Panimalar Engineering College: Jaisakthi Educational Trust

PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(A CHRISTIAN MINORITY INSTITUTION)

JAISAKTHI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
ACCREDITED BY NATIONAL BOARD OF ACCREDITATION (NBA)
BANGALORE TRUNK ROAD, VARADHARAJAPURAM,
NASARATHPET, POONAMALLEE, CHENNAI – 600 123.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
EC 6712 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB
IV ECE - VII SEMESTER

LAB MANUAL
(2017 – 2018 ODD SEMESTER)
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
VISION
To emerge as a centre of excellence in providing quality education and produce

technically competent Electronics and Communication Engineers to meet the needs of industry
and Society.
MISSION
M1: To provide best facilities, infrastructure and environment to its students, researchers and
faculty members to meet the Challenges of Electronics and Communication Engineering
field.
M2: To provide quality education through effective teaching – learning process for their future
career, viz placement and higher education.
M3: To expose strong insight in the core domains with industry interaction.
M4: Prepare graduates adaptable to the changing requirements of the society through life long
learning.
PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
1. To prepare graduates to analyze, design and implement electronic circuits and systems using
the knowledge acquired from basic science and mathematics.
2. To train students with good scientific and engineering breadth so as to comprehend, analyze,
design and create novel products and solutions for real life problems.
3. To introduce the research world to the graduates so that they feel motivated for higher studies
and innovation not only in their own domain but multidisciplinary domain.
4. Prepare graduates to exhibit professionalism, ethical attitude, communication skills, teamwork
and leadership qualities in their profession and adapt to current trends by engaging in lifelong
learning.
5. To practice professionally in a collaborative, team oriented manner that embraces the
multicultural environment of today’s business world.
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
1. Engineering Knowledge: Able to apply the knowledge of Mathematics, Science, Engineering
fundamentals and an Engineering specialization to the solution of complex Engineering
problems.
2. Problem Analysis: Able to identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex Engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
Mathematics, Natural sciences, and Engineering sciences.
3. Design / Development of solutions: Able to design solution for complex Engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate considerations for the public health and safety and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Able to use Research - based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Able to create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern Engineering IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex Engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The Engineer and society: Able to apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
access societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional Engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Able to understand the impact of the professional
Engineering solutions in societal and environmental context, and demonstrate the knowledge
of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Able to apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the Engineering practice.
9. Individual and Team work: Able to function effectively as an individual, and as a member
or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Able to communicate effectively on complex Engineering activities with
the Engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
11. Project Management and Finance: Able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life – long learning: Able to recognize the needs for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest contest of technological change.
PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
1. Graduates should demonstrate an understanding of the basic concepts in the primary area of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, including: analysis of circuits containing both
active and passive components, electronic systems, control systems, electromagnetic
systems, digital systems, computer applications and communications.
2. Graduates should demonstrate the ability to utilize the mathematics and the fundamental
knowledge of Electronics and Communication Engineering to design complex systems which
may contain both software and hardware components to meet the desired needs.
3. The graduates should be capable of excelling in Electronics and Communication Engineering
industry/Academic/Software companies through professional careers.
4. The graduates should be capable of excelling in Electronics and Communication Engineering
industry/Academic/Software companies through professional careers.
INDEX
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EC 6712 Optical & Microwave Lab Department of ECE
CONTENTS
SL.NO PARTICULARS PAGE NO
1 SYLLABUS 2
2 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS 3
3 CYCLE OF EXPERIMENTS 4
4 IDENTIFICATION OF COMPONENTS 88
5 VIVA VOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS 94
Panimalar Engineering College 1 ISO 9001:2000

SYLLABUS
EC 6712 OPTICAL & MICROWAVE LAB LTPC
0 0 3 2
OPTICAL EXPERIMENTS
1. DC Characteristics of LED and Photo diode
2. Mode Characteristics of Fibers
3. Measurement of connector and bending losses
4. Fiber optic Analog and Digital Link – frequency response(analog) and eye
diagram(digital)
5. Numerical Aperture determination for Fibers
6. Attenuation Measurement in Fibers
MICROWAVE EXPERIMENTS
1. Reflex klystron or GUNN diode characteristics and basic microwave parameter
measurement such as VSWR, Frequency, wavelength.
2. Directional Coupler Characteristics.
3. Radiation Pattern of Horn Antenna.
4. S - parameter Measurement of the following microwave components (Isolator,
Circulator, E plane Tee, H plane Tee, Magic Tee)
5. Attenuation and Power Measurement
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
SL.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTS PAGE NO
1 Characteristics of LED & Photo Diode 7
2 Mode Characteristics of Optical Fibers 13
3 Measurement of Losses in Optical Fibers 17
4 Setting up a Fiber Optic Analog & Digital Link 23
5 Measurement of Numerical Aperture 29
6 Characteristics of Reflex Klystron 33
7 Characteristics of Gunn Diode 37
8 Measurement of VSWR 43
9 Measurement of Frequency and Wavelength 47
10 S - Parameters Measurement of Directional Coupler 51
11 Radiation Pattern of Horn Antenna 55
12 S - Parameters Measurement of Isolator and Circulator 59
13 S - Parameters Measurement of Magic Tee 63
14 Attenuation and Power Measurement 67
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS
SL.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTS PAGE NO

15 Digital Time Division Multiplexing 71
RS-232 Serial Communication between two Computers using
16 75
Fiber Optic Digital Link
17 Voice Communication by using Microwave Test Bench 83
18 S – Parameters Measurement of Micro Strip Devices 85

CYCLE OF EXPERIMENTS
I CYCLE
1. Measurement of Numerical Aperture

2. Measurement of Losses in Optical Fibers
3. Characteristics of Reflex Klystron
4. Characteristics of Gunn Diode
5. Setting up a Fiber Optic Analog & Digital Link
6. Measurement of Frequency and Wavelength
7. Measurement of VSWR
8. Digital Time Division Multiplexing
9. Voice Communication by using Microwave Test Bench
II CYCLE
10. Characteristics of LED & Photo Diode

