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 CBSE Class 12 Phyiscs
NCERT Exemplar Solutions
Chapter 9
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Exercise

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS-I

9.1 A ray of light incident at an angle θ on a refracting face of a prism emerges from the
other face normally. If the angle of the prism is 5° and the prism is made of a material
of refractive index 1.5, the angle of incidence is

(a) 7.5°.

(b) 5°.

(c) 15°.

(d) 2.5°.

Ans. (a)

A=5o

μ=1.5

i2=0o

r2=0o
 Study Materials
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r1+r2=A

r1=A−r2 =5−0=5∘

=0.1305

=7.5∘

9.2 A short pulse of white light is incident from air to a glass slab at normal incidence.
After travelling through the slab, the first colour to emerge is

(a) blue.

(b) green.

(c) violet.

(d) red.

Ans. (d): c= v and v is constant during refraction so c . The velocity of red colour is
maximum in glass as the

9.3 An object approaches a convergent lens from the left of the lens with a uniform
speed 5 m/s and stops at the focus. The image

(a) moves away from the lens with an uniform speed 5 m/s.

(b) moves away from the lens with an uniform accleration.

(c) moves away from the lens with a non-uniform acceleration.

(d) moves towards the lens with a non-uniform acceleration.

Ans. (c): When an object approaches towards a lens with uniform speed, its image moves
away from the lens to infinity with non-uniform acceleration.

9.4 A passenger in an aeroplane shall

(a) never see a rainbow.

(b) may see a primary and a secondary rainbow as concentric circles.

(c) may see a primary and a secondary rainbow as concentric arcs.

(d) shall never see a secondary rainbow.

Ans. (b): A passenger in an aeroplane may see primary and secondary rainbow as concentric
circles.

9.5 You are given four sources of light each one providing a light of a single colour –
red, blue, green and yellow. Suppose the angle of refraction for a beam of yellow light
corresponding to a particular angle of incidence at the interface of two media is 90°.
Which of the following statements is correct if the source of yellow light is replaced
with that of other lights without changing the angle of incidence?

(a) The beam of red light would undergo total internal reflection.

(b) The beam of red light would bend towards normal while it gets refracted through the
second medium.

(c) The beam of blue light would undergo total internal reflection.

(d) The beam of green light would bend away from the normal as it gets refracted through
the second medium.

Ans. (c): We know that if angle of refraction is for the length then incidence angle is
called critical angle. So light rays are passing from denser to rarer medium.
As sin so,

So, critical angle for Cv<Cg<CY<CR, i.e., critical angle of blue and green light is smaller than

that of yellow and it is greater for red colour light.

As the angle of refraction for yellow light is for a particular incident angle. This
incidence angle is critical angle for yellow let it be CY. As CR>Cv. So it will not get total

internal reflection and CV<CY,Cg<CY.

So light of blue and green colour get total internal reflection. So correct answer is (c).

9.6 The radius of curvature of the curved surface of a plano-convex lens is 20 cm. If the
refractive index of the material of the lens be 1.5, it will

(a) act as a convex lens only for the objects that lie on its curved side.

(b) act as a concave lens for the objects that lie on its curved side.

(c) act as a convex lens irrespective of the side on which the object lies.

(d) act as a concave lens irrespective of side on which the object lies.

Ans. (c): If object lies on curved side then R1= +20 cm and R2 = , 1=1, 2=1.5
F=+ 40cm

If object lies on plane side R1= and R2=-20 cm, 1=1, 2=1.5

f= +40cm

So, lens will always act as a convex lens irrespective of side on which objects lie. So, answer
is (c).

9.7 The phenomena involved in the reflection of radio waves by ionosphere is similar to

(a) reflection of light by a plane mirror.

(b) total internal reflection of light in air during a mirage.

(c) dispersion of light by water molecules during the formation of a rainbow.

(d) scattering of light by the particles of air.

Ans. (b): Ionosphere is transparent optical medium and radio wave is reflected back.
Reflection through transparent surface is total internal reflection so that internal reflection
of radiowave takes place.

9.8 The direction of ray of light incident on a concave mirror is shown by PQ while
directions in which the ray would travel after reflection is shown by four rays marked
1, 2, 3 and 4 (Fig 9.1). Which of the four rays correctly shows the direction of reflected
ray?

