent of Knowledge according to Place of Origin

Mean
Group Mean P value Decision
Difference

Urban 68.3 Do not reject

50.7 .096
Rural 17.6 Ho

Ho: There is no significant difference in the extent of knowledge of the respondents

according to place of origin

Table 6 interprets the result of the study on the extent of the respondents’

knowledge about BSE according to their Place of Origin. It is shown that the p value is

0.096 which is greater than the 0.05 alpha. Therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted. This

means that there is no significant difference in the extent of knowledge of the respondents

according to place of origin. This implies that the information received by the respondents

originating from the Urban areas is the same with those from the rural areas.
 29

Problem No. 4 Is there a significant difference in the extent of attitude of the respondents

when grouped according to the following:

a. age; and

b. place of origin

Table 7

Test Difference of Extent of Attitude of the Respondents according to Grade Level

Sum of
df Mean Square F P-value
Squares

Between Groups .453 3 .151 .179 .909

Within Groups 13.484 16 .843

Total 13.937 19

Ho: There is no significant difference in the extent of attitude of the respondents

according to age

The table above displays the difference on the extent of attitude of the respondents

according to Grade Level. Using the SPSS Student Trial Version, it can be seen that the p

value, which is 0.909, is greater than the alpha, which is 0.05. Hence, the null hypothesis

is accepted proving that there is no significant difference on the extent of attitude among

respondents according to their age. Therefore, the extent of attitude of the respondents is

the same regardless of their Grade Level. This can be explained because of the poor

knowledge of the respondents towards BSE and BCA as shown on Table 3.

 30

Table 8

T-test for Independent Samples for Extent of Attitude according to Place of Origin

Mean
Group Mean P value Decision
Difference

Urban 41.8 Do not reject

32.8 .052
Rural 9 Ho

Ho: There is no significant difference in the extent of attitude of the respondents

according to place of origin

The results shown in table 11 interprets the extent of attitude of the respondents

according to place of origin. With the use of SPSS Student Trial Version, the p value is

seen to be 0.052 that is equal to the alpha of 0.05. It means that there is no significant

difference on the extent of attitude according to place of origin. It implies that the extent

of attitude of the respondents is the same regardless of their place of origin.

 31

Problem 5. For those who perform, to what extent do they practice BSE?

a. The no. of times in performing BSE

b. The time period in performing BSE

c. The manner on how BSE is performed

Table 9

The Extent of Practice of BSE among Respondents

Statement Weighted Mean Verbal Description
2. How many times do you perform
BSE?
a. once a month 2.33 Most Ideal
b. once every 3 months
c. once a year
3. When do you practice BSE?
a. 1 week after menstruation
1.83 Ideal
b. immediately after menstruation
c. before menstruation
4. How did you perform BSE?
a. standing and one hand is placed
behind the head while the other hand
moves clockwise in the breast going to
the nipple.
b. sitting and one hand is placed
behind the head while the other hand 2.58 Most Ideal
moves clockwise in the breast going to
the nipple.
c. squatting and one hand is placed
behind the head while the other hand
moves clockwise in the breast going to
the nipple.
Average 2.3 Ideal
 32

Table 9 describes the result for those who have already performed BSE. The figures

in the table answer three relevant questions while they do BSE activity: the number of

times, the time period when they perform BSE and the manner on how they perform the

activity. Out of the 122 respondents, only 11 perform BSE and answered the following

questions on Practice.

Note that the table consists of three rows. These rows correspond to the respondents

responses to the three relevant questions. For the first question or the first row, it refers to

the number of times they perform BSE. The result is 2.33 or Most Ideal that is, once a

month. The second row gives the answer for the second question which is about the time

period when they perform the activity. The result is 1.83 or Ideal which means that they

perform but not regularly. Furthermore, row number 3 refers to the manner how they

perform BSE. The result is 2.58 or Most Ideal which is a Standing Position. Averaging the

responses gets 2.25 score which is Ideal. This means that for those who do practice BSE,

they are well aware and they practice the proper procedures in performing BSE.
 33

Chapter V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter includes the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation of

the conducted study.

I. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The following summarizes the result of the study based from the data in tables and

graphs that correspond to the responses revealed in the survey questionnaire:

1. That the extent of the respondents knowledge about breast cancer is only

67.3% which does not meet the required standard of expectation;

2. That the responses or reactions of the respondents on the extent of their

attitude toward BSE are positive;

3. That there is no significant difference in the extent of knowledge of the

respondents when grouped according to their age and place of origin;

4. That there is no significant difference in the extent of attitude of the

respondents when grouped according to their age and place of origin;

5. That for those who performed BSE, the respondents show:

 most ideal result as to the number of times they do BSE, that is once a

month and after menstruation only.

 that the respondents show least ideal result when it comes to the time

period when they perform BSE which means that they do not perform

the activity on a monthly basis;

 34

 that they manifest Most Ideal result when it comes to how BSE is

performed, that is, a Standing Position.

II. CONCLUSION

Based from the findings of the study, the researcher draws the following

conclusions:

1. That the extent of knowledge of the respondents is low and does not meet

expectations that may be due to the respondents not paying full and close

attention to BCA and BSE.

2. That the extent on the level of attitude about BSE is positively known to those

living in the Urban area or within the city proper than those in the rural area

or outside the city proper;

3. That there is no significant difference in the extent of knowledge of the

respondents according to their age and place of origin;

4. That there is no significant difference in the extent attitude of the respondents

according to their age and place of origin;

5. That BSE is ideally performed:

 once a month;

 after menstruation only; and,

 in a standing position.

6. That the knowledge of the respondents is low while the attitude and practice

are high.
 35

III. RECOMMENDATION

Based on the result of the study, this paper makes the following recommendations

which can be a point of interest for any future relevant research:

1. Conduct further study on the knowledge, attitude and practice based on the

social status and the lifestyle of the female students. Nowadays, due to the

advent of technology, an individual’s lifestyle is determined by her social

status.

2. It is also recommended that the study be made to the female Senior High

School students since it is anticipated that the respondents belonging this group

are already fully grown-up individuals;

3. Risk on breast cancer and the practice of BSE do not exempt males. This is

believed to be a topic of major interest;

4. Expand the scope of the study to respondents outside ZNNHS for a wider and

more credible basis of the result of the data.

5. Incorporating BCA and BSE in subjects in school, not only in Science

(Biology) but in MAPEH (Health) as well.

6. Conduct symposiums about BCA and BSE especially during Science month.
 36

REFERENCES

American Cancer Society (2013) Breast Cancer Facts And Figures 2013-2014.

http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@research/documents/document/acspc-

040951.pdf

breastcancernow. “What Are The Signs And Symptoms of Breast Cancer?”

http://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/want-to-know-about-breast-

cancer/what-are-the-signs-and-symptoms-of-breast-cancer. 08 July 2016.

Peter Nde Fon, et. al. “Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Breast Self-

Examination Among Female Undergraduate Students In The University Of Buea”

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272184035_Knowledge_attitude_and_p

ractice_of_breast_self-

examination_among_female_undergraduate_students_in_the_University_of_Buea

_Womens_Health. February 15, 2015.

“PHL Has Highest Breast Cancer Rate In Asia” GMA NEWS ONLINE. 02

October, 2013.

Tubeza, Philip C. “Breast cancer is the most prevalent in PH. inquirerdotnet

Philippine Daily Inquirer 18 October, 2012.

Vardeleon Micah. “Philippines Has Highest Prevalence of Breast Cancer

Among 197 Countries.” www.manilatimes.net › News › Latest Stories ›

Today’s Breaking News. 09 February, 2017

World Cancer Research Fund American Institute of Cancer Research. Food,

Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: A global perspective.

AICR, Washington DC. 2007