11. Mode Characteristics of Optical Fibers
12. S - Parameters Measurement of Directional Coupler
13. Radiation Pattern of Horn Antenna
14. S - Parameters Measurement of Isolator and Circulator
15. S - Parameters Measurement of Magic Tee
16. Attenuation and Power Measurement
17. RS-232 Serial Communication between two Computers using Fiber Optic Digital
Link
18. S – Parameters Measurement of Micro Strip Devices

OPTICAL TRAINER KIT
MICROWAVE TEST BENCH


CHARACTERISTICS OF LED AND PHOTO DIODE

EXP.NO : DATE :
AIM :
To determine the characteristics of fiber optic LED and Photo detector.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED :
1. Optical Trainer Kit (FCL-01 & 02)

2. Optical Fiber Cable (1m)
3. Patch chords
4. Jumper to crocodile wires
5. Power supply
6. Volt meter & Ammeter
THEORY :
In optical fiber communication system, electrical signal is first converted into

optical signal with the help of E / O conversion device as LED. After this optical signal is
transmitted through optical fiber, it is retrieved in its original electrical form with the help
of O / E conversion device as photo detector.
The most significant features of LEDs, which are used for optical communication
include high modulation rate capability, high radiance, high reliability and emission
wavelengths restricted to the near infrared spectral regions of low attenuation in fibers.
Photo detectors usually come in variety of forms like photo conductive,
photovoltaic, transistor type output and diode type output. Here also characteristics to be
taken into account are response time of the detector, which puts the limitation on the
operating frequency, wavelength sensitivity and responsivity.

TABULATION :
LED CHARECTERISTICS
Vf (V) If (mA) Pi (mW) Po (μW)
PHOTO DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
Ip (μA) R (mA)
Vf = Forward voltage of LED, If = Forward current of LED

Pi = V * I (Electrical power), Po = Pi * 1.15% (Optical power of LED)
Vo = Output voltage of Photo diode, Ip = Output current of Photo diode
R = Ip / Po (Responsivity)

PROCEDURE :
1. Make connections as shown in fig. Connect the power supply with proper
polarity to FCL-01 & FCL-02 kits. While connecting this, ensure that the
power supply is OFF.
2. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SHF756V (660nm). Do not remove the cap
from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the 1-meter fiber into the
cap. Now tighten the cap by screwing it back.
3. Slightly unscrew the cap of Photo Diode SFH250V. Do not remove the cap
from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the other end of fiber into
the cap. Now tighten the cap by screwing it back.
4. Keep the jumpers JP1, JP2, JP3 & JP4 on FCL-01 as shown in fig.
5. Keep the jumpers JP1 & JP2 on FCL-02 as shown in fig.
6. Keep the switch S2 in VI position on FCL-01.
7. Connect Volt meter and Ammeter as per the polarities.
8. Switch on the power supply.
9. Keep the potentiometer P3 in its maximum position (anti-clockwise). P3 is
used to control current flowing through the LED.
10. Keep the potentiometer P4 in its fully clockwise. P4 is used to control bias
voltage of the LED.
11. To get the VI characteristics of LED, rotate P3 slowly and measure forward
current and corresponding forward voltage. Take number of such readings for
various current values and plot VI characteristics graph for the LED.
12. For each reading taken above, find out the power, which is product of V and I.
This is the electrical power supplied to the LED.
13. Plot the graph of forward current v/s output optical power of the LED.

MODEL GRAPH :
VI CHARACTERISTICS
I (mA)
V (volts)
PI CHARACTERISTICS
I (μA)
P (μW)

14. Similarly measure the current at the detector.

15. Plot the graph of receiver current v/s output optical power of the LED.
16. Perform the above procedure again for all the combinations of Transmitter
and Receiver.
17. Calculate the responsivity of the detector
R = Ip / Po (A/W) = Photo current in μA / Optical power in μW
Quantum efficiency (η) = (Ip / q) / (Po / hf)
q = 1.60218 x 10-19 C, h = 6.6356 x 10-13 J.s,
f = c / λ = (3 x 108 m/s) / 850nm or η = R. hf / q, R = Responsivity
RESULT :
Thus the characteristics of fiber optic LED and Photo detector are studied.


MODE CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTICAL FIBER

EXP.NO : DATE :
AIM :
To study the mode characteristics of fiber optic cable and observe the lower order
Linearly Polarized (LP) modes.
1. LASER Source (633 nm – 1mW)

