Full Thesis

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 93

DEVELOPMENT OF AN E-TENDERING SYSTEM FOR AN ORGANIZATION

By
Md. Shahadot Hossain

POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION


TECHNOLOGY

Institute of Information and Communication Technology (IICT)


BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (BUET)
October, 2013
The project report titled “Development of an E-Tendering System for an Organization”
submitted by Md. Shahadot Hossain, Roll No: 1008311024, Session 2008-2009 has been
accepted as satisfactory in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Post Graduate
Diploma in ICT held on 5th October, 2013.

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

_______________________________________
1. Dr. Md. Saiful Islam Chairman
Professor
Institute of Information and Communication Technology (IICT)
BUET, Dhaka-1000
(Supervisor)

_______________________________________
2. Dr. Md. Liakot Ali Member
Professor
Institute of Information and Communication Technology (IICT)
BUET, Dhaka–1000

_______________________________________
3. Mst. Shamim Ara Shawkat Member
Assistant Professor
Institute of Information and Communication Technology (IICT)
BUET, Dhaka-1000

i
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

It is hereby declared that this project report or any part of it has not been submitted elsewhere
for the award of any degree or diploma.

_________________
Md. Shahadot Hossain

ii
Acknowledgement

First of all, I would like to thank Almighty Allah for giving me the opportunity, strength and
patience for carrying out this work and to complete this project.

I would also like to thank Dr. Md. Saiful Islam, Professor and Director, Institute of
Information and Communication Technology, Bangladesh University of Engineering and
Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh for his valuable suggestions and constant encouragement
throughout the entire period of the work, which encouraged and conducted me in each and
every step of the project. I would also like to thank those who provide me various types of
information to develop this system.

I would like to acknowledge the efforts given by my family members for their continuous
support and inspiration, which helped me to complete the project successfully.

I would also like to reminisce the contributions and support given by my relatives and friends
for completing the project in time.

iii
Abstract

Tendering is widely used in all over the world in all business areas such as, purchasing goods,
seeking service provider, construction business etc. It is one of the fairest means of awarding
contracts. Thousands of industries and business organizations have been established in
Bangladesh in the last decade. Unfortunately these organizations are still working with the
traditional paper based manual tendering system. The existing manual tendering system is
slow, costly and time consuming. Traditional systems do not provide the interlinked
information in precise and usable way. Furthermore, in tendering system there is a question
about security and equal opportunity of participation in bidding.

An e-tendering system manages tenders through a web site. This can be accessed anywhere
globally and has greatly improved the accessibility of tenderers. It also brings lots of
opportunities including reducing costs of goods and services through aggregating purchasing
volume, streamlining procedures and etc. for both the purchaser and the bidder. So definitely
there is a need for a development of a web-based tendering system so that participants can get
equal opportunity to submit bids via Internet. Bangladesh government has also decided to
introduce e-tendering system to put an end to tender manipulation.

In this work, a complete web-based system has been developed which will give the purchaser
to publish all tender notice in the Internet. The bidders have to register with the system. The
bidders will be able to create their bidding profile and can apply for tender online via this
system. The purchaser will examine the submitted bids and make the decision which bid is
responsive/non-responsive or awarded. The awarded bidder will get an e-mail of notification
of awarding. This developed e-tendering system is low cost and can be easily adopted by any
organization who wants to make their tendering system online. Therefore, this web-based
system can play a vital role in removing the existing difficulties of tendering system in
Bangladesh.

iv
Table of Contents

Title Page Number

I. Board of Examiners i
II. Candidate’s Declaration ii
III. Acknowledgement iii
IV. Abstract iv
V. Table of Contents v
VI. List of Tables ix
VII. List of Figures x
VIII. List of Abbreviations xiii

Chapter-1: Introduction

Title Page Number

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Procurement/Tendering 1
1.3 Procurement Process 1
1.3.1 Business Need 2
1.3.2 Procurement Strategy 3
1.3.3 Supplier Selection and Evaluation 3
1.3.4 Negotiation and Award 4
1.3.5 Induction and Integration 5
1.4 Procurement Methods 6
1.5 Web-based System 7
1.6 E-tendering System 7
1.7 Objectives with Specific Aims and Possible 8
Outcome
1.8 Scopes of the Proposed e-Tendering System 9
1.9 Organization of the Project Report 9

v
1.10 Summary 10

Chapter-2: Literature Review

Title Page Number

2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Electronic Government Procurement (E-GP) of 11
Bangladesh
2.3 E-Tendering System of Bangladesh Bank 15

Chapter-3: System Development Process

Title Page Number

3.1 Introduction 17
3.2 System Development Life Cycles (SDLC) 17
3.3 Outline of Methodology 19
3.3.1 Rapid Application Development (RAD) 19
3.3.2 Effectiveness of RAD Model 20
3.3.3 Phases of RAD 21
3.4 Feasibility Study 22
3.5 Requirement Gathering, Specification and 23
Planning
3.5.1 Identify User 23
3.5.2 Analysis of Main Features 24
3.5.3 Web-based Software Architecture 30
3.5.4 Hardware Interfaces 30
3.5.5 Software Interfaces 30
3.5.6 Security Requirements 33
3.5.7 Easy to Use 33
3.6 Design 33
3.7 Coding and Model Testing 33

vi
3.8 Integration and System Testing 34
3.9 Operational Mode 34
3.10 Modification and Maintenance 34
3.11 Summery 34

Chapter-4: System Design

Title Page Number

4.1 Introduction 36
4.2 E-R Diagram 36
4.3 Entity Diagram 38
4.3.1 Attributes of Entity Bidders 38
4.3.2 Attributes of Entity Content 38
4.3.3 Attributes of Entity Menu 39
4.3.4 Attributes of Entity Tenders 39
4.3.5 Attributes of Entity Tender Bids 40
4.3.6 Attributes of Entity user 40
4.4 Database Tables 41
4.5 Data Dictionary 42
4.6 Database Schema Diagram 47
4.7 Software Design 47
4.8 UML Diagram 48
4.8.1 Use Case Diagram 48
4.8.2 Use Case Diagram of User (Bidder) 49
4.8.3 Use Case Diagram of Administrators 49
4.9 Activity Diagram 50
4.9.1 Activity Diagram of Tendering 51
4.10 Summery 52

vii
Chapter-5: Results and Discussions

Title Page Number

5.1 Introduction 53
5.2 Home Page 53
5.3 Sign Up Page 53
5.4 Sign In Page 54
5.5 User (Bidder’s) Home Page 55
5.6 Bidder’s Profile Page 55
5.7 Search New Tender Page 57
5.8 Tender Details Page 57
5.9 Biding Page 58
5.10 My Bids Page 59
5.11 Administrator login Page 60
5.12 Administrator Home Page 60
5.13 User Management Pages 61
5.14 Bidder Management Pages 64
5.15 Tenders Management Pages 68
5.16 View Bids Page 69
5.17 Home Page Menu Management Page 70
5.18 Content Management Page 72

Chapter-6: Conclusion

Title Page Number

6.1 Conclusion 76
6.2 Future Works 77

viii
List of Tables

Table No. Title of Table Page Number

Table 4.1 Bidders Information 42


Table 4.2 Categories 42
Table 4.3 Bidders Category 43
Table 4.4 Content 43
Table 4.5 Content in Home Page 44
Table 4.6 Menu 44
Table 4.7 Menu Types 44
Table 4.8 Tender 45
Table 4.9 Tender Bids 45
Table 4.10 User Type 46
Table 4.11 User 46
Table 4.12 User Profile Information 46
Table 4.13 User To User type Map 47

ix
List of Figures

Figure No. Figure Caption Page Number

Figure 1.1 Procurement Process 2


Figure 1.2 Define Business Need 2
Figure 1.3 Procurement Strategy 3
Figure 1.4 Supplier Selection and Evaluation 4
Figure 1.5 Negotiation and Award of Contract 5
Figure 1.6 Induction and Integration 6
Figure 2.1 Schematic Representation of e-GP 12
Figure 2.2 E-GP System Access Diagram 13
Figure 2.3 E-GP Web Page 15
Figure 2.4 Bidder Login page of BB E-tendering 16
Figure 2.5 BB E-tendering System Diagram 17
Figure 3.1 SDLC phases 18
Figure 3.2 Rapid Application Development Model 22
Figure 3.3 User Hierarchy of E-Tendering System 24
Figure 3.4 Registration Process of Bidders: Option-01 25
Figure 3.5 Registration Process of Bidders: Option-02 26
Figure 3.6 Tendering and Bidding System 27
Figure 3.7 Profile Creation Process of Bidders 28
Figure 3.8 Tender/Bid Awarding System 29
Figure 3.9 Web-based Software Architecture 30
Figure 4.1 E-R Diagram 37
Figure 4.2 Attributes of Entity Bidders 38
Figure 4.3 Attributes of Entity Content 38