(a) 1

(b) 2

(c) 3

(d) 4

Ans. (b): Incidence ray PQ is coming through principal focus F so it must be parallel to
principal axis, i.e. either 2 or 4.

As it is a concave mirror so, ray cannot go behind the mirror so ray (4) is discarded.

So ray 2 is the reflected ray. It is verifies answer (b)

We can verify it again by drawing normal QC and find the ∠r = ∠i. So ray (2) is the reflected
ray.

9.9 The optical density of turpentine is higher than that of water while its mass density
is lower. Fig 9.2. shows a layer of turpentine floating over water in a container. For
which one of the four rays incident on turpentine in Fig 9.2, the path shown is correct?

(a) 1

(b) 2

(c) 3

(d) 4

Ans. (b): a < T> w. Here, incidence ray passes from air to turpentine to water, i.e., from

rare to denser then denser to rarer so first it bends towards normal then away from normal
so the path shown is correct for ray (2).

9.10 A car is moving with at a constant speed of 60 km h–1 on a straight road. Looking at
the rear view mirror, the driver finds that the car following him is at a distance of 100
m and is approaching with a speed of 5 km h –1. In order to keep track of the car in the
rear, the driver begins to glance alternatively at the rear and side mirror of his car
after every 2 s till the other car overtakes. If the two cars were maintaining their
speeds, which of the following statement (s) is/are correct?

(a) The speed of the car in the rear is 65 km/h.

(b) In the side mirror the car in the rear would appear to approach with a speed of 5 km h–
1 to the driver of the leading car.

(c) In the rear view mirror the speed of the approaching car would appear to decrease as the
distance between the cars decreases.

(d) In the side mirror, the speed of the approaching car would appear to increase as the
distance between the cars decreases.

Ans. (d): So when rear car approaches, initially it appear at rest as image is formed at focus.
When car approaches nearer this speed will appear to increase so answer is (d).

9.11 There are certain material developed in laboratories which have a negative
refractive index (Fig. 9.3). A ray incident from air (medium 1) into such a medium
(medium 2) shall follow a path given by
Ans. (a): The negative refractive index materials are those in which incident materials are
those in which incident ray from air (medium 1) to them refract or bends differently or
opposite and symmetric to normal to that of positive refractive index medium. So answer is
(a).
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS-II
MORE THAN ONE OPTION

9.12 Consider an extended object immersed in water contained in a plane trough. When
seen from close to the edge of the trough the object looks distorted because

(a) the apparent depth of the points close to the edge are nearer the surface of the water
compared to the points away from the edge.

(b) the angle subtended by the image of the object at the eye is smaller than the actual angle
subtended by the object in air.

(c) some of the points of the object far away from the edge may not be visible because of total
internal reflection.

(d) water in a trough acts as a lens and magnifies the object.

Ans. (a), (b) and (c): we know that shifting (h) of image of an object immersed in liquid from
object is directly proportional to the real distance of object from the surface of liquid

t=real depth or distance of the object from the surface of liquid of refractive index : If the
object is seen from one edge of trough the relative differences of depth (distance) in H2O
between two ends of objects is larger than if it seen from the top or away from edge. By
above formula or distortion of nearer end is smaller than farther, verifies the option (a).

The angle subtended by an object is larger than its image in water, as its image shifts upward
verifies option (b).

Rays coming out from object to observer passes from denser to rarer medium, and angle of
incidence for rays from farther end B of object is larger than near end A. The incidence
angles for rays coming from end 3 may have incidence angle more than critical angle and
can cause total internal reflection, so will not reach to observer, cause non-visible of farther
end verifies option (c).

9.13 A rectangular block of glass ABCD has a refractive index 1.6. A pin is placed
midway on the face AB (Fig. 9.4). When observed from the face AD, the pin shall-

(a) appear to be near A.

(b) appear to be near D.

(c) appear to be at the centre of AD.

(d) not be seen at all.

Ans. (a) (b):

A point P is on the mid point of face AB. When seen through face AD, near to point A, the
angle of incidence (i1) will be smaller than critical angle . So image of P will at P’

and image can be seen at P’. P’ is nearer to both A and D as compared to P verifies option (a)
and (b).

When seen near point D through face AD, angle of incidence i2 > ic. so total internal reflection

takes place and object cannot be observed. But object can be seen when viewed near to A so
option (d) not verified.