2. Source to Fiber Coupler
3. Single Mode Fiber
4. Fiber Holding Stand
5. Opaque Screen
THEORY :
The central spot carries 95% of the intensity for laser beams with Gaussian
profile. I = Ioe-2(r / w) ^2 where e = 2.718 is the base of the natural logarithm. An accepted
definition of a radius of a Gaussian beam is the distance at which the beam intensity has
dropped to 1/e2 = 0.135 times its peak value Io. This radius is called spot size. The spot
diameter is w.
Spot Diameter (d) micron = Focal length of the Lens (f) mm x Laser beam full
divergence angle (DA) mrad.
In order to achieve maximum coupling efficiency, the fiber core diameter has to
be bigger than the spot diameter.
NA rays = Laser Beam Diameter (B.D.)
2 x Lens Focal Length (f)
The source coupler is comprised of two base plates. One of the base plates
contains a focusing lens and a female connector receptacle. The other base plate is
attached onto the laser. An O-ring is sandwiched between the base plates. Threaded
screws interconnect the two base plates. A screw driver to alter the angular orientation of
one base plate relative to the other can then adjust the screws.
The number of modes propagating through the fiber depends on V-number. If the
fiber whose V-number is less than 2.045, it allows to propagate single mode through it, so
it is called as Single Mode fiber. For a Multimode fiber, V-number is slightly greater than
2.045 but the number of allowed modes is small enough so that they may be individually
identified when the output of the fiber is examined.
When V < 2.045, then only a single mode may propagate in the fiber waveguide.
This mode is HE11 mode or LP01 – Linearly Polarized mode.
When V > 2.045, other modes may propagate, when V is slightly greater than
2.045 i.e. V = 4.91 then 4 Linearly Polarized modes will propagate through fiber.
PROCEDURE :
1. Keep optical bread board onto original and flat table surface, so that it will not
toggle.
2. Fix the pre-fitted cylindrical head of the He-Ne laser source on to the surface
of the bread board from the bottom side with the help of Allen screws
provided with it. Confirm the rigid ness of the mount.
3. Fix the laser to the fiber coupler mount on to the bread board with base plate
orientation of it towards He-Ne laser exit.
4. Turn on the He-Ne laser and locate the beam spot on the central portion of the
laser-fiber coupling lens assembly by adjusting the vertical and horizontal
travel arrangement provided with the mount. Tighten the screws of the vertical
and horizontal slots.
5. Now look for the back reflection of the He-Ne laser spot from the rod lens of
the coupler. In case if you found the back spot, away from the exit of the
cylindrical laser head of the laser, adjust the back-reflected spot going back in
exit hole by slowly moving the four screws provided for the laser mount.
6. Confirm the central alignment of the laser beam at the exit of the laser fiber
coupler by putting a white card sheet and zooming the spot on to it. In case the
spot is found of center, adjust it to the center by slightly moving the screws of
the laser mount.

7. Put the multimode optical patch cord on to the laser fiber coupler exit and fix
the other end of the fiber in the fiber holding stand by moving the grub screws
provided with the holder.
8. Notice the bright laser beam spot coming out of the fiber. Adjust the height of
exit tip of the fiber to about 50mm. Min. from the white sheet of the paper.
9. Observe the bright round shape circular spot with laser speckle pattern on to
the screen. Multimode pattern can be refined by screws provided with laser-
fiber coupler. Slightly adjusting or moving the screws on the laser mount,
view the change in pattern of this multimode spot.
10. After observing the multimode pattern, change multimode fiber optic patch
cord with single mode fiber patch cord.
11. For single mode patch cord, the blur pattern of the various single mode
patterns will appear on the screen. That is, single circular two lobes, three
lobes and four lobes patterns can be very well observed by slightly adjusting
the Allen screws of the laser-fiber coupler.
OBSERVATION & CALCULATION :

Parameter of given fiber are,
A = 4.5μm (core radius), N.A = 0.11, λ = 633nm
V = 2 π x A x N.A / λ = 4.91
From fig. shows only 4 LP modes propagates.
Total number of modes = V2 / 2 = 4.912 / 2 = 12
RESULT :
Thus the mode characteristics of fiber optic cable are studied and the lower order
Linearly Polarized modes are observed


MEASUREMENT OF LOSSES IN OPTICAL FIBER

EXP.NO : DATE :
AIM :
To measure the propagation loss, bending loss and connector loss in the optical
fiber.
1. Optical Trainer Kit (FCL-01 & 02)

2. 1 , 3 Meter & Connectorized Fiber Cable
3. Patch Chords
4. Power Supply
5. CRO
THEORY :
Optical fibers are available in different variety of materials. These materials are
usually selected by taking into account their absorption characteristics for different
wavelengths of light. In case of optical fiber, since the signal is transmitted in the form of
light, which is completely different in nature as that of electrons, one has to consider the
interaction of matter with the radiation to study the losses in fiber. Losses are introduced
in fiber due to various reasons. As light propagates from one end of fiber to another end,
part of it is absorbed in the material exhibiting absorption loss. Also part of the light is
reflected back or in some other direction from the impurity particles present in the
material contributing to the loss of the signal at the other and of the fiber. In general
terms, it is known as propagation loss. Plastic fibers have higher loss of the order of 180
dB/Km. whenever the condition for angle of incidence of the incident light is violated,
the losses are introduced due to refraction of light. This occurs when fiber is subjected to
bending. Lower the radius of curvature more is the loss. Other losses are due to the
coupling of fiber at LED & photo detector ends.

TABULATION :
PROPAGATION LOSS
POWER =
P2 (1m fiber) P1 (3m fiber)
10 log (P2/P1) dB
CONNECTOR LOSS
P1
P2 (1m fiber) LOSS = P2 – P1
(Connectorized fibers)

PROCEDURE :
A) MEASUREMENT OF PROPAGATION LOSS
1. Make connections as shown in fig. Connect the power supply cables with
proper polarity to FCL-01 & 02 kits. While connecting this, ensure that the
power supply is OFF.
2. Keep the jumpers JP1, JP2, JP3 & JP4 on FCL-01 as shown in fig.
4. Keep switch S2 in VI position on FCL-01.
6. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH756V (660nm). Do not remove the cap
from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the 1 meter fiber into the
cap. Now tighten the cap by screwing it back.
7. Now rotate the optical power control pot P3 in FCL-01 in anticlockwise
direction. This ensures minimum current flow through LED.
8. Slightly unscrew the cap of Photo Diode SFH250V. Do not remove the cap
from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the other end of fiber into
the cap. Now tighten cap by screwing it back.
9. Keep switch SW1 to SIGNAL STRENGTH position in FCL-02
10. Connect the output of Photo Diode detector post OUT to post IN of Signal
Strength Indicator block.
11. Observe the signal strength by adjusting the TRANSMITTER LEVEL using
Intensity control pot P3.
12. Measure the light output using the SIGNAL STRENGTH section of the kit.
The loss will be larger for a longer piece of fiber. In order to measure the loss
in the fiber a short piece of fiber is used as a reference from the LIGHT
TRANSMITTER.