Figure 4.4 Attributes of Entity Menu 39

Figure 4.5 Attributes of Entity Tender 39

Figure 4.6 Attributes of Entity Tender Bids 40

Figure 4.7 Attributes of Entity User 40

x
Figure 4.8 Schema Diagram 47

Figure 4.9 Actor and Use Case 48

Figure 4.10 Use Case Diagram for Bidder 49

Figure 4.11 Use Case Diagram for Administrators 50

Figure 4.12 Activity Diagram of Tendering 51

Figure 5.1 Home Page 53

Figure 5.2 Sign Up Page (User) 54

Figure 5.3 Sign In Page (User). 54

Figure 5.4 Index of User (Employee). 55

Figure 5.5.1 New Profile Creation Form 56

Figure 5.5.2 Edit Profile Form 56

Figure 5.6 New Tender Page 57

Figure 5.7.1 Tender details Page 58

Figure 5.7.2 PDF Download Option for a Tender Details 58


Page

Figure 5.8 Bidding Form 59

Figure 5.9.1 My Bids page 59

Figure 5.9.2 Details of a Bid Page 60

Figure 5.10 Admin login Form 60

Figure 5.11 Home Page for Administrator 61

Figure 5.12.1 User management Page for Admin 62

Figure 5.12.2 Add new User Form 62

Figure 5.12.3 Edit User Form 63

Figure 5.12.4 User Group management Page for Admin 63

Figure 5.12.5 Access Levels of Users Page for Admin 64

Figure 5.13.1 Bidding Category Management Page 64

Figure 5.13.2 Add a new Bidding Category Form 65

xi
Figure 5.13.3 Edit Bidding Category Form 65

Figure 5.13.4 Bidders Profile Management Page 66

Figure 5.13.5 New Bidder’s Profile Creation Form 66

Figure 5.13.6 Edit Bidder’s Profile Form 66

Figure 5.13.7 Bidders to Categories Page 67

Figure 5.13.8 New Bidders to Categories Form 67

Figure 5.13.9 Edit Bidders to Categories Form 67

Figure 5.14.1 Tender Management Page 68

Figure 5.14.2 Add Tender Form 68

Figure 5.14.3 Edit Tender Form 69

Figure 5.15.1 Bids Management Page 69

Figure 5.15.2 All Bids of a Particular Tender Page 70

Figure 5.15.3 Bid Details Page with Options Form 70

Figure 5.16.1 Menu Management Page 71

Figure 5.16.2 Add New Menu Item Form 71

Figure 5.16.3 Edit Menu Item Form. 72

Figure 5.17.1 Category Management Page 72

Figure 5.17.2 Add New Category Form 73

Figure 5.17.3 Edit Category Form 73

Figure 5.17.4 Article/content Management Page 74

Figure 5.17.5 Add New Article/Content Form 74

Figure 5.17.6 Edit Article/Content Form 75

Figure 5.17.7 Featuring a Content/Article Page 75

xii
List of Abbreviations

Abbreviation Description

ERD Entity Relationship Diagram


CMS Content Management System
SRS Software Requirements Specifications
CRUD Create, Retrieve, Update and Delete
HTML Hyper Text Markup Language
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
PHP Personal Home Pages
CSS Cascading Style Sheets
TEC Tender Evaluation Committee
TOC Tender Opening Committee
HOPE Head Of Procuring Entity
MySQL My Structured Query Language
UML Unified Modeling Language
XML Extensible Markup Language
RAD Rapid Application Development Model
DBMS Database Management System
SDLC System Development Life Cycle
DFD Data Flow Diagram

xiii
1

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction

Tendering is considered to be one of the fairest means of awarding contracts and the method
most likely to secure a favourable outcome for any organization in its spending of money.
The basic principles of the tendering process have been applied to many business areas, such
as purchasing goods, seeking service providers, business consulting, or the selection of main
contractors for construction work. In various industries all over the world, all sorts of
tendering method are used. With an explosive spread of the Internet and a rapid growth of
information technology, tendering activity would be performed electronically through the
Internet as well as other business activities. With the realization of electronic tendering
through the Internet and spreading practice of international electronic tendering, the needs for
international standardization are also necessary. According to such trends, the goal of this
project is to develop an Internet based tendering process.

1.2 Procurement/Tendering

Procurements the overarching function that describes the activities and processes to acquire
goods and services. Importantly, it is distinct from purchasing; it involves the activities for
establishing fundamental requirements, sourcing activities such as market research and
vendor evaluation and negotiation of contracts. It can also include the purchasing activities
required to order and receive goods or services.

1.3 Procurement Process

The procurement process can be divided into five steps. Figure 1.1 shows the procurement
process.
2

Figure 1.1: Procurement Process.

1.3.1 Business Need

One needs to understand what the fundamental business requirement and it is also important
to understand the difference between a requirement and a solution. For example, the business
requirement is to source some software to help to get information published on the
company’s intranet. An item of software to publish information on the company intranet is a
solution not a requirement. The requirement is to be able to publish information on the
intranet and it may be an outsourced solution is a better option. Figure 1.2 shows the business
needs of an organization.

Figure 1.2: Business Need.


3

1.3.2 Procurement Strategy

Depending on the scale of your project, there could be a very wide range of potential
solutions and approaches to your business need and a number of ways of researching the
market and selecting a supplier. Figure 1.3 shows the procurement strategy of an
organization.

Figure 1.3: Procurement Strategy.

1.3.3 Supplier Selection and Evaluation

After researching the market and establishing organization’s procurement approach, they
need to evaluate the solutions available. This may involve a formal tender process or an on-
line auction. Criteria for comparing different solutions and suppliers are critical. Figure 1.4
shows the supplier selection and evaluation of an organization.
4

Figure 1.4: Supplier Selection and Evaluation.

1.3.4 Negotiation and Award.

When an organization have selected a supplier it is important that detailed negotiations are
undertaken. This is not just about price. It is essential to consider carefully the process by
which the goods or services will be ordered and approved; how they will be delivered and
returned if necessary; how the invoice process will work and on what terms payment will be
made. Figure 1.5 shows the negotiation and award of contract of an organization.
5

Figure 1.5: Negotiation and Award of Contract.

1.3.5 Induction and Integration

No goods or services should be ordered or delivered until the contract is signed. It is vital that
the supplier is properly launched integrated. Figure 1.6 shows induction and integration of an
organization.
6

Figure 1.6: Induction and Integration.

1.4 Procurement Methods

Procurement methods are the procedures used by the procuring entity to acquire goods,
services and works. These methods can be competitive and non competitive. There’s a
preference for using competitive methods of procurement given that they tend to promote
transparency, economy and efficiency, and limit favoritism.

Procurement methods are many, and they go by different names depending on the
procurement category. Most, with few exceptions, generally fall into the following types:

i) Open Tendering,
ii) Request for Proposals,
iii) Two-stage Tendering,
iv) Request for Quotations, and
v) Single-source Procurement.
7

Of the above procurement methods, open tendering, request for proposals, and two-stage
tendering are considered competitive procurement methods because the solicitation
documents are advertised and open to any qualified firm interested in competing for the
assignment. In contrast, request for quotations and single-source procurement are considered
non-competitive procurement methods because the invitation to submit offers is not
advertised, and it is sent only to firms or individuals specifically invited by the procuring
entity.

1.5 Web-based System

Any web-based system is defined as a system that can be accessed via web browsers within a
network [1]. Web-based systems need only to be installed on the server placing minimal
requirements on the end user workstation. This makes maintaining and updating the system
much simpler as it can be done on the server [2]. Most web based applications are far more
compatible across platforms than traditional installed software [3]. Web browsers are
available for a multitude of operating systems. For these reasons, many of the management
systems are now being developed as web-based systems.

1.6 E-tendering System

Any system that uses information and communication technologies (ICT) in order to do
business can be classified as e-Business system. In fact, e-Business is a broader definition of
e-Commerce because it includes not only the buying and selling of goods and services, but
also servicing customers, collaborating with business partners, conducting electronic
transactions within an organization.

EU literature defines e-Commerce as follows: “Electronic commerce is about doing business


electronically. It is based on the electronic processing and transmission of data, including
text, sound and video. It encompasses many diverse activities including electronic trading of
goods and services, on-line delivery of digital content, electronic fund transfers, electronic
share trading, electronic bills of lading, commercial auctions, collaborative design 9 and
engineering, on-line sourcing, public procurement, direct consumer marketing and after-sales
service. It involves both products (e.g. consumer goods, specialized medical equipment) and
services (e.g. information services, financial and legal services); traditional activities (e.g.
healthcare, education) and new activities (e.g. virtual malls) [4].
8

In this respect, e-Procurement is defined as a subset of e-Business concerning e-Commerce


between private sector and public institutions where e-Commerce is intended as the activity
of exchanging goods and services with some kind of payment by means of ICT.

From this point of view, it is possible to make many definitions for e-Procurement. In the
simplest sense, e-Procurement means carrying out procurement decisions of the organization
online through the use of the Internet. In other words, e-Procurement is about transforming
the processes associated with public procurement and refers to automating corresponding
processes of public institutions. [5] In other words, e-Procurement is more than simply
buying online. It is changing the traditional way in which public institutions do business. e-
Procurement involves the use of ICT in each step of the public procurement process from
identification of the need to payment. Implementation of e-Procurement initiates automation
of both internal and external processes associated with public procurement process.

As a system, e-Procurement is a Web-based purchasing system that offers the functionality of


electronic ordering, electronic payment and enhanced administrative utilities to the public
institutions. In general, e-Procurement systems are developed by using the Internet to
streamline, manage and analyze the procurement activities. These systems range from basic
ordering tools to complex systems that cover the entire tendering process. In each case,
setting up an e-Procurement system involves implementing a software application that is
customized based on the public procurement processes and rules. The resulting system should
be accessible by each public institution through a Web browser that enables a secure and
open purchasing environment.

1.7 Objectives with Specific Aims and Possible Outcome

The main goal of this project is to develop an automated e-tendering system. The specific
objectives of this project are as follows:

1. To add, update and manage digital profile of bidders.


2. To provide different categories of tender this will be available for online bidding.
3. To provide e-mail alert when a new tender is published.
4. To enhance the availability of information about bidders for administrators.
5. To provide appropriate secured interfaces for both administrator and the bidders.
9

1.8 Scopes of the Proposed e-Tendering System

Some scopes of this software are given below:

1. Any particular organization which wants to convert their traditional tendering system
in to e-tendering can use this software.
2. A bidder can have access via any browser within a network.
3. A bidder will be able to know details about a tender.
4. A bidder will get an e-mail notification every time a new tender is published.
5. A bidder will be able to sign in into the system after sign up.
6. After signing in a bidder will be able to

• Edit personal information.