9.14 Between the primary and secondary rainbows, there is a dark band known as
Alexandar’s dark band. This is because

(a) light scattered into this region interfere destructively.

(b) there is no light scattered into this region.

(c) light is absorbed in this region.

(d) angle made at the eye by the scattered rays with respect to the incident light of the sun
lies between approximately 42° and 50°.

Ans. (d): Alexandar’s dark band lies between the primary and secondary rainbow. This
forms due to the light scattered into this region interfere destructively. Because the primary
and secondary rainbows subtend angles ( to ) and ( to ) respectively at the
observer’s eye with respect to incident light ray, so the scattered rays with respect to the
incident ray of the sun lies between approximately to .

9.15 A magnifying glass is used, as the object to be viewed can be brought closer to the
eye than the normal near point. This results in
(a) a larger angle to be subtended by the object at the eye and hence viewed in greater detail.

(b) the formation of a virtual erect image.

(c) increase in the field of view.

(d) infinite magnification at the near point.

Ans. (a) and (b): In magnifying glass, the object is placed within the focal length and the
image formed is magnified and erect. As (A’B’) image is magnified so it subtends larger angle
at the eye than object (AB), so can be seen more clearly.

9.16 An astronomical refractive telescope has an objective of focal length 20m and an
eyepiece of focal length 2cm.

(a) The length of the telescope tube is 20.02m.

(b) The magnification is 1000.

(c) The image formed is inverted.

(d) An objective of a larger aperture will increase the brightness and reduce chromatic
aberration of the image.

Ans. (a), (b) and (c): The length of the telescope

L = fo + fe = 20 + 00.02 = 20.02 m

and =1000

The final image formed in telescope (Refracting) is inverted, virtual and smaller than object.
 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE
QUESTIONS

9.17 Will the focal length of a lens for red light be more, same or less than that for blue
light?

Ans. As we know that ( v > R), so will be large for blue light and smaller for Red

coloured light. So f will be larger for red coloured light.

9.18 The near vision of an average person is 25cm. To view an object with an angular
magnification of 10, what should be the power of the microscope?

Ans. To see the final image at distinct vision D=25 cm

for eyes lens u=-f and v=-25

=+2.25 cm =0.025 m

=40D

9.19 An unsymmetrical double convex thin lens forms the image of a point object on its
axis. Will the position of the image change if the lens is reversed?
Ans. Position of image in convex lens changes either by changing u of f. Here, u is constant

and . Here, and curvature of the lens are same so f is constant. So

on reversing the lens, position and nature of the image will not change.

9.20 Three immiscible liquids of densities d1 > d2 > d3 and refractive

indices μ 1 > μ2 > μ3 are put in a beaker. The height of each liquid column is . A dot is

made at the bottom of the beaker. For near normal vision, find the apparent depth of
the dot.

Ans. The liquids are immiscible, so liquids arranged from bottom to top d1, d2 and d3 with

their refractive indices 1, 2, 3 respectively separated by layers l1,l2 as shown in figure.

Consider the layer l1. Let object is at its bottom at P then distance (x1) of image of P by liquid

of refractive index 1 from layer l1

This image I1 acts as object for liquid of 2 and form the image at I2.

The distance x2 below level l2

Real depth

As the point P is seen from outside

[ 0=1 refractive index of air]

X3 is apparent depth.

9.21 For a glass prism (μ = ) the angle of minimum deviation is equal to the angle of

the prism. Find the angle of the prism.

Ans. The required relation for minimum angle of deviation

 [ =A (given)]

A = 60° is angle of prism.8

 SHORT ANSWER TYPE
QUESTIONS

9.22 A short object of length L is placed along the principal axis of a concave mirror
away from focus. The object distance is u. If the mirror has a focal length f, what will be
the length of the image? You may take L <<|v - f|.

Ans. As the mean distance of object from mirror is u

u 1= and

Let the image of the two ends of object form at distance v1 and v2(v1>v2). So length of image

on principal axis is L’=(v1-v2)

or

So L’=v1-v2=
 L<<(u-f) <<<(u-f)

So neglecting the terms

It is the length of image f.