TABULATION :
BENDING LOSS
BENDING (SIZE) SIGNAL STRENGTH
NO BEND
BEND @ 1
BEND @ 2
BEND @ 3
BEND @ 4
BEND@1 BEND@2
BEND@3 BEND@4

13. Now remove the 1 meter and insert the 3 meter fiber.
14. Loss in optical fiber systems is usually measured in dB. Loss of fiber itself is
measured in dB per meter.
15. Subtract the length of the short fiber from the length of the long fiber to get
the difference in the fiber lengths (3m – 1m). The extra length of two meters is
what created the extra loss measured. Then take the signal strength reading
obtained for the loss of the long fiber and convert it to dB using the equation.
Power = 10 log (P2 / P1) dB.
P2 – Reference reading by 1 meter fiber.
P1 – Reference obtained after replacing 3 meter fiber.
B) MEASUREMENT OF BENDING LOSS

1. Keep the connections with 1 meter fiber as per the above procedure.
2. Adjust the transmitter power so that the SIGNAL STRENGTH reading is 8.
Now take the portion of the fiber and loop it to match the bends as shown in
fig. As you match each bends write down the reading from signal strength
indicator. Don’t bend the fiber too tightly or it may not come back to shape.
3. Measure the loss for a number of different bends.
C) MEASUREMENT OF CONNECTOR LOSS

1. Keep the connections with 1 meter fiber as per the above procedure.
2. Adjust the transmitter power so that the SIGNAL STRENGTH reading is 8.
3. Remove the 1 meter fiber and insert 0.5 meter connectorized fibers through
connecting sleeve. What reading you get on the signal strength? Now take
your loss from this measurement, say 7dB and subtract it from 8dB. Your
connector loss is then 8dB – 7dB = 1dB this is actual connector loss.
RESULT :
Thus the losses in optical fiber are measured.


SETTING UP A FIBER OPTIC ANALOG & DIGITAL LINK

EXP.NO : DATE :
AIM :
To establish an optical transmission using analog and digital link.
1. Optical Trainer Kit (FCL-03)

2. Function Generator (FG-02)
3. 1 Meter Fiber Cable
4. Patch Chords
5. Power Supply
6. CRO
THEORY :
Fiber optic links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals.
Basically, a fiber optic link contains three main elements, a transmitter, an optical fiber
and a receiver. The transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical form and then
transforms it into optical (light) energy containing the same information. The optical fiber
is the medium, which carries this energy to the receiver. At the receiver, light is
converted back into electrical form with the same pattern as originally fed to the
transmitter.
PROCEDURE :
ANALOG LINK
1. Make the connection as shown in fig. Connect the power supply cables with
proper polarity to FCL-03 kit. While connecting this, ensure that the power
supply is OFF.
2. Connect function generator FG-02 to FCL-03 using power cable.

MODEL GRAPH :
ANALOG LINK :
Gain
Frequency (Hz)
DIGITAL LINK :
Vin Vout
Time Time


5. Connect the 2 KHz, 2Vpp signal from FG-02 as a constant signal to the IN
post of Analog Buffer on FCL-03.
6. Connect the output of Analog Buffer post OUT to post TX IN.
from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap.
Now tighten the cap by screwing it back.
8. Now rotate the optical power control pot P3 in FCL-03 in anticlockwise
direction. This ensures minimum current flow through LED.
9. Slightly unscrew the cap of RX2 Photo Diode SFH250V. Do not remove the
cap from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the other end of fiber
into the cap. Now tighten the cap by screwing it back.
10. Observe the output signal from the detector at ANALOG OUT post on
Oscilloscope by adjusting optical power control pot P3 in clockwise direction
and you should get the reproduction of the original transmitted signal.
11. To measure the analog bandwidth of the link, keep the same connections and
vary the frequency of the input signal from 100Hz onwards. Measure the
amplitude of the received signal for each frequency reading.
12. Plot a graph of Gain/Frequency. Measure the frequency range for which the
response if flat.
TABULATION :
INPUT VOLTAGE
FREQUENCY (KHz) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) GAIN (Vo/Vi)


DIGITAL LINK
3. Connect the TTL signal from FG-02 as a constant signal to the IN post of
Digital Buffer on FCL – 03.
4. Connect the output of Digital Buffer post OUT to post TX IN.
6. Slightly unscrew the cap of RX1 Photo Transistor with TTL logic output
SFH551V. Do not remove the cap from the connector. Once the cap is
loosened, insert the other end of fiber in to the cap. Now tighten the cap by
screwing it back.
7. Observe the output signal from the detector at TTL OUT post on Oscilloscope
you should get the reproduction of the original transmitted signal.
8. To measure the digital bandwidth of the link, keep the same connections and
vary the frequency of the input signal from 100Hz onwards. Observe the
variation in duty cycle of the received signal for each frequency reading and
determine the maximum bit rate that can be transmitted on the digital link.
TABULATION :
INPUT OUTPUT
FREQUENCY (Hz)
TON TOFF TON TOFF
RESULT :
Thus the fiber optic analog and digital links are established.


MEASUREMENT OF NUMERICAL APERTURE

EXP.NO : DATE :
AIM :
To measure the numerical aperture (NA) of the optical fiber

3. NA Measurement JIG
4. Ruler
5. Power Supply
THEORY :
Numerical aperture is a characteristic parameter of any given fiber’s light

gathering capability defined by the sine of half angle over which a fiber can accept light.
It refers to the maximum angle at which the light incident on the fiber end is totally
internally reflected and is transmitted properly along the fiber. The cone formed by the
rotation of this angle along the axis of the fiber is the cone of acceptance of the fiber. The
light ray should strike the fiber end within its cone of acceptance; else it is refracted out
of the fiber core.
PROCEDURE :
supply is OFF.
3. Keep the jumpers JP1, JP2 & JP4 on FCL-01 as shown in fig.

4. Keep switch S2 in VI position on FCL-01.

TABULATION :
DISTANCE VERTICAL HORIZONTAL RADIUS

(d) MR PN r = MR+PN / 4
CALCULATION :
NA = sinθ max = r / d2 + r2
Where θ max is the maximum angle at which the light incident is properly
transmitted through the fiber.