• Create/update bidding profile.
• Change the password.
• View upcoming tenders.
• Submit bid for a tender.
7. An administrator will be able to log in into the system using given password.
8. After signing in an administrator will be able to
• Change the password.
• Add, view, edit and delete; bidders, tender categories, tendersetc. information.
• Grant or cancel bidders profile request.
• View submitted tenders and awards the bid.

1.9 Organization of the Project Report


Chapter 1: Introduction: The first chapter of project documentation discusses about
tendering system and web based tendering system at first. Then objectives and scope of the
project as well as organization of the project report have been discussed.
Chapter 2: Literature Review: This chapter talks about the existing e-tendering solutions in
our country.
Chapter 3: System Development Process: Rapid Prototyping Software Development Life
Cycle is used for developing this application. This chapter describes the development of this
project according to SDLC.
Chapter 4: System Design: In this chapter, design part of the project which includes
database design, ERD, Software design, UML diagram, Activity diagram etc. are explained.
10

Chapter 5: Results and Discussions: This chapter describes different functional pages and
modules of the project.
Chapter 6: Conclusion: Finally the last chapter of project documentation describes the
conclusions and recommendations for future work and ends with references.

1.10 Summary
All the organizations all over the world need to purchase various types of products or services
to meet their requirement. Tendering is considered to be one of the fairest means of awarding
contracts and this method is using for a long time in all over the worlds.
Now a day’s industries, business and personal worlds are dominated by a wide range of
technologies and e-activities, including: computers, email, internet, web sites, etc, finding it
more and more difficult to function without them. Yet, the success of any profession is
described as going beyond simply exchanging electronic information. Successful
implementation of ICT and innovative web-based e-solutions requires careful consideration
to meet industry needs.
11

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

The rapid pace of technological advancement over the last three decades has transformed the
traditional business process to an electronic format. Today business and governments are largely
reliant on ICT to communicate and enter into contacts. One aspect of this transformation has
been the adoption of electronic tendering systems or (e-tendering)

E-tendering is increasingly being adopted throughout the world. E-tendering, in its simplest
form, is described as the electronic publishing, communicating, accessing, receiving and
submitting of all tender related information and documentation via the internet, thereby replacing
the traditional paper-based tender processed, and achieving a more efficient and effective
business process for all parties invade .

In this chapter we will describe about some e-tendering systems using in Bangladesh.

2.2 Electronic Government Procurement (e-GP) of Bangladesh

Electronic Government Procurement (e-GP) [9] is the application of an efficient high quality
management framework to public sector procurement, facilitated through online information and
processes. e-GP has the potential to strengthen the accountability, transparency, efficiency and
effectiveness of this sensitive high value government function.

For most jurisdictions, it represents both an opportunity for procurement reform and changing
the way procurement is conducted. The development of e-GP depends more on getting the
policy, strategic planning, management and governance components in place, rather than just the
actual application of the technology.

A schematic representation of a mature example of e-GP is shown in Figure 2.1.


12

Figure 2.1 Schematic Representation of e-GP

e-GP is usually conducted through a common web site that allows for the registration of
suppliers and buyers, and public access to procurement policy, guidelines, procurement
opportunities, process stages and procurement outcomes (i.e. who won the contracts, cost,
duration etc.). The procurement systems on the website can be accessed by both buyers and
suppliers and allow the procurement process to be conducted online. They usually cover:

• e-Tendering: public tendering for works, goods and services


• e-Purchasing: the purchasing of high volume, low value, goods such as stationery,
furniture and tools
• e-Contract Management: the development and management of contracts to assist
managers to provide good quality documentation, and manage more effectively the
quality of the procurement outcomes, timelines and costs. Elements of this system may
be incorporated in the above systems.
13

There may also be other associated systems to provide information and management support
such as an online procurement library containing policy statements, guidelines, document
templates and procurement advice to assist in the operation of the process. The procurement
systems are usually integrated with government administrative systems so that payments can be
made online, and issues such as asset planning and management information can be linked to the
procurement cycle.

Figure 2.2 shows the access diagram of e-GP system.

Figure 2.2: e-GP System Access Diagram

The procurement systems may also be linked to a data warehouse so that procurement trends,
and information and analysis can be undertaken by both government and business to assist
improved decision-making.
14

The e-GP systems are supported by a number of critical key components. For example, having a
viable information and communication infrastructure would provide suppliers and buyers with
good quality, inexpensive access to the Internet.

There is also strong support from the components of:


• government leadership and policy that sets the direction for e-GP
• legislation and regulatory process that are consistently applied and monitored
• comprehensive procurement planning and management in both the procurement agencies
and in agencies across government that supports the integrity, transparency, efficiency
and effectiveness of the government procurement market
• active integration of suppliers to support increased access to procurement opportunities, a
fair competitive market, and a more streamlined and consistent processes.
Many of these components should be in place in supporting the current approach to government
procurement.

The e-GP System has been implemented in two phases:


• e-Tendering System: Covering complete e-tendering processes such as centralized user
registration, preparation of Annual Procurement Plan (APP), preparation of Bid\Tender
document, preparation of Bids/Tenders, invitation of Tenders, sale of Tender Documents
(eTD), conducting online pre-bid meeting, collection of bid\Tender security, on-line
Bid\Tender submission, Bid opening & evaluation, negotiations (where applicable), and
contract awards.
• e-Contract Management System (e-CMS): Covering complete eContract Management
processes, such as preparation of work plan and its submission, defining milestone,
tracking and monitoring progress, generating reports, performing quality checks,
generating running bills, vendor rating and generating completion certificate.

Figure 2.3 shows the web page of e-GP system.


15

Figure 2.3: e-GP Web Page.

2.3 E-Tendering System of Bangladesh Bank.

The introduction of e-tender in the Bangladesh Bank (BB) [10] has made possible fair, free and
fearless participation of tenderers in the bidding process eliminating domination of muscle power
and shortening the procurement cycle. In this system all tender notice of BB will be published
via Internet, after registration bidders will receive email alert for the system, and bidders will
participate the bid online.
16

Figure 2.4: Bidder Login Page of BB E-tendering.

Figure 2.4 shows the bidder login page of Bangladesh Bank e-tendering system.

Since its introduction in May 2010 Bangladesh Bank has already given 350 contracts out of 400
to winning bidders for procurement of goods through e-tender replacing the cumbersome method
of inviting tender and awarding contract. The practice of e-tender minimizes use of papers on
tendering exercises and reduce hassles involved in communication and administration and reduce
labour intensive tasks of receipt, recording and distribution of tender. In fact, this e-tender tool
transforms a rigid, process driven environment into a flexible, result driven landscape.

Figure 2.5 shows Bangladesh Bank E-tendering system diagram


17

1. Registration or Login of registered users

2. Create interest list: Bangladesh bank calls for different categories of


tender/Procurement ; Like construction, equipment, stationeries, out sourcing of
employees tec. A bidder can show his interest for one or more than one
categories. Registration or Login of registered users

3. Profile creation for bidder

4. Participate in bid: a bidder will view all available tenders. Then from the link,
he may select the tender for which he wants to apply. If the tender has a price,
to participate he will have to purchase a security number from tender caller

Figure 2.5: BB e-Tendering System Diagram


17

Chapter 3: System Development Process

3.1 Introduction

For development the e-tendering system we perform feasibility study, and gather the
requirements according to the SDLC. In this chapter we also identified the main features of the
developed e-tendering system and users of the system we also find out hardware and software
interface, security interface.

3.2 System Development Life Cycles (SDLC)

The system development life cycle is the overall process of developing, implementing, and
retiring information systems through a multistep process from initiation, analysis, design,
implementation, and maintenance to disposal. The SDLC aims to produce a high quality system
that meets or exceeds customer expectations, reaches completion within times and cost estimates,
works effectively and efficiently in the current and planned Technology infrastructure, and is
inexpensive to maintain and cost-effective to enhance.

Computer systems are complex and often (especially with the recent rise of service-oriented
architecture) link multiple traditional systems potentially supplied by different software vendors.
To manage this level of complexity, a number of SDLC models or methodologies have been
created, such as "waterfall"; "spiral"; "Agile software development"; "rapid prototyping";
"incremental"; and "synchronize and stabilize".

SDLC is used during the development of an IT project; it describes the different stages involved
in the project from the drawing board, through the completion of the project.

Systems Development Phases

The SDLC framework provides a sequence of activities for system designers and developers to
follow. It consists of a set of steps or phases in which each phase of the SDLC uses the results of
the previous one.
18

A Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) adheres to important phases that are essential for
developers, such as planning, analysis, design, and implementation, and are explained in the
section below. Figure 3.1 shows SDLC Phases.

Figure 3.1: SDLC phases.

• Requirement gathering: in this step, the basic requirement of the project is identified
and identify the problems. Describes the costs and benefits.

• Analysis: Defines project goals into defined functions and operation of the intended
application. Analyzes end-user information needs.

• Design: Describes desired features and operations in detail, including screen layouts,
business rules, process diagrams, pseudo code and other documentation.

• Development: The real code is written here.


19

• Testing: Brings all the pieces together into a special testing environment, then checks for
errors, bugs and interoperability.

• Implementation: The final stage of initial development, where the software is put into
production and runs actual business.

• Maintenance: During the maintenance stage of the Life-Cycle, the system is assessed to
ensure it does not become obsolete. This is also where changes are made to initial
software. It involves continuous evaluation of the system.

