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    Slagment As CO Slagment As CO Resistant Resistant System System System System

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    Balkis Fatiha
    Slagment, a blend of blast furnace slag and cement, provides advantages over cement such as reduced permeability, higher strength, and greater resistance to carbonation and sulfate attack, making it applicable for wells with high CO2, H2S, or temperature. Slagment designs typically use 50-70% blast furnace slag blended with Class A or C cement to optimize strength development and resistance to downhole conditions. Case histories demonstrate successful applications of slagment in Southeast Asia and New Zealand wells.

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    Slagment As CO Slagment As CO Resistant Resistant System System System System

    Uploaded by

    Balkis Fatiha
    41 views23 pages
    Slagment, a blend of blast furnace slag and cement, provides advantages over cement such as reduced permeability, higher strength, and greater resistance to carbonation and sulfate attack, making it applicable for wells with high CO2, H2S, or temperature. Slagment designs typically use 50-70% blast furnace slag blended with Class A or C cement to optimize strength development and resistance to downhole conditions. Case histories demonstrate successful applications of slagment in Southeast Asia and New Zealand wells.

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    Slagment, a blend of blast furnace slag and cement, provides advantages over cement such as reduced permeability, higher strength, and greater resistance to carbonation and sulfate attack, making it applicable for wells with high CO2, H2S, or temperature. Slagment designs typically use 50-70% blast furnace slag blended with Class A or C cement to optimize strength development and resistance to downhole conditions. Case histories demonstrate successful applications of slagment in Southeast Asia and New Zealand wells.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    41 views23 pages

    Slagment As CO Slagment As CO Resistant Resistant System System System System

    Uploaded by

    Balkis Fatiha
    Slagment, a blend of blast furnace slag and cement, provides advantages over cement such as reduced permeability, higher strength, and greater resistance to carbonation and sulfate attack, making it applicable for wells with high CO2, H2S, or temperature. Slagment designs typically use 50-70% blast furnace slag blended with Class A or C cement to optimize strength development and resistance to downhole conditions. Case histories demonstrate successful applications of slagment in Southeast Asia and New Zealand wells.

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    Slagment as CO2 Resistant