6. Insert the other end of the fiber into the numerical aperture measurement jig
Hold the white sheet facing the fiber. Adjust the fiber such that its cut face is
perpendicular to the axis of the fiber.
7. Keep the distance of about 10mm between the fiber tip and the screen. Gently
tighten the screw and thus fix the fiber in the place.
8. Observe the bright red light spot on the screen by varying intensity pot P3 and
bias pot P4.
9. Measure exactly the distance d and also the vertical and horizontal diameters
MR and PN as indicated in the fig.
10. Mean radius is calculated using the formula r = (MR + PN) / 4.
11. Find the numerical aperture of the fiber using the formula.
RESULT :
Thus the numerical aperture of optical fiber is measured.

BLOCK DIAGRAM :
Klystron
Power VSWR
Supply Meter
Klystron Variable Frequency Detector

Isolator
Mount Attenuator Meter Mount
CRO
TABULATION :
REPELLER POWER FREQUENCY TUNING

VOLTAGE (V) (W) (GHz) RANGE

CHARACTERISTICS OF REFLEX KLYSTRON

EXP.NO : DATE :
AIM :
To study the characteristics of the reflex klystron and to determine its electronic
tuning range.
Klystron Power Supply, Klystron Tube with Klystron Mount, Isolator, Variable
Attenuator, Frequency Meter, Detector Mount, Waveguide Stands, VSWR Meter,
CRO, Cables and Accessories.
THEORY :
The reflex klystron makes the use of velocity modulation to transform a
continuous electron beam into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are
accelerated and passed through the positive resonator towards negative reflector, which
retards and finally reflects the electrons and the electrons turn back through resonator.
Suppose an RF -field exists between the resonators the electrons traveling forward will be
accelerated or retarded, as the voltage at the resonator changes in amplitude. The
accelerated electrons leave the resonator at an increased velocity and the retarded
electrons leave at the reduced velocity. The electrons leaving the resonator will need
different time to return, due to change in velocities. As a result, returning electrons group
together in bunches, As the electron bunches pass through resonator, they interact with
voltage at resonator grids. If the bunches pass the grid at such a time that the electrons are
slowed down by the voltage then energy will be delivered to the resonator; and klystron
will oscillate.
The frequency is primarily determined by the dimensions of resonant cavity.
Hence, by changing the volume of resonator, mechanical tuning of klystron is possible,
Also a small frequency change can be obtained by adjusting the reflector voltage. This is
called electronic tuning

MODEL GRAPH :
Power
(mW)
Frequency Repeller Voltage (V)

(GHz)
Repeller Voltage (V)

PROCEDURE :
1. Set the components and equipment as shown in figure.
2. Before switching ON the power supply keep the control knobs of Klystron
power supply as below.
Meter switch – OFF position
Mod selector switch – AM position
AM Frequency & Amplitude - Mid position
Beam voltage – Fully anticlockwise
Reflector voltage – Fully clockwise
Standby switch – ON position
3. Keep the control knob of VSWR meter as below
Input switch – Low Impedance
SWR Range switch – 40dB
Meter switch – Normal
Gain (course & Fine) – Mid position.
4. Initially set the variable attenuator for maximum attenuation.
5. Rotate the knob of frequency meter at maximum position.
6. Switch ‘ON’ the Klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan.
7. Change the meter switch to beam voltage position and rotate beam voltage
knob clockwise slowly up to 300V.
8. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get any mode of klystron tube can be
seen on an oscilloscope.
9. Take down the readings any three modes, Measure the frequency using
frequency meter and corresponding reading of power at VSWR meter.
RESULT :
Thus the characteristics of reflex klystron are studied and its electronic tuning
range is determined.

BLOCK DIAGRAM :
Gunn
Power VSWR
Supply Meter
Gunn PIN Variable Frequency Detector

Isolator
Oscillator Modulator Attenuator Meter Mount
CRO
TABULATION :
OUTPUT POWER AND FREQUENCY
GUNN BIAS (V) POWER (dB) FREQUENCY (GHz)

CHARACTERISTICS OF GUNN DIODE

EXP.NO :
DATE :
AIM :
To generate the microwave signal using Gunn diode and determine the following
characteristics of Gunn diode.
a) V-I characteristics of Gunn diode
b) Output power and frequency as a function of bias voltage.
Gunn Power Supply, Gunn Oscillator, PIN Modulator, Isolator, Variable
CRO, Cables and Accessories.
THEORY :
The Gunn oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk
semiconductors, which has two conduction bands minima separated by an energy gap. A
disturbance at the cathode gives rise to high field region, which travels towards the
anode. When this high field domain reaches the anode, it disappears and another domain
is formed at the cathode and starts moving towards anode and so on. The time required
for domain to travel from cathode to anode (transit time) gives oscillation frequency.
In a Gunn oscillator, the Gunn diode is placed in a resonant cavity. In this case the
oscillation frequency is determined by cavity dimension then by diode itself.
Although Gunn oscillator can be amplitude modulated with the bias voltage. We
have used separate PIN modulator through PIN diode for square wave modulation.
A measure of the square wave modulation capability is the modulation depth i.e.
the output ratio between, ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ state.

TABULATION :
V-I CHARACTERISTICS
GUNN BIAS (V) CURRENT (mA)
MODEL GRAPH :
Current
(mA)
Threshold Voltage
Gunn Bias (V)

PROCEDURE :
A) V-I CHARACTERISTICS OF GUNN DIODE
2. Before switching ON the power supply keep the control knobs of Gunn power
supply as below.
Gunn bias and PIN bias knob – Fully anticlockwise
Meter switch – Voltage position.
Selector switch – INT position
Mod Frequency knob – Any position.
5. Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator for required frequency of operation.
6. Switch ON the Gunn power supply, CRO and cooling fan.
7. Rotate PIN bias knob to around maximum position
8. Increase the Gunn bias voltage control knob up to 7 volts.
9. Measure the Gunn diode current corresponding to the various voltage
controlled by Gunn bias knob through the panel meter and meter switch.
10. Plot the voltage and current reading on the graph.
11. Measure the threshold voltage which, corresponds to maximum current.
B) OUTPUT POWER AND FREQUENCY AS A FUNCTION OF BIAS VOLTAGE

supply as below.