3.3 Outline of Methodology

There are many different SDLC models and methodologies, but each generally consists of a
series of defined steps or phases. For any SDLC model that is used, information security must be
integrated into the SDLC to ensure appropriate protection for the information that the system will
transmit, process, and store.

Some SDLC models are: waterfall, fountain, spiral, build and fix, rapid prototyping,
incremental, and synchronize and stabilize.

In this project we will followed the “Rapid application development Model”. The brief
overview of the process is depicted below.

3.3.1 Rapid Application Development (RAD)

Rapid application development (RAD) is a software development methodology that uses


minimal planning in favour of rapid prototyping. The "planning" of software developed using
RAD is interleaved with writing the software itself. The lack of extensive pre-planning generally
allows software to be written much faster, and makes it easier to change requirements.

Rapid Application Development (RAD) is a term originally used to describe a software


development process first developed and successfully deployed during the mid-1970s by the
New York Telephone Co's Systems Development Centre under the direction of Dan Gielan.
20

Following a series of remarkably successful implementations of this process, Gielan lectured


extensively in various forums on the methodology, practice, and benefits of this process.

Rapid application development was a response to processes developed in the 1970s and 1980s,
such as the Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method and other Waterfall models. One
problem with previous methodologies was that applications took so long to build that
requirements had changed before the system was complete, resulting in inadequate or even
unusable systems. Another problem was the assumption that a methodical requirements analysis
phase alone would identify all the critical requirements. Ample evidence attests to the fact that
this is seldom the case, even for projects with highly experienced professionals at all levels.

Starting with the ideas of Brian Gallagher, Alex Balchin, Barry Boehm and Scott Shultz, James
Martin developed the rapid application development approach during the 1980s at IBM and
finally formalized it by publishing a book in 1991, Rapid Application Development.

Figure 3.2 shows Rapid Application Development Model

3.3.2 Effectiveness of RAD Model

The shift from traditional session-based client/server development to open session less and
collaborative development like Web 2.0 has increased the need for faster iterations through the
phases of the software development process. This, coupled with the growing use of open source
frameworks and products in core commercial development, has, for many developers, rekindled
interest in finding a silver bullet RAD methodology.

Although most RAD methodologies foster software re-use, small team structure and distributed
system development, most RAD practitioners recognize that, ultimately, no one “rapid”
methodology can provide an order of magnitude improvement over any other development
methodology.

All types of RAD have the potential for providing a good framework for faster product
development with improved software quality, but successful implementation and benefits often
hinge on project type, schedule, software release cycle and corporate culture. It may also be of
21

interest that some of the largest software vendors such as Microsoft and IBM do not extensively
use RAD in the development of their flagship products and for the most part, they still rely
primarily on traditional waterfall methodologies with some degree of spiraling.

Since rapid application development is an iterative and incremental process, it can lead to a
succession of prototypes that never culminate in a satisfactory production application. Such
failures may be avoided if the application development tools are robust, flexible, and put to
proper use. This is addressed in methods such as the 2080 Development method or other post-
agile variants.

3.3.3 Phases of RAD

1. Requirements Planning phase – combines elements of the system planning and systems
analysis phases of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Users, managers, and
IT staff members discuss and agree on business needs, project scope, constraints, and
system requirements. It ends when the team agrees on the key issues and obtains
management authorization to continue.
2. User design phase – during this phase, users interact with systems analysts and develop
models and prototypes that represent all system processes, inputs, and outputs. The RAD
groups or subgroups typically use a combination of Joint Application Development
(JAD) techniques and CASE tools to translate user needs into working models. User
Designis a continuous interactive process that allows users to understand, modify, and
eventually approve a working model of the system that meets their needs.
3. Construction phase – focuses on program and application development task similar to
the SDLC. In RAD, however, users continue to participate and can still suggest changes
or improvements as actual screens or reports are developed. Its tasks are programming
and application development, coding, unit-integration and system testing.
4. Cutover phase – resembles the final tasks in the SDLC implementation phase, including
data conversion, testing, changeover to the new system, and user training. Compared with
traditional methods, the entire process is compressed. As a result, the new system is built,
delivered, and placed in operation much sooner.
22

Figure 3.2: Rapid Application Development Model.

3.4 Feasibility Study


A project feasibility study is an exercise that involves documenting each of the potential
solutions to a particular business problem or opportunity. The purpose of a Project Feasibility
Study is to clarify the wanted outcome of the project. It is important to understand what the
project will deliver. If a project is seen to be feasible from the results of the study, the project can
be continued to the next stage.

In various industries all over the world, there are all sorts of tendering action being performed
including public procurement of construction works, service and goods. But the existing
procurement process is inefficient and with an explosive spread of the Internet and a rapid
growth of information technology, the conversion of existing tendering process to an e-tendering
is a requirement of time. The electronic transformation of the public procurement processes will
offer the potential for significant savings from its early stages. It also brings lots of opportunities
including reducing costs of goods and services through aggregating purchasing volume,
streamlining procedures and etc. for both the government and the private sector.

E-tendering provides Organizations can access various goods and services from a variety of
vendors whereas vendors can reach all the opportunities easier than ever before. As a result, both
23

Organization and vendors will benefit from a common platform where the former can get all the
information to make a purchase decision.

Proposed E-Tendering will provide the following benefits


• The information and contract awards will be accessed easier and faster.
• Vendors will have a chance to present the technical and non-technical descriptions, prices
and promotions related with their goods and services.
• The public procurement related processes like managing orders, managing inventories,
financing, etc. will be more efficient and effective.
• Time and cost associated with business meetings will be reduced.
• The time consumed in the bureaucratic inertia will be reduced.
• New opportunities for SMEs will be formed such as increased participation in supply
chain.

3.5 Requirement Gathering, Specification and Planning


Requirement gathering, specification and planning are essential parts of any project and project
management. During this process, different similar software is analyzed and discussions are
made with different companies about the software. The software and hardware requirements are
also studied and specified in this phase. Different types of idea about the development are written
up.The requirement process is completed when the specifications for the new software product
are written in a formal document called the requirements specification document. In planning
phase, a plan is made to develop this software with requirement specification document.

3.5.1 Identify User


Identifying the administrator and the users of software is very important. Figure 3.3 shows user
hierarchy of e-tendering system. The different categories of users of the software are as follows:

System Administrator: System administrator can do anything on the site, in all pages. System
administrator is responsible for updating and maintaining the database and codes of the software.
In e-tendering the System Administrator is the Head of Procuring Entity (HOPE).
24

Administrators: An administrator is a responsible person appointed by the organization, who


canapprove bidders profile, can create new tenders, and change his/her own password. The
administrators also can view/edit/delete/insert bidders, tender categories and register a bidder in
a category.

Users (Bidders): The main Users are the registered bidders of the organization who will use this
software. To bid in a tender, a bidder should have the basic computer using ability. By signing in
user can see all general information and can also apply for tender, can update personal
information, bidding profileand change his/her own passwordetc.

Supper
User
(HOPE)

Administrator

Bidders

Guest Users

Figure: 3.3: User Hierarchy of E-Tendering System

Guest Users: these users are mainly those who will view the static pages of the website such as
Home, About Us etc. This type of users will not view any other pages until they are registered.
On short we may say the user before registration is a guest user.

3.5.2 Analysis of Main Features


The E-tendering System software is designed to manage full tendering system online more
effectively and efficiently. An administrator can add new tenders, add/edit/delete vendors,
vendors profile and tender categoriesusing this software. Some key features of E-tendering
System are discussed bellow.
25

Registration Process: - Option 01.

Admin will create the user


(Bidder) and enlist him to
2 the desired category
1
Bidders will come
User ID & Password
to the organization
3
and apply for
enlistment to one
or more category. Sign In
4

E-tendering System

AVATARS

Bidder Administrator

Figure 3.4: Registration Process of Bidders

Bidder Registration Process


A Bidder can register in two wayes. First, the bidder will go to the organization and apply with
all his papers the admin will create his user and provide a username and password by using that
be wlill be able to sign in in to the system. Second a bidder will register with a user-id, password
and a valid e-mail address, a test e-mail will be sent to that email address user have to confarm
that e-mail by clicking the link with the e-mail. After finishing the registration process the bidder
will go to the organization and submit his paper for approval. Figure 3.4 and Figure 3.5 shows
the registration process of bidders.
26

Registration Process: - Option 02.

Verification e- User confirms his e-


mail with mail id by clicking
verification link is the verification link
1 sent to user’s e- 3
mail for Sign in
User (Bidders) confirmation
register in E-
2
Tendering System 4
Bidders will come
with a user id , Admin will to the organization
password and e- enlist him to and apply for
mail address. the desired
5 enlistment to one
category or more category.

E-tendering System

AVATARS

Bidder Administrator

Figure 3.5: Registration Process of Bidders

Bidder and Tender Creation


Administrators have power to create bidders at first time and approve/unapproved there bidding
profile. Administrators have power to change/create/delete a bidder’s bidding categories.
Administrators have also power to create tenders but they will not be able to change anything
after creation. Only Super Admin has the power to change anything in the tender.
27

Tendering and Bidding System

A Bidder first applies for registration. After successful registration a bidder have to create a
Bidding profile. After approval of the bidding profile by any admin a Bidder can apply for any
tender. A bidder need to go to the tender page and all information about the tender is in there. He
can download these documents. All information of the bidder will be displayed in the bidder
profile page. Bidder can edit/update his profile. Administrator should have to approve a profile
after edited. A bidder will also view the tenders he applied. Figure 3.6 shows the tendering and
bidding system.