    System
    Presentation Outline
    • Introduction
    • Characteristics of Slagment
    • Carbonation
    • Sulfate Attack
    • Slagment Slurry Designs
    • Applications
    • Case Histories
    • The Way Forward
    • The Summary
    Introduction
    • BFS
    – Glass-
    Glass-like nonmetallic calcium
    calcium--magnesium silicate-
    silicate-
    aluminosilicate
    – Formed during iron manufacturing process
    – When discharged from blast furnace, quickly
    quenched with H2O to form granulated glass
    – ground to a fineness close to Portland cement’s
    cement’s
    – consists of Silica (SiO2), Alumina (Al2O3), Magnesia
    (MgO) and Calcia (CaO)
    – More consistent than Portland cement
    – Cheaper than Portland cement
    Introduction
    Introduction
    Typical Composition:
    – CaO: 37.7%
    – SiO2: 37%
    – Al2O3: 8.4%
    – MgO: 10.8%
    – Fe2O3: 2.6%
    – SO3: 0.1%
    – Insolubles: 0.85%
    Introduction
    Percent
    Constituent 1949a. 1957a. 1968a. 1985a.
    Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range
    Calcium Oxide (CaO) 41 34-48 41 31-47 39 32-44 39 34-43
    Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) 36 31-45 36 31-44 36 32-40 36 27-38
    Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) 13 10-17 13 8-18 12 8-20 10 7-12
    Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 7 1-15 7 2-16 11 2-19 12 7-15
    Iron
    0.5 0.1-1.0 0.5 0.2-0.9 0.4 0.2-0.9 0.5 0.2-1.6
    (FeO or Fe2O3)
    Manganese Oxide
    0.8 0.1-1.4 0.8 0.2-2.3 0.5 0.2-2.0 0.44 0.15-0.76
    (MnO)
    Sulfur
    1.5 0.9-2.3 1.6 0.7-2.3 1.4 0.6-2.3 1.4 1.0-1.9
    (S)
    a. Data source is the National Slag Association data: 1949 (22 sources); 1957 (29 sources); 1968 (30 sources) and 1985 (18
    sources).
    Introduction
    • BFS Blaine fineness is higher than
    Portland cement’s
    – ~ 400 – 500 m2/kg for BFS
    – ~ 280 – 350 m2/kg for G cement
    • Specific Gravity:
    – BFS 2.9
    – PC 3.2
    Introduction
    • BFS blended with Cement to form
    Slagment
    • Typically Slagment blends:
    – 60% : 40% (BFS : Cement)
    – Ratios range from (20% : 80%) to (80% : 20%)
    Characteristics of Slagment
    • Denser CSH microstructure
    • Lower permeability
    • Better fluid loss control
    • Higher gas migration control
    • Higher long
    long--term strength/durability
    • Lower early strength
    • Lower heat of hydration
    • Lower water demand
    • Higher sulfate resistance
    • Higher resistance to carbonation
    • More consistent response with lignosulfonate
    retarder (R
    (R--15LS, R-
    R-21LS)
    Characteristics of Slagment
    OPC 75% OPC 50% OPC 25% OPC
    (Ref.) 25% BFS 50% BFS 75% BFS
    Water demand (%)* 26.25 25.25 25.00 26.50
    Setting times (min.)
    - initial 180 185 210 220
    - final 230 255 270 295
    Compressive strength (psi)
    - at 2 days 3582 2872 1856 899
    - at 7 days 5700 5250 4322 3437
    - at 28 days 7629 7310 7469 6990
    - at 56 days 7977 8224 8644 7847
    - at 90 days 8586 8760 9355 8383
    Pore size distribution at 28 days*
    - total porosity (%) 14 14.4 13.6 13.9
    - spec. pore surface (m2/g) 5.1 5.9 7 9.4
    - average pore radius (nm) 49 41 30 19
    * expressed in % of the OPC
    Characteristics of Slagment
    Characteristics of Slagment
    Carbonation
    • CO2 dissolves in H2O to form carbonic
    acid
    • C3S and C2S in Portland cement react
    with water to form CSH and Ca(OH)2
    • Carbonic acid reacts with Ca(OH)2 to
    form CaCO3
    • Carbonic acid reacts with CSH to form
    weak and porous silica gel
    • Above reactions reduces pH
    Carbonation
    Carbonation
    • Casing exposed to hydrating cement
    slurry rapidly forms a thin passivity layer
    of oxide
    • Passivation is state of steel which has
    passivity layer of oxide protecting steel
    from reaction with oxygen and water
    • Reduction in pH destroys “passivation”
    on casing
    Carbonation
    • End Results:
    – Deteriorating strengths of cement
    – Higher cement permeability
    – Gas migration likelihood increased
    – Corroded and pitted casings
    – Interzonal communication effected
    – Burst or collapsed casings
    Carbonation
    • Slagment helps reduce carbonation by:
    – Forming denser CSH microstructure
    – Reducing cement permeability
    – Reducing the formation of Ca(OH)2
    – Increasing silica content of cement
    – Preventing reduction in pH
    Sulfate Attack
    • Sulfates attack Ca(OH)2, CSH and calcium
    aluminate hydrate
    – Produces weak and expansive gypsum
    – Causes disruptive expansion
    – Destroys CSH
    – Causes cracking
    – Causes loss of cohesion
    • Severity of Attack:
    – <150 ppm Mild
    – 150 – 1500 ppm Moderate
    – 1500 – 10000 ppm Severe
    – >10000 ppm Very Severe
    Sulfate Attack
    • Slagment helps reduce sulfate attack by:
    – Reducing formation of Ca(OH)2
    – Reducing ingress of sulfates into cement
    • Dense microstructure
    • Low permeability
    – Reducing the availability of C3A
    • C3A reacts with gypsum to form ettringite,
    resulting in disruptive expansion
    – Increasing silica content of cement
    • Improves strength
    Slagment Slurry Design
    • Better strength development when
    BFS used with:
    – finer cement (Class C)
    – High C3A content cement (Class A & C)
    • For highest medium-
    medium-term strength,
    use 50:50 ratio
    • For highest long
    long--term strength, use
    60 to 70% BFS content
    Slagment Slurry Design
    • Replace 65% of cement with BFS
    – Reduces resultant Ca(OH)2 formed
    – BFS hydrates without forming Ca(OH)2
    – BFS has ~ 35% silica (22.75% from total cementitious
    material)
    • Add another 12.25% to get 35% total silica

    • Use Class A cement at 35%


    • Add BA
    BA--100LS to further improve gas
    migration control
    • Add FL
    FL--45LS, FLFL--33LS, FL
    FL--63L to
    control fluid loss
    Applications
    • CO2 presence
    – Concentration of 10% - 30% moderate attack
    – Concentration of > 30% strong attack
    • H2S presence
    – Concentration of > 150 ppm
    • High temperature
    – Geothermal wells
    – Silica can be included in the form of BFS, instead of
    silica flour
    • Reduces permeability while combats strength retrogression
    The Summary
    • Slagment is applicable for high CO2 &
    H2S content and high temperature
    wells
    • Slagment has a lot of advantages over
    normal cement
    • BJ has good track records with
    Slagment in APR – Malaysia,
    Indonesia, Myanmar, New Zealand

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