MODEL GRAPH :
OUTPUT POWER vs. GUNN BIAS
O/P Power
(dB)
Gunn Bias (V)
FREQUENCY vs. GUNN BIAS
Frequency
(GHz)
Gunn Bias (V)


7. Switch ON the Gunn power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan.
10. Tune the output in the VSWR meter through frequency control knob of
modulation.
11. If necessary change the range dB switch of VSWR meter to higher or lower
dB position to get deflection on VSWR meter.
12. Measure the frequency using frequency meter and detune it.
13. Increase the Gun bias voltage in the interval of 6.2, 6.4… and note down the
corresponding reading of output at VSWR meter and frequency by frequency
meter.
14. Use the reading to drawing the Power vs. Voltage and Frequency vs. Voltage
and plot the graph.
RESULT :
Thus the characteristics of Gunn diode are studied and the V-I characteristics,
Output power and Frequency as a function of Gunn bias voltage are also plotted.

BLOCK DIAGRAM :
Klystron
Power Tunable VSWR
Supply Probe Meter
Klystron Variable Frequency Slotted

Isolator S.S. Tuner
Mount Attenuator Meter Section
Matched
Termination
TABULATION :
REPELLER VOLTAGE :
FREQUENCY :
VERNIER SCALE VSWR REFLECTION

READING (cm) ‘S’ COEFFICIENT = S-1/S+1

MEASUREMENT OF VSWR
EXP.NO : DATE :
AIM :
To measure the Voltage Standing Wave-Ratio and Reflection Co-efficient for
matched load
Klystron Power Supply, Klystron Tube with Klystron Mount, Isolator, Variable
Attenuator, Frequency Meter, Slotted Section, Tunable Probe, S.S.Tuner,
Matched Termination, Waveguide Stands, VSWR Meter, CRO, Cables and
Accessories.
THEORY :
The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line may be considered as
the sum of two traveling waves: the ‘Incident Wave’ propagates from generator and the
reflected wave propagates towards the generator. The reflected wave is set up by
reflection of incident wave from a discontinuity on the line or from the load impedance.
The magnitude and phase of reflected wave depends upon amplitude and phase of the
reflecting impedance. The super position of two traveling waves, gives rise to standing
wave along with the line. The maximum field strength is found where two waves are in
phase and minimum where the two waves add in opposite phase. The distance between
two successive minimum is half the guide wavelength on the line. The ratio of electrical
field strength of reflected and incident wave is called reflection coefficient.
Hence VSWR denoted by S is
Emax |EI| + |Er|
S= =
Emin |EI| – |Er|
Where EI – Incident Voltage

Er – Reflected Voltage

PROCEDURE :
2. Before switching ON the power supply keep the control knobs of Klystron
power supply as below.
Meter switch – OFF position
Mod selector switch – AM position
AM Frequency & Amplitude - Mid position
Beam voltage – Fully anticlockwise
Reflector voltage – Fully clockwise
Standby switch – ON position
6. Switch ‘ON’ the Klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan.
7. Turn the meter switch of power supply to beam voltage position and set the
beam voltage at 300V with the help of beam voltage knob.
8. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some deflection in VSWR meter.
9. Maximize the deflection with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of
power supply.
10. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for maximum deflection.
11. Tune the probe for maximum deflection in VSWR.
12. Tune the frequency meter knob to get dip on the VSWR scale, and note down
the frequency directly from the frequency meter.
13. Keep the depth of pin of S.S.Tuner to around 3 – 4mm and lock it.
14. Move the probe along with slotted line to get maximum deflection.
15. Adjust VSWR meter gain control knob such that the meter indicates 1.0 on the
normal upper SWR scale.

16. Move the probe to next minima point note down the SWR = S0 on the scale.
Also note down the probe position, let it be‘d’.
S–1
17. Calculate the Reflection Coefficient |ρ| =
S+1
RESULT :
Thus the VSWR and Reflection Co-efficient is measured using unknown load.

BLOCK DIAGRAM :
Gunn
Power Matched
Supply Termination
Gunn PIN Variable Frequency Slotted

Isolator
Oscillator Modulator Attenuator Meter Section
VSWR Tunable
Meter Probe
TABULATION :
FREQUENCY BY DIRECT METHOD :
INDIRECT METHOD :
VERNIER DISTANCE WAVELENGTH FREE SPACE FREQUENCY

SCLAE B/W TWO OF WAVEGIUDE WAVELENGTH (GHz)
READING MINIMA d (cm) λg = 2d (cm) λo = c/f f = c√[(1/ λg)2+(1/2a)2]

MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH

EXP.NO : DATE :
AIM :
To determine the frequency and wavelength in a rectangular waveguide on TE 10
mode.
Attenuator, Frequency Meter, Slotted Section, Tunable Probe, Matched
Termination, Movable short, Waveguide Stands, VSWR Meter, CRO, Cables and
Accessories.
THEORY :
For dominant TE10 mode in rectangular wave-guide λo, λg and λc are related as
below.
(1/ λo)2 = (1/ λg)2 + (1/ λc)2
were λo is free space wavelength
λg is guide wavelength
λc is cut off wavelength
For TE10 mode, λc = 2a were ‘a’ is broad dimension of waveguide. The following
relationship can be proved
c = f λ were c is velocity of light and f is frequency.
For an air filled hallow pipe waveguide.
λg = λo/√[1-( λo/ λc)2]
For TEmn mode in rectangular waveguide.
λc = 2/√[(m/a)2 + (n/b)2]

For dominant TE10 mode we have,

λc = 2/√[(1/a)2 + (0/b)2] = 2a
Thus, λg = λo/√[1-( λo/2a)2], λg = 1/√[(1/λo)2-(1/2a)2]
1/( λo2) = 1/√[(1/ λg)2 + (1/2a)2]
1/( λo2) = 1/(λg2) + (1/2a2)
f = c/ λo = c√[(1/ λg)2 + (1/2a)2]
The wavelength λg can be measured as twice the distance between minima in the
standard wave pattern.
PROCEDURE :
supply as below.
7. Switch ON the Gunn power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan.
10. Tune the micrometer of Gunn oscillator for maximum deflection in VSWR
meter.