Tendering and Bidding System

After sign-in Bidders will


by default see active 2
current tenders and if
necessary bidder can see 3
previous archive tenders If the tender’s
category and
bidder’s enlisted
BID
1 category is same
Admin will upload and bidder has an
tenders to e- active bidding
E-tendering System profile the bidder
tendering system
from admin panel can make a bid.

AVATARS

Bidder Administrator

Figure 3.6: Tendering and Bidding System


28

Profile Creation
Every bidder have to have a valid biding profile. A bidder will login to the system and submit all
necessary papers and the administrator will approve the bidding profile. Figure 3.7 shows profile
creation process of bidders.

Profile Creation Process for Bidders

Bidder will enter his


Upload profile details and
Administrator will verifies
2 upload all mandatory
1 all documents uploaded in
documents
a bidder profile online and
Users (Bidders)
if everything is according
will sign-in in E- 3
to low admin will
tendering User Id
APPROVE the bidding
System Password
profile otherwise admin
will REJECT Profile
E-tendering System

AVATARS

Bidder Administrator

Figure 3.7: Profile Creation Process of Bidders

Control Information
After the submission time the super administrators can see how much bid are submitted in a
tender and he will be able to award the tender to someone. Normal administrators or any other
users have no power to view bid information. Users can only view limited information.
29

Download/Print Option
Bidders will be able to download there profile in PDF format. They will also able to download
the tender documents in a PDF format. The administrators also have the privilege to download
any tender information or bidding information with profile of bidder in PDF format. Figure 3.8
shows tender/bid awarding system.

Tender/Bid Awarding System

HOPE will Check every bid and make a


decision according to the law either the bid
is ‘RESPONSIVE’ or ‘NON-RESPONSIVE’.
2 Among all bids the HOPE will decided which
one is ‘AWARDED’ bid for this tender.
1
3
Only A Super Admin
(HOPE) will be able to
view all bids
submitted on a tender RESPONSIVE NON-RESPONSIVE

4
E-tendering System Bidder who’s bid get
AWARDED will get an e-mail
of winning the tender

AVATARS

Super Admin
Bidder (HOPE)

Figure 3.8: Tender/Bid Awarding System


30

3.5.3 Web-based Software Architecture


The developed Web-based E-tendering System works within a network (Intranet). Figure 3.9
shows the web-based software architecture. The architecture for the web based system contains
three necessary components [11]:
• The Data and Data Server
• The Web Application and Web Server
• The Client Application and Client.

Web Browser
The Client Application
(Internet Explorer, Mozilla,
and Client
Google Chrome etc.)

Intranet

Web Server Middleware (PHP, The Web Application


(Apache) JAVASCRIPT) and Web Server

The Data and Database


Data Server (MySQL)

Figure 3.9: Web-based Software Architecture.

3.5.4 Hardware Interfaces


Now days, every company have computer, internet facilities and printers. To implement the e-
tendering system an organization will need a domain and a database server. The software will be
hosted on the web server and from anywhere this software is accessible via internet. Printer will
be necessary if anyone wants to print the documents generated from the system.

3.5.5 Software Interfaces


In this project the following software are used:
31

Web Browsers (Microsoft Internet Explorer/Mozilla Firefox)


Version number: 9 or later.
Source: Microsoft Corporation.
Purpose: To display the information on the website in a neat and organized way.
And also to help one navigate around the web easily.
Definition of the The Microsoft Internet Explorer is the software, which provides a flexible
Interface: and reliable browsing experience with enhanced Web privacy features for
all users.
PHP: Personal Home Pages
Version number: 5.2.6.
Source: PHP Group.
Purpose: To build web pages, this works with MySQL database and Apache server.
Definition of the PHP is a widely-used general-purpose scripting language that is especially
Interface: suited for Web development and can be embedded into HTML.
Apache HTTP Server
Version number: 2.0.5.5.
Source: The Apache Software Foundation.
Purpose: In order to execute the client site of this software, the web server specified
above is required as the provider of the client software at the server site.
Definition of the The Apache HTTP Server Project is an effort to develop and maintain an
Interface: open-source HTTP server for modern operating systems including UNIX
and Windows NT. The goal of this project is to provide a secure, efficient
and extensible server that provides HTTP services in sync with the current
HTTP standards.
Adobe Dreamweaver CS4
Version number: CS4.
Source: Adobe System.
Purpose: The web development tool specified above is helpful for designing and
coding the project.
Definition of the Adobe Dreamweaver is the industry-leading web development tool,
32

Interface: enabling users to efficiently design, develop and maintain standard based
websites and applications.
MySQL: My Structured Query Language
Version number: 5.0.
Source: MySQL.
Purpose: Required as database server.
Definition of the MySQL is the world's most popular open source database software. With
Interface: superior speed, reliability, and ease of use, MySQL has become the
preferred choice of corporate IT Managers because it eliminates the major
problems associated with downtime, maintenance, administration and
support.
JavaScript/ECMAScript
Version number: 1.6.
Source: ECMA organization.
Purpose: For opening or popping up a new window, Validation of web form (input
values to make sure that they will be accepted before they are submitted to
the server) etc.
Definition of the JavaScript is an object-oriented scripting language used to enable
Interface: programmatic access to objects within both the client application and
other applications. It is primarily used in the form of client-side
JavaScript, implemented as an integrated component of the web browser,
allowing the development of enhanced user interfaces and dynamic
websites.
CSS: Cascading Style Sheets
Version number: CSS 2.1.
Source: World Wide Web Consortium.
Purpose: To enable the separation of document content from document
presentation, including elements such as the colours, fonts, and layout.
Definition of the Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used to describe
Interface: the presentation semantics (that is, the look and formatting) of a document
written in a markup language.
33

3.5.6 Security Requirements


Most IT departments have security requirements for applications. Web applications are not
exceptional. The requirements are often written as checklists.
• Requires password and have options to change password.
• Web and database servers should be physically secured.
• Username and password will be checked before starting every page.
• Use a secured password for the SQL Server administrator, SA.

3.5.7 Easy to Use


This system is self explanatory. So, minimum computer knowledge is required to use this
software.

3.6 Design
The design phase describes how the software is constructed so that it fulfills the specifications
agreed upon in the requirements specification document. It explains required features and
operations in detail, including database design, software design, screen layouts and other
documentation. When the design is completed it is recorded in the design specification
document. There are different types of design to develop this software like ERD, UML etc.
Design stage is described in details in Chapter 4.

3.7 Coding and Model Testing


In this stage, the designs are translated into code. The software is divided into separate units
called modules, in order to handle the complexity of the programming process. All rules and
regulations of programming language are maintained properly. Computer programs are written
using Dreamweaver tool. According to the type of application, the right programming language
is chosen. Different high level programming languages like PHP [11], MySQL [13], Apache
[14], JavaScript [15], AJAX [15], HTML [15], XML [15], CSS [15] etc. are used for coding. In
this software for managing the web contain we use a PHP CMS (Content Management System)
Joomla2.5 [12]. And MVC (Model-Controller-View) technic in coding.
34

3.8 Integration and System Testing


During this stage, the individual modules of the software product are combined to form the
integrated software product. A special testing environment is created to check for errors, bugs
and interoperability.

3.9 Operational Mode


At this stage, the checked software is ready for use. If required, the modification stage will
modify and enhance the system according to the difficulty.

3.10 Modification and Maintenance


After the system is in operation, various changes are made in order to fix bugs, to add new
functionality, to port the software to new platforms, or to adapt the software to new technologies
during the modification and maintenance phase of the system. Although it may seem that the
development of the software is finished after its delivery, this is far from true. Even a successful
software product need to be developed/modified to meet the changing needs of the clients.

3.11 Summery
The software development lifecycle (SDLC) is not only a great way to ensure the software to
meet the needs of business and customers, but it is also essential in supporting the software once
it’s published. SDLC is a process used by software industry to design, develop and test high
quality software. The SDLC aims to produce high quality software that meets or exceeds
customer expectations, reaches completion within times and cost estimates. SDLC is a
framework to guide the development to make it more systematic and efficient. Using SDLC we
will be able to tell how long it will take to complete the project, to test and deploy. Not only that,
we'll have an easier time debugging and finding flaws in the software program or make
enhancement to it. We have planed our development according to the standard SDLC.

We have gone through all the steps of SDLC and analyse as details as possible and made our
development decisions.
36

Chapter 4: System Design

4.1 Introduction
The software system design describes the desired software features in detail, including
database design (ER diagram), software design (UML is produced here), screen layouts and
other documents. In system design, the software's overall structure is defined with a full data
dictionary. These design elements are intended to describe the software in detail that helps to
develop the software with minimal additional input.

4.2 E-R Diagram


An entity-relationship (E-R) diagram is a graphical representation of entities and their
relationships to each other, typically used in computing in regard to the organization of data
within databases or information systems. There are three basic elements in E-R diagram:
 Entities (tables) are the elements about which one seek information. Boxes are
commonly used to represent entities.
 Attributes are the data one collect about the entities. Ovals are used to represent
attributes.
 Relationships provide the structure needed to draw information from multiple entities.
Diamonds are normally used to represent relationships.

Figure 4.1 shows E-R diagram of e-tendering system.


37

description
id
menutyp
title

Menu type Member Menu Content_id


of
ordering
published
alias Parent_id Link to
Content home page
title level

id path
Content content Featured
Category
Categories

description Tenders
Categories
Parent_id
Enlistment
id rgt
Tenders
title
lft

bidders Tender
bids
User User type
usergroup
map

Bidding
Profile User
User to
User profile
Profile

User_id Profile_value

Profile_key
Figure 4.1: E-R Diagram
38

4.3 Entity diagram


4.3.1 Attributes of Entity Bidders
Figure 4.2 shows the entire Attributes of Entity bidders. Admin users can add bidders
information in this table and after successful registration a registered user can also create his
bidder profile.

trade_licence2

trade_licence1 trade licence3

description
incorporation

user_id

Bidders income_tax

id
cer_vat

published bank_guar
ordering

Figure 4.2: Attributes of Entity Bidders.