9.23 A circular disc of radius ‘R’ is placed co-axially and horizontally inside an opaque
hemispherical bowl of radius ‘a’ (Fig. 9.5). The far edge of the disc is just visible when
viewed from the edge of the bowl. The bowl is filled with transparent liquid of
refractive index μ and the near edge of the disc becomes just visible. How far below the
top of the bowl is the disc placed?
Ans. In figure AM and BM are the rays from the ends of disc AB reaching at one end of bowl
at M.MN is tangent at M, so MN AB i.e., ∠N=

Taking incidence ray BM and refracted ray MD

BN=CN-CB=OM-CB =a-R

∠r=∠α=∠AMN

Sin r=cos( - )=

For incidence ray BM to the horizontal level of liquid MP, MN will be normal at M. ∠i and ∠r
will be incidence and refracted angles when ray BM passes from liquid ( ) to air. By Snell’s
law, as ray passes from liquid to air

[ 0 for air=1] [ 1= for liquid]

It is required expression.

9.24 A thin convex lens of focal length 25 cm is cut into two pieces 0.5 cm above the
principal axis. The top part is placed at (0,0) and an object placed at (–50 cm, 0). Find
the coordinates of the image.

Ans. Object is placed 0.5cm above principal axis

u = -50cm f = +25cm, v =?
v= 50 cm

= -1

So the size of image is equal to that of object, m is negative so image is inverted.

So image is at (50cm, -1cm) and 0.5 cm below the X –X’ axis.

9.25 In many experimental set-ups the source and screen are fixed at a distance
say D and the lens is movable. Show that there are two positions for the lens for which
an image is formed on the screen. Find the distance between these points and the ratio
of the image sizes for these two points.

Ans. u = -(D-v)

v = v

fD = vD - v2

v2 – vD + fD = 0

…I
 …II

From II, when the position of object [in front of l2 (lower sign)]

Then from I, the position of image [lower sign]

Similarly when position of object [from II upper sign]

then the position of image [from I upper sign]

The distance between two positions of lend d=v1-v2

is the distance between two positions of lenses.

In first case of L1
In second case

is the required ratio of size of images in two cases.

9.26 A jar of height h is filled with a transparent liquid of refractive index μ (Fig. 9.6). At
the centre of the jar on the bottom surface is a dot. Find the minimum diameter of a
disc, such that when placed on the top surface symmetrically about the centre, the dot
is invisible.
Ans. The point O will be invisible if the light ray coming from O does not come out or it get
graze the surface of liquid or gets total internal reflection as in figure here.

Ray OA is incident at A with critical angle iC and it’s angle of refraction will be .

For other ray if incident angle is more than ic it will get total internal reflection from the

surface so will not come out from liquid.

So disc of diameter d is required to stop the rays from ‘O’ out of liquid.
 or d=2h tan ic

[From figure]

B2=H2-P2

9.27 A myopic adult has a far point at 0.1 m. His power of accommodation is 4 diopters.

(i) What power lenses are required to see distant objects?

(ii) What is his near point without glasses?

(iii) What is his near point with glasses? (Take the image distance from the lens of the eye to
the retina to be 2 cm.)

Ans. (i) Power of lens required to see clearly the object placed at infinity. U=-∞
 m

f=-10cm =-0.1m P = -10 Diopter

(ii) When no corrective lens used: Let powers of eye when object is at far point, near point
are Pf and Pn respectively and power

Pn =Pf +Pa

When object is at far point its clear image is formed at retina 2cm from eye lens

u=-10cm =-0.1m, V=2 cm =0.02m

If f is focal length of eye lens focused at far point then

Pf = 60D

Pn= Pf + Pa = 60 + 4 = 64D

Let the near point be xn

u=-xn (v=2cm =0.02m)

= Power (Pn)
Near point without glass (Approx.)

(iii) When used corrective lens: When corrective lens is used then eye can see the object at
infinity. Power of eye lens in this situation is P∞

u=∞ and v=2cm=0.02m

If = Power of eye at near point when corrective lens is used

Let near point in this situation is

(all distance are in m)

 LONG ANSWER TYPE
QUESTIONS

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

9.28 Show that for a material with refractive index , light incident at any angle

shall be guided along a length perpendicular to the incident face.

Ans. Consider a rectangular slab of refractive index . An incidence ray incidence at

angle i on face PQ at incidence point. Refracted ray BC strike at face QR which is

perpendicular to PQ with incidence angle ic so that refracted ray CD passes normal to the

face PQ as per required in question. So ic must be critical angle.