11. Tune the frequency meter knob to get a ‘dip’ on VSWR scale and note down
the frequency directly from the frequency meter.
12. Replace the termination with movable short, and detune the frequency meter.
13. Move the probe along with slotted line, the deflection in VSWR meter will
vary. Move the probe to a minimum deflection position. To get accurate
reading, it is necessary to increase the VSWR range dB to higher position.
Note and record the probe position.
14. Move the probe next minimum position and record the probe position again.
15. Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two successive
minimum positions obtained as above.
16. Measure the wave-guide inner broad dimension ‘a’ which will be around
22.86mm for X-band.
17. Calculate the frequency by following equation.
f = c/ λo = c√[(1/ λg)2 + (1/2a)2]
RESULT :
Thus the frequency and wavelength in a rectangular waveguide on TE10 mode is

determined.
Frequency by direct method :
Frequency by indirect method:
Free space wavelength (λo) :
Guide wavelength (λg) :

BLOCK DIAGRAM :
Klystron
Power VSWR Tunable
Supply Meter Probe
Klystron Variable Frequency Slotted

Isolator
Mount Attenuator Meter Section
Matched
Termination
3
1 MHD 2 Matched
Coupler Termination

S - PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT OF DIRCTIONAL COUPLER

EXP.NO : DATE :
AIM :
To determine the S – parameters measurement of Multi-Hole Directional coupler.
Microwave Source (Klystron or Gunn), Isolator, Variable Attenuator, Frequency
Meter, Slotted Section, Tunable Probe, MHD Coupler, Detector Mount, Matched
Termination, Waveguide Stands, VSWR Meter, CRO, Cables and Accessories.
THEORY :
A directional coupler is a device with which it is possible to measure the incident
and reflected wave separately. It consists of two-transmission line, the main arm and
auxiliary arm, electromagnetically coupled to each other. The power entering port 1 the
main arm gets divided between port 2 and 3 and almost no power comes out in port 4.
Power entering port 2 is divided between port 1 and port 4.
The Coupling factor is defined as
P1
Coupling (dB) = 10 log10 where port 2 is matched
P3
P2
Isolation = 10 log10 where port 1 is matched
P3
P3f
Directivity D (dB) = Isolation – Coupling = 10 log10
P3r
P1
Insertion Loss = 10 log10 when power is entering at port 1
P2

TABULATION :
REPPELLER VOLTAGE :
ARM 1 ARM 2 ARM 3 ARM 4

PROCEDURE :
1. Set up the equipments as shown in fig.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation using
Klystron or Gunn Oscillator
3. Remove the multi-hole directional coupler and connect the detector mount to
the frequency meter. Tune the detector for the maximum output.
4. Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with the help of variable
attenuator, gain control of VSWR meter, and note down the reading.
(Reference level let it be X)
5. Insert the directional coupler with detector to the auxiliary port 3 and matched
termination to port 2, without changing the position of variable attenuator and
gain control of VSWR meter.
6. Note down the reading on VSWR meter on the scale with the help of range dB
switch if required. (let it be Y)
7. Calculate coupling factor, which will be X – Y in dB.
8. Now carefully disconnect the detector from the auxiliary port 3 and matched
termination from port 2 without disturbing the set up.
9. Connect the matched to the auxiliary port 3 and match termination from port 2
without disturbing the set up.
10. Connect the matched termination to the auxiliary port 3 and detector to port 2
and measure the reading on VSWR meter. Suppose it is Z.
11. Compute insertion loss X – Z in dB.
12. Connect the directional coupler in the reverse direction, i.e. port 2 to
frequency meter side, matched termination to port 1 and detector mount to
port 3, without disturbing the position of the variable attenuator and gain
control knob of VSWR meter. Measure and note down the reading on VSWR
meter, let it be Yd.
13. Compute the directivity as Y - Yd and repeat the same for other frequencies.
RESULT :
Thus the S - parameters measurement of directional coupler are determined.

BLOCK DIAGRAM :
Gunn
Power
Supply
Horn
Isolator
Antenna
VSWR
Meter
TABULATION :
GUNN BIAS VOLTAGE :
ZERO BIAS ATTENUATION :
FREQUENCY :
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO HORN ANTENNA :
ANGLE IN DEGREE POWER IN dB ATTENUATION IN dB

RADIATION PATTERN OF HORN ANTENNA

EXP.NO : DATE :
AIM :
To determine the radiation pattern of horn antenna and to measure the Half Power
Beam Width (HPBW).
Attenuator, Frequency Meter, Detector Mount, Two Horn Antenna, Turn Table,
VSWR Meter, CRO, Cables and Accessories.
THEORY :
If a transmission line propagating energy is left open at one end, there will be
radiation from this end. In case of a rectangular wave-guide this antenna presents a
mismatch of about 2:1 and it radiates in many directions. The match will improve if the
open wave-guide is a horn shape.
The radiation pattern of an antenna is a diagram of field strength or more often the
power intensity as a function of the aspect angle at a constant distance from the radiating
antenna. An antenna pattern is of course three-dimensional but for practical reasons it is
normally presented as a two dimensional pattern in one or several planes. An antenna
pattern consists of several lobes, the main lobe, side lobes and the back lobe. The major
power is concentrated in the main lobe and it is required to keep the power in the side
lobes and back lobe as low as possible. The power intensity at the maximum of the main
lobe compared to the power intensity achieved from an imaginary omni-directional
antenna (radiating equally in all directions) with the same power fed to the antenna is
defined as gain of the antenna.