4.3.2 Attributes of Entity Content
Figure 4.3 shows the entire Attributes of Entity Contents. This table will help to show
contents in static pages. Admin users can add/edit/delete information in this table.

alias
introtext
title

id

parentid fulltext

feature state
Content
orderin catid

publish_dow created

publish_up modified
created_by
modified_b

Figure 4.3: Attributes of Entity Content.


39

4.3.3 Attributes of Entity Menu


Figure 4.4 shows the Attributes of Entity Menu. Admin users can add Menu in this table. Up
on this menu the navigation of the site will work.

menutype title alias

id link

parent id menu published

home level
rgt
ordering
lft

Figure 4.4: Attributes of Entity Menu.

4.3.4 Attributes of Entity Tenders


Figure 4.5 shows the Attributes of Entity tender information. Admin users can add tenders
and the registered users who has a valid bidder profile can see this tenders.

description
title
spec

id
ordering

tenders
created

no op_date

catid
published

Figure 4.5: Attributes of Entity Tender.


40

4.3.5 Attributes of Entity Tender Bids


Figure 4.6 shows the Attributes of Entity Tender Bids. Registered bidders will apply in tender
with their financial offers and the information will stored in this table. When admin users
open/evaluate the tenders and award the tender they will also access this table.

id

awarde tender_id

bidder_id

title
ref no
Tender_bids

description
published
spec
created

Figure 4.6: Attributes of Entity tender bids.

4.3.6 Attributes of Entity User


Figure 4.7 shows the Attributes of Entity user. All type of users are manage from this single
table.

username sendEmail

name lastvisitDate
registerDate
usertype

id activation

user
email
lastResetTime

password
resetCount params
block

Figure 4.7: Attributes of Entity User.


41

4.4 Database Tables


A database is a collection of information, organized in such a way that a computer program
can quickly select desired pieces of data. Databases are designed to offer an organized
mechanism for storing, managing and retrieving information. This includes detailed
specification of data elements, data types, indexing options and other parameters residing in
the DBMS data dictionary. Many models and languages are used for design of the database.
To design the database the Entity-Relationship (ER) Diagram is used.

1. Bidders Table: The name of this entity set is bidders. This table contents a bidder's
profile information like- Trade-license, TIN etc.
2. Categories: The name of this entity set is categories. This entity will show the
categories of bidder. Id, title, alias, description, published, parent_id, lft, rgt, level,
path, extension are the attributes of this entity set.
3. Bidders Category: The name of this entity set is bidder_categories. id, user_id, catid
and published are the attributes of this entity set.
4. Content: The name of this entity set is content. This table is using for displaying the
html pages of the site.
5. Content in Home page: The name of this entity set is content_frontpage. this table
consists of content_id, ordering.
6. Menu: The name of this entity set is menu. This table is displaying the menu for the
web site.
7. Menu Types: The name of this entity set is menu_types. id, menutype, title and
description are the attributes of this entity set.
8. Tenders: The name of this entity set is tenders. This entity is used for keeping all
tender information.
9. Tenders Bids: The name of this entity set is tender_bids. This table is used for
keeping record about all bids .
10. User Type: The name of this entity set is usergroup. Usergroup entities are consist of
Id, parent_id, left, right and Title.
11. User : The name of this entity set is user. This table is used for keeping the
information about all users of this system.
42

12. User Profile information: The name of this entity set is user_profiles. This table will
content user profile details information (such as address, phone no, city, postal_code
etc.). Entities of this tables are: user_id, profile_key and profile_value
13. User to Useertype map: The name of this entity set is user_usergroup_map. Entities
of this table consist of user_id and , group_id etc.

4.5 Data Dictionary


Data Dictionary describes the table format which is used in database design. The following
tables are used in database design.
Table 4.1: Bidders Information
Fields Domains Constraints Description
Id int(10) Primary key Auto increment
User_id int(10) Foreign Key Id of user table*
Description Text Not null Profile description of bidder
trade_licence1 varchar(255) Not null Trade license page 1
trade_licence1 varchar(255) Not null Trade license page 2
trade_licence1 varchar(255) Not null Trade license page 3
incorporation_cer varchar(255) Not null Incorporation Certificate
income_tax varchar(255) Not null Income tax Certificate
cer_vat varchar(255) Not null Vat Certificate
bank_guaranty varchar(255) Not null Latest Bank Guaranty Certificate
Ordering int(11) Not null Ordering
published int(4) Not null Status
*User_id will be the primary key of User table.

Table 4.2: Categories


Fields Domains Constraints Description
id int(10) Primary key Auto Increment
title varchar(255) Not null Category title
alias varchar(255) not null Category alias.
description mediumtext not null Category description.
published tinyint(1) not null Status
43

parent_id int(10) not null Id of parent, default -0*


left int(10) not null Id of left node, default -0*
right int(10) not null Id of right node, default -0*
level int(10) not null Level of category, default-0 *
path varchar(255) not null Path from root to category
*Parent_id will be a category id, if parent_id is selected left, right, level and path will be
automatically updated.

Table 4.3: Bidders Category


Fields Domains Constraints Description
Id int(10) Primary key Auto increment
User_id Int(11) Foreign Key Id of user table*
Catid Int(11) Foreign Key Id of Categories table*
published tinyint(4) Not null Default-0
*Foreign keys are taken from “User” table.
**Foreign key is taken from “Categories” table.

Table 4.4: Content


Fields Domains Constraints Description
id int(10) Primary key Auto Increment
title varchar(255) not null Name of Content
alias varchar(255) not null Alias of Content
introtext mediumtext not null Intro text of content
fulltext mediumtext not null Full text of content
state tinyint(3) not null default '0'
catid Int(10) Foreign Key Id of Categories table*
created datetime not null default '0000-00-00 00:00:00'
created_by Int(10) Foreign Key Id of user table*
modified datetime not null default '0000-00-00 00:00:00'
modified_by Int(10) Foreign Key Id of user table*
publish_up datetime not null default '0000-00-00 00:00:00'
publish_down datetime not null default '0000-00-00 00:00:00'
parentid Int(10) Not null Id of this table*
44

ordering Int(10) Not null Ordering


featured tinyint(3) Not null Default '0' ; set a value if it is
featured*
*Foreign keys are taken from “User” table.
**Foreign key is taken from “Categories” table.
***Parent_id will be a id of this table.
****Value of featured is default 0, it will be 1 when the content is featured.

Table 4.5: Content in Home page


Fields Domains Constraints Description
content_id int(11) Foreign Key Id of content table*
ordering int(11) Not null Ordering
*Foreign keys are taken from “content” table.

Table 4.6: Menu


Fields Domains Constraints Description
id int(11) Primary key Auto Increment
menutype varchar(24) Foreign Key Id of menu_types table*
title varchar(255) Not null Title of menu
alias varchar(255) Not null Alias of menu
link varchar(1024) Not null The actually link the menu item
refers to.
published tinyint(4) Not null The published state of the menu link
parent_id int(10) Not null Default ‘0’
level Int(10) Not null Default ‘0’
ordering int(10) Not null The relative ordering of the menu
item in the tree.
lft Int(10) Not null Left node of current menu
rgt Int(10) Not null Right node of current menu
home tinyint(3) Not null Indicates if this menu item is the
home or default page.
*Foreign keys are taken from “menu_types” table.
45

Table 4.7: Menu Types


Fields Domains Constraints Description
id int(10) Primary key auto increment
menutype varchar(24) Not null Menu type
title varchar(48) Not null Name of menu type
description varchar(255) Not null Description of menu type

Table 4.8: Tender


Fields Domains Constraints Description
id int(10) Primary key Auto increment
title varchar(222) Not null Title of tender
description text Not null Description of tender
spec text Not null Specification of the tender.
ordering Int(11) Not null Order in the table
created datetime Not null default '0000-00-00 00:00:00'
op_date datetime Not null default '0000-00-00 00:00:00'
catid Int(10) Foreign Key Id of category table*
published Int(4) Not null Status of the tender
no varchar(255) Not null Tender no
*Foreign keys are taken from “Category” table.

Table 4.9: Tender bids


Fields Domains Constraints Description
id int(11) Primary key Auto increment
tender_id int(11) Foreign Key tender Id*
Bidder_id int(11) Foreign Key Bidder id*
title varchar(255) Not null Title of bid.
description Text Not null Description about the bid
spec Text Not null Specification about bid
created datetime Not null default '0000-00-00 00:00:00'.
Submission date
published Int(4) Not null Status of the bid
ref_no Varchar(255) Not null Ref. no of the bid
46

awarded Int(4) Not null Value will be 1 if the bid is


approved by the TEC comity
*Foreign keys are taken from “Tender table” table.
*Foreign keys are taken from “Bidder table” table.

Table 4.10: User Type


Fields Domains Constraints Description
id int(10) Primary key Auto increment
parent_id int(10) Not null Default 0
lft Int(11) Not null Left node of this node in the tree
rgt Int(11) Not null Right node of this node in the tree
title varchar(100) Not null Title of user type

Table 4.11: User


Fields Domains Constraints Description
id int(10) Primary key Auto increment
name varchar(255) Not null Full name
username varchar(150) Not null User name
email varchar(100) Not null e-mail address of user
password varchar(100) Not null Password of user
Usertype Varchar(25) User type
block Int(4) Not null Status of user
sendEmail int(4) Not null default '0'
registerDate datetime Not null Registration date
lastvisitDate datetime Not null Last visited date
activation varchar(100) Not null Activation
params text Not null Paramitter
lastResetTime datetime Not null Date of last password reset
resetCount int(11) Not null Count of password resets since
lastResetTime

Table 4.12: User Profile Information


Fields Domains Constraints Description
47

user_id int(10) Foreign Key user Id*


profile_key varchar(100) Not null Profile Key
profile_value varchar(255) Not null Value of the profile key
ordering int(10) Not null ordering
*Foreign keys are taken from “user” table.