(Snell’s law at c)

Sin

[ r+90+ic=180]

(squaring both sides)

 ...(I)

(by Snell’s law)

Or (squaring both sides)

…(II)

Put (II) in (I)

[on multiplying by μ2 on both sides]

For smallest angle i.e.,

Taking square root

Hence proved.
9.29 The mixture a pure liquid and a solution in a long vertical column (i.e, horizontal
dimensions << vertical dimensions) produces diffusion of solute particles and hence a
refractive index gradient along the vertical dimension. A ray of light entering the
column at right angles to the vertical is deviated from its original path. Find the
deviation in travelling a horizontal distance d << h, the height of the column.

Ans. Consider a long vertical column of transparent liquid of infinite height (h) and thickness
(dx). Consider a ray AB that enters at an angle θ into liquid of height y in column of liquid
and emerges at an angle ( +d ) at height (y+ dy). From Snell’s law,

As d , d θ are very small tends to zero

sin d =d , cos d 1 (y)= (μ at height Y constant)

Again

From figure
By integration on both sides

[ and y does not change horizontally d?, dy are

constant horizontally.]

9.30 If light passes near a massive object, the gravitational interaction causes a bending
of the ray. This can be thought of as happening due to a change in the effective
refractive index of the medium given by

where r is the distance of the point of consideration from the centre of the mass of the
massive body, G is the universal gravitational constant, M the mass of the body and c
the speed of light in vacuum. Considering a spherical object find the deviation of the
ray from the original path as it grazes the object.

Ans. Consider two spherical surface at r and (r + dr) distance from the centre of massive
object of mass m and radius R.
A ray ABCD incident at B and C on two surface at r and (r + dr) then, by Snell’s law

[ d 0 then cos d =1 and d =0.

is very small as dμ and d are very small

Dividing both side by dr

...(I)
 (given)

…(II)

As the G is very small and c2 is very large so

r2=x2+R2 (From figure)

Differentiate w.r.t. r both sides

2rdr=2x dx
 .

x=R tan

dx = R sec2 .d

is required rotation.

9.31 An infinitely long cylinder of radius R is made of an unusual exotic material with
refractive index –1 (Fig. 9.7). The cylinder is placed between two planes whose normals
are along the y direction. The center of the cylinder O lies along the y-axis. A narrow
laser beam is directed along the y direction from the lower plate. The laser source is at
a horizontal distance x from the diameter in the y direction. Find the range of x such
that light emitted from the lower plane does not reach the upper plane.
Ans. As the cylinder is made of refractive index (-1) and is placed in air of =1 so, when ray
AB is incident at B to cylinder, r will be negative i.e., refractive ray will get reflected from

normal. Similar thing happens at incidence point C and angle of refraction and incident at B
and C will be equal ( r) as OB=OC=R and of refraction at C is .

as reflection takes place

The total deviation of out-coming ray from the incoming ray 4 1. Rays shall not reach the

receiving plane if angles measured clockwise from the y axis.

Or (on dividing by 4 to all sides)

or

Thus for light emitted from the source shall not reach the receiving plane if

9.32 (i) Consider a thin lens placed between a source (S) and an observer (O) (Fig. 9.8).
Let the thickness of the lens vary as where b is the vertical distance

from the pole. w0 is a constant. Using Fermat’s principle i.e. the time of transit for a ray

between the source and observer is an extremum, find the condition that all paraxial
rays starting from the source will converge at a point ‘O’ on the axis. Find the focal
length.

(ii) A gravitational lens may be assumed to have a varying width of the form

Show that an observer will see an image of a point object as a ring about the center of
the lens with an angular radius

Ans. The time taken by ray from S to

 (assuming b <<<u)

Similarly, time required by ray from P1 to

Time required by ray to travel through the lens

Thus total time by ray from S to O=t=t1+t2+t3

If

By Fermat’s Principle
But time from S to O remains constant, so,

Or

Thus, the convergence lens is formed .

It is independent of B and hence all paraxial rays from S will converge at O (i.e., for rays b
<<<u and b<<v).

Since it is equivalent to focal length f

Here
As time from S to O is constant, so,

So

Thus all the rays passing at a height b shall contribute to the image. The ray path makes an
angle
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