Table 4.13: User To Usertype Map


Fields Domains Constraints Description
user_id int(10) Foreign Key user Id*
group_id int(10) Foreign Key User type id*
*Foreign keys are taken from “user” table.
*Foreign keys are taken from “usertype” table.

4.6 Database Schema Diagram

Figure 4.8 shows the schema diagram of e-tendering system.

Figure 4.8: Schema Diagram

4.7 Software Design


48

Software design is a process of problem-solving and planning for a software solution.


Model-View and Controller analysis and design (MVC) are implemented during the software
design. Each controller controls the flow of data and control via model to views. Views are
basically controls the graphical user interface which works via the controller and models are
handling the full database actions. Data are passing in view through models. There are a
number of different notations for representing these flows, such as the Unified Modeling
Language (UML). Different diagrams are used to help visualizing the whole development
process.

4.8 UML Diagram


The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is graphical notation system for representation the
analysis and design. UML is the industry-standard language for the specification,
visualization, construction, and documentation of the components of software systems. UML
helps to simplify the process of software design, making a model for construction with a
number of different views. One of the great merits of UML is the way it helps open up the
development process which is called use cases. These serve to identify principal roles (actors)
in the system, boundaries, actions, and so on. UML Use Case Diagrams can be used to
describe the functions of a system in a horizontal way.

4.8.1 Use Case Diagram


A use case diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of behavioral
diagram defined by and created from a Use-case analysis. It is a set of scenarios that
describes an interaction between a user and a system. The two main components of a use case
diagram are use cases and actors. It can be shown by the Figure 4.9.

Use Case
Actor

Figure 4.9: Actor and Use Case.


49

An actor represents a person, organization, or external system that will interact with this
system. The symbols of actors are drawn as stick figures. A use case is an external view of
the system that represents some actions the user might perform in order to complete a task
and is drawn as a horizontal ellipse. Lines are used to represent the relationships between
these elements.

4.8.2 Use Case Diagram of User (Bidder)


Figure 4.10 shows the use case diagram for bidder.

Login

Update
View Personal
Information Delete

View bidding Create


profile
Update

View all tenders


(categories based)

Bidder
Bid for tenders (only
registered categories)

Logout

Figure 4.10: Use Case Diagram of Bidder.

4.8.3 Use Case Diagram of Administrators


Figure 4.11 shows the use case diagram of administrators. Admin can log in his/her account
and can insert, update and delete the required information for the system. He/she can also
logout from the account.
50

Login

Create Tender, Tender categories,


user, Bidder profile etc. Information

View Tender categories, user,


Bidder profile etc. Information

Delete Update

Register a bidder in a category

Active /Inactive bidder profile

Admin Change Password

Create a net tender


Information

Head of
View/Delete/ Edit tender
Procuring
info Record
entity (HOPE)

View bids in details and


award a tender

Logout

Figure 4.11: Use Case Diagram of Administrators.

4.9 Activity Diagram


An activity diagram illustrates the dynamic nature of a system by modeling the flow of
control from activity to activity. An activity represents an operation of some classes in the
system that results in a change in the state of the system. Typically, activity diagrams are
used to model workflow or business processes and internal operation. Activity diagrams can
show activities that are conditional or parallel.
51

4.9.1 Activity Diagram of Tendering


Figure 4.12 shows the activity diagram of tendering. In this case, bidders apply for tender,
administrator (HOPE) can check all bids and his/her ability to fulfill demand, then choose the
appropriate bidder and award the tender.

Bidder Login by username & password


Not accept

else

Bidder dashboard

else If first time login/ bidder doesn’t have a


approved bidding profile

Bidder will create a bidding profile

Display in Admin account

Not accepted by admin

Approve by admin

Search for open tender and if the tender’s


categories and bidder’s registered categories is
same he can place a bid

Display in Head of admin (HOPE) account

Not accept

Accepted

Bidder will get an e-mail


notification of awarded tender

Figure 4.12: Activity Diagram of Tendering


52

4.10 Summery

The design of a database is crucial so that the database can function accurately or precisely. A
good design of a database facilitates data managements and valuable information generator.
A poor designed database tends to have errors, data redundancy, inaccuracy, can also be time
consuming etc. proper or good design must be taken into consideration so to avoid
redundancy, inaccuracy , errors etc as users would like to have a more efficient and reliable
database that performs to the best or as expected.

For this project we create a database which contents 13 tables. All tables are well designed
and redundant free. We use strong entity set for most of the tables. Developing a database
without an ERD is as building a house without a building plan. It might be doable because
you think that simply laying a brick one over another is enough to build something.

In this project we build a E-R diagram which contents details entity, entity set, relationship
between entities and key constraints so that the database become more easier and meaningful
to everybody.

Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities and


actions with support for choice, iteration and concurrency. In the UML, activity diagrams are
intended to model both computational and organizational processes (i.e. workflows). Activity
diagrams show the overall flow of control.
53

Chapter 5: Results and Discussions

5.1 Introduction
The developed E-Tendering System has different essential features. Screen shot of some of the
main features are explained below.

5.2 Home Page


The home page is very simple. It contains sign-in/Sign-up link and the menu of some static
pages. From this page a bidder/user can find Sign-in/Sign-up link, contact information and
software related information. Figure 5.1 shows the Home page.

Figure 5.1: Home Page.

5.3 Sign Up Page


Users (Bidders) can fill up the necessary information in signup page and may create a new
user. Username must be unique. After clicking the submit button an e-mail will be sent to the
given email address with an activation link. By clicking that link a user have to verify the
signup process. After successful registration, user can view his/her given information. He will
be able to change his information. Figure 5.2 shows the sign up page.
54

Figure 5.2: Sign Up Page (User).


5.4 Sign In Page
Successfully registered Users (Bidders) will be able to login from this page. A user (Bidder)
will be able to get his username and password if he forget/lost his/here username and
password. Figure 5.3 shows the sign in page.

Figure 5.3: Sign In Page (User).


55

5.5 User (Bidder’s) Home Page


After signing in, users (Bidder) will automatically move to this page. This page contains three
menus. First one (My Profile) is create/update/manage the bidding profile of the bidder.
Second one (Search New Tender) is searching and applying for new tenders. The last one (My
Bids) will show the status of all bids that a bidder submitted. Figure 5.4 shows the user home
page.

Figure 5.4: Index of User (Bidder).

5.6 Bidder’s Profile Page


Users (Bidders) will manage their bidding profile from this page. Every bidder must have an
admin approved bidding profile to make a bid. After first time login a Bidder have to create
his profile by posting his necessary information. Figure 5.5.1 shows the bidder’s profile
creation form.
56

Figure 5.5.1: New Profile Creation Form.


After sending the Profile Creation request administrator must approve the profile. After
administrator’s approval a bidder can change his profile if needed. Figure 5.5.2 shows the edit
profile form.

Figure 5.5.2: Edit Profile Form.


57

5.7 Search New Tender Page


Users (Bidders) will be able to search tenders from this page. This page has filtering options.
By Default this page will show all open/activated tenders, but if a user wants to search tenders
of a particular category he have to select the category from the list. Bidders will also able to
view the old/archived tenders by changing the published option. Figure 5.6 shows the new
tender page.

Figure 5.6: New Tender page.

5.8 Tender Details Page


Users (Bidders) will be able to view the tender details page by clicking on any individual
tender. If the bidder is registered for that tender category he will be able to bid on this tender
by clicking the top bid now button. A bidder can also download the tender details document in
pdf format by clicking download pdf button. Figure 5.7.1 shows the tender Details page and
Figure 5.7.2 shows download pdf options.
58

Figure 5.7.1: Tender details page.

Figure 5.7.2: Pdf download option for a Tender details page.

5.9 Biding Page


Users (Bidders) will be able to submit bid from this page by providing some information. User
profile will attached automatically with the bid. Figure 5.8 shows the Bidding form.
59

Figure 5.8: Bidding Form.


5.10 My Bids Page
Users (Bidders) will be able to see his/her submitted bids. They will also able to view details
of that bid. Figure 5.9.1 shows the My Bids page and Figure 5.9.2 shows the details page of a
bid.

Figure 5.9.1: My Bids Page.


60

Figure 5.9.2: Details of a Bid Page.

5.11 Administrator Login Page


This page is for signing in for both admin users and super admin (HOPE). Figure 5.10 shows
the administrative login form.

Figure 5.10: Admin login Form.

5.12 Administrator Home Page


This is the admin home page. There are two type of administrator user levels; Admin users,
Head of procuring Entity (HOPE). A admin user will be able to manage bidders, will be able
to create bidders and bidding category they will also manage bidders bidding profiles, create
61

new tenders on this system we will call them ‘Administrator’. On the other hand a HOPE will
get not only all the privilege that an admin user has but also the bid management. HOPE will
be able to view all bids that been submitted in a tender. HOPE will provide the decision of the
bid (Awarded, Responsive and Not-Responsive). In this system we call this type of user as
‘Super admin’. Figure 5.11 shows the home page for both type administrators.

Figure 5.11: Home Page for Administrator.

5.13 User Management Pages


Any administrator can see the users of the site. All users of the website will display in the
page. From this page admin can create/edit/delete users. Admin can also make the users
active/inactive. If a user is inactive he will be a user of this system but he will not be able to
log-in. Figure 5.12.1 shows the user management page for administrator, Figure 5.12.2 shows
the new user creation form and Figure 5.12.3 shows the edit user form.
62

Figure 5.12.1: User management Page for admin.

Figure 5.12.2: Add new User Form.


63

Figure 5.12.3: Edit User Form.

Administrators can also create/update/delete user groups/levels of users. Figure 5.12.4 shows
the user Groups management page for administrator.

Figure 5.12.4: User Group Management Page for Admin.

Administrators can also create/update/delete user access levels. Figure 5.12.5 shows the user
access level management page for administrator. There are mainly three type of access level.
Firstly public access level is for all who are visiting the system. They will be able to visit only
64

the static pages of the system. Second access level is registered this type of users are those
who are registered in this system. This users will be able to visit any pages except that are not
the administrator pages. In this system this users are ‘Bidders’. Finally the third access level is
for the administrators.

Figure 5.12.5: Access Levels of Users Page for Admin.

5.14 Bidder Management Pages


From this pages administrator will be able to manage bidder’s profile, bidding categories and
bidders enlistment to category. Figure 5.13.1 shows the bidding category management page;
Figure 5.13.2 shows add new bidding category form and Figure 5.13.3 shows the edit bidding
category form. From this page admin will be able to create/update/delete bidding categories.
Admin will also able to publish/un-publish any category. These are the categories for tender.

Figure 5.13.1: Bidding Category Management Page.


65

Figure 5.13.2: Add a new Bidding Category Form.

Figure 5.13.3: Edit Bidding Category Form.

Figure 5.13.4 shows the bidder’s profile management page; Figure 5.13.5 shows add new
bidder’s profile form and Figure 5.13.6 shows edit bidder’s profile form. From this page
admin will be able to create/update/delete bidding profiles for any bidder. The most important
part of this page is when ever any bidder create/edit his bidding profile admin must
approve/publish his profile from this page otherwise the bidder will not be able to view there
profile.
66

Figure 5.13.4: Bidders Profile Management Page.

Figure 5.13.5: New Bidder’s Profile Creation Form.

Figure 5.13.6: Edit Bidder’s Profile Form.


67

Figure 5.13.7 shows all bidder’s enlisted category page; Figure 5.13.8 shows add new bidder’s
enlisted category form and Figure 5.13.9 shows edit bidder’s category form. From this page
admin will be able to enlisted or remove a bidder to any category. A bidder will only bid on
those categories for which he is enlisted. The organization my take some yearly fee for
enlistment.

Figure 5.13.7: Bidders to Categories Page.

Figure 5.13.8: New Bidders to Categories Form.

Figure 5.13.9: Edit Bidders to Categories Form.


68

5.15 Tenders Management Pages


Administrator can create/edit/delete tenders. This tender will be shown to the bidders for bid.
The tenders will show in bidder’s search tender menu until the deadline of bid submission is
over. After the deadline is over the tender will automatic goes to archive. Figure 5.14.1 shows
the tender management page; Figure 5.14.2 shows add new tender form and Figure 5.14.3
shows the edit tender form.

Figure 5.14.1: Tender Management Page.

Figure 5.14.2: Add Tender Form.


69

Figure 5.14.3: Edit Tender Form.

5.16 View Bids Page


Administrator will not be able to view the bids on a particular tender. Only the super admin
(HOPE) will be able to view the bids on a particular tender. A super admin will also make the
decision about the bid. He will check all aspects and mark the bid ‘Responsive’, ‘Not-
Responsive’ or if it is the bid that is chosen by the hope he will mark it as ‘Awarded’. If the
admin marked as the bid ‘Awarded’ the owner (Bidder) will get an e-mail about it. Figure
5.15.1 shows the bids management page; Figure 5.15.2 shows all bids of a particular tender
and Figure 5.15.3 shows the bid details page and options to mark the bid.

Figure 5.15.1: Bids Management Page.


70

Figure 5.15.2: All Bids of a Particular Tender Page.

Figure 5.15.3: Bid Details Page with Options Form.

5.17 Home Page Menu Management Page


Administrators can create/update/delete menus that are showing in the web-pages.
Administrators also will be able to show the contents in the menus. Figure 5.16.1 shows the
menu management pages; Figure 5.16.2 shows add new menu item form and Figure 5.16.3
shows the edit menu item form.
71

Figure 5.16.1: Menu Management Page.

Figure 5.16.2: Add New Menu Item Form.


72

Figure 5.16.3: Edit Menu Item Form.


5.18 Content Management Page
Administrator can create/edit/delete new contents in the website. There are no needs to change
any html or php code to change the text/image showing in the web. All continents are manage
able from the admin panel. There are three types content in this system first one is Category.
The content category is content one or more same type of contents. Figure 5.17.1 shows the
categories management page from this page admin will be able to create, edit, delete, publish
and un-publish a category. Figure 5.17.2 shows create new category form and Figure 5.17.3
shows the edit category form.

Figure 5.17.1: Category Management Page.


73

Figure 5.17.2: Add New Category Form.

Figure 5.17.3: Edit Category Form.

The second part of contents is article. An article is that type of content which shows in a page.
To display something in a page we have to create a new article of that and linked with a menu.
Figure 5.17.4 shows the article/content management page from this page admin will be able to
74

create, edit, delete, publish and un-publish a article/content. Figure 5.17.5 shows create new
article form and Figure 5.17.6 shows the edit article form.

Figure 5.17.4: Article/content Management Page.

Figure 5.17.5: Add New Article/Content Form.


75

Figure 5.17.6: Edit Article/Content Form.

The third part of content management is featuring a content/article. If a content/article is


featured it will show in the home page of the website. Figure 5.17.7 shows the article/content
featuring management page.

Figure 5.17.7: Featuring a Content/Article Page.


76

Chapter 6: Conclusion

6.1 Conclusion

E-tendering is one of the e-Government initiative, which perceived to be an alternative that


leads to better and more effective procurement management by overcoming many traditional
paper-based problems. E-tendering system brings essential benefits for both the purchaser
and the bidders. It provides an open purchasing environment that facilitates interoperability
between them in order to conduct tendering activities.

In this study, detailed analysis of tendering process is done and according to the findings
modules has been developmental. The resulting system is a web-based tendering system
designed to connect organization as buyer and businesses as sellers. Among the most
important functionalities of the system are providing immediate responses through e-mail
communication, verification of documents and online tender awarding. In addition, this
system offers the potential for significant savings such as decrease in costs associated with
publishing and getting information, increase in competition, improvements in transparency in
public administration and enhancements in the overall quality of tendering management
throughout savings in terms of cost and time.
The developed e-tendering system is a web-based system which is very user friendly. The
administrators (admin user and the head of procuring entity, HOPE) can create,
approve/reject bidders and there profiles. The administrators can also manage tenders. Only
the HOPE will be able to view the bids submitted on a tender. And HOPE will publish the
decision of TEC (Tender Evaluation Committee). Thus, the security of the system has been
maintained.
E-tendering system is a multi-user system, which can be used by a number of users
simultaneously. Every user has own user id and password. Personal information can be only
accessed by that user. Bidders will be able to view/update their profile and can bid in tenders.
This software will also provides the information about the company and there contact details.
This software is integrated with a dynamic company website.
77

6.2 Future Works


The developed project can be enhanced in a variety of ways.
Firstly: this system should be multilingual. The purchaser some time invites international
tenders and as it is a web based system any one from anywhere can access it. The multi
language system will helpful to understand all level of bidders. In this software we use a
multilingual platform there are options to install new language.
Secondly for further enhancement there should two new modules one is for TOC (Tender
Opening Committee) and another is TEC (Tender Evaluation Committee). The TOC will
open the bids and made a preliminary list of sequential lowest bidder. In TEC module
members will sign in and provide marks and decision in every bid. The HOPE will get
aggregated point chart and declare the final decision. Using this module the entire decision
process will be paperless online based system.
78

References

[1] Powell, T.A., “Web Design: The Complete Reference”, 2nd Edition, 2006.
[2] Ruikar, T., “Towards Secure And Legal E-Tendering”, April 2006.
[3] Pavlov, G., Aleksandrova, V., “E-Tendering-An Approach for Ensuring Transparency in
Budget Management”, Information & Secutity, vol. 11, pp 148-162, 2003.
[4] European Union (EU), “A European Initiative in Electronic Commerce”, pp 2, April
1997.
[5] Institute for public policy research (IPPR), “Report on Public Procurement and
Electronic Services Delivery”, 2003.
[6] http://www.bangladesh-bank.org; Last accessed on 29.09.2013
[7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/e-procurement; Last accessed on 29.09.2013
[8] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_quotation; Last accessed on 29.09.2013
[9] e-Procurement of Bangladesh Government http://www.eprocure.gov.bd; Last accessed
on 29.09.2013
[10] e-tendering system of Bangladesh Bank. http://203.76.110.138/etender; Last accessed on
29.09.2013
[11] http://php.net; Last accessed on 29.09.2013
[12] http://www.joomla.org; Last accessed on 29.09.2013
[13] http://www.mysql.com; Last accessed on 29.09.2013
[14] http://www.apache.org; Last accessed on 29.09.2013
[15] http://www.w3school.com; Last accessed on 29.09.2013
Appendix A

Sitemap for Bidders (User)

Home Page

Sign Up

Sign In

My Account
About Us
My Profile

Create Profile
Contact Us Edit Profile

PDF Profile

Search New Tender

Tender Details

Bid Now

Download PDF

Bidding Form

My Bids

Log Out

You might also like