MODEL GRAPH :
ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERN
Relative Power
In dB
-3
Main Lobe of antenna
With Gain G dB
Lobe of
-G omni directional antenna
Side lobe
Back lobe

PROCEDURE :
ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERN PLOTTING

1. Set the components and equipment as shown in figure. Keeping the axis of
both antennas in same axis line.
2. Energize the Microwave source for maximum output at desired frequency
with square wave modulation by tuning square wave amplitude and frequency
of modulating signal of Gunn power supply and by tuning the detector.
3. Obtain full scale deflection (0dB) on normal dB scale (0 – 10dB) at any
convenient range switch position of the VSWR meter by gain control knob of
VSWR meter or by variable attenuator.
4. Turn the receiving horn to the left in 2 or 5 steps up to 40 – 50 and note the
corresponding VSWR dB reading in normal dB range. When necessary
change the range switches to next higher range and add 10dB to the observed
value.
5. Repeat the above step but this time turns the receiving horn to the right and
note down the readings.
6. Draw a relative power pattern i.e. output V/S angle.
7. From diagram determine 3dB-beam width of the horn antenna can be
measured.
RESULT :
Thus the radiation pattern is determined and the Half Power Beam Width are
measured

BLOCK DIAGRAM :
Klystron
Power Tunable VSWR
Supply Probe Meter
Klystron Variable Frequency Slotted Detector

Isolator
Mount Attenuator Meter Section Mount
1 Isolator / 2 Detector
Circulator Mount
2 1
Isolator / Detector
Circulator Mount

S - PARAMETERS MESUREMENT OF
ISOLATOR & CIRCULATOR
EXP.NO : DATE :
AIM :
To measure the S - parameters of Isolator & Circulator.
Meter, Slotted Section, Tunable Probe, Isolator, Circulator, Detector Mount,
Matched Termination, Waveguide Stands, VSWR Meter, CRO, Cables and
Accessories.
THEORY :
ISOLATOR
An isolator is a two-port device that transfers energy from input to output with
little attenuation and from output to input with very high attenuation.
CIRCULATOR
The circulator is defined as a device with ports arranged such that energy entering
a port is coupled to an adjacent port but not coupled to other ports. A wave incident on
port 1 is coupled to port 2 only, a incident at port 2 is coupled to port 3 only and so on.
INSERTION LOSS
The ratio of power supplied by a source to the input port to the power detected by
a detector in the coupling arm, i.e. output arm with other port terminated in the matched
load, is defined as insertion loss or forward loss.
ISOLATION
Is the ratio of power fed to input arm to the power detected at not coupled port
with other port terminated in the matched load.

TABULATION :
ISOLATOR
REPELLER VOLTAGE :
P1 PORT 2 (P2) PORT 1 (P3)
CIRCULATOR
REPELLER VOLTAGE :
P1 PORT 2 (P2) PORT 1 (P3)

PROCEDURE :
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in fig.
2. Energize the microwave source for maximum output particular frequency of
operation. Tune the detector mount for maximum output in the VSWR meter.
3. Set any reference level of power in VSWR meter with the help of variable
attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter. Let it be P 1.
4. Carefully remove the detector mount from slotted line without disturbing the
position of set up. Insert the isolator / circulator between slotted line and
detector mount. Keeping input port to slotted line and detector at its output
port. A matched termination should be placed a third port in case of circulator.
5. Record the reading in the VSWR meter. If necessary change range-dB switch
to high or lower position and taking 10dB change for one step change of
switch position. Let it be P2.
6. Compute insertion loss on P1 – P2.
7. For measurement of isolation, the isolator or circulator has to be connected in
reverse i.e. output port to slotted line and detector to input port with another
port terminated by matched termination (in case circulator) after setting a
reference level without isolator or circulator in the set up as described in
insertion loss measurement. Let same P1 level is set.
8. Record the reading of VSWR meter inserting the isolator or circulator as
given step 7. Let it be P3.
9. Compute isolation as P1-P3 in dB.
RESULT :
Thus the S - parameters of Isolator and Circulator are determined.

BLOCK DIAGRAM :
Gunn
Power VSWR Tunable
Supply Meter Probe
Gunn PIN Variable Frequency Slotted

Isolator
Oscillator Modulator Attenuator Meter Section
Matched
Termination
2
Matched
4 M Tee 3 Termination
1
Matched
Termination
TABULATION :
GUNN BIAS VOLTAGE :
ARM 1 ARM 2 ARM 3 ARM 4

S - PARAMETERS MESUREMENT OF MAGIC TEE

EXP.NO : DATE :
AIM :
To study the characteristics of Magic Tee and to measure the S - parameters of
Magic Tee.
Meter, Slotted Section, Tunable Probe, Magic Tee, Detector Mount, Matched
Termination, Waveguide Stands, VSWR Meter, CRO, Cables and Accessories.
THEORY :
The device Magic Tee is a combination of E and H plane Tee. Arm 3, the H-arm
forms an H plane Tee and arm 4, the E-arm forms an E plane Tee in combination with
arm 1 and 2 a side or collinear arms. If power is fed into arm 3 (H-arm), the electric field
divides equally between arm 1 and 2 in the same phase, and no electrical field exist in
arm 4. Reciprocity demands no coupling in port 3 (H-arm). If power is fed in arm 4 (E-
arm), it divides equally into arm 1 and 2 but out of phase with no power to arm 3.
Further, if the power is fed from arm 1 and 2, it is added in arm 3 (H-arm) and it is
subtracted in E-arm, i.e. arm 4.
The basic parameters to be measured for Magic Tee are defined below.
A) ISOLATION
The isolation between E and H arms is defined as the ratio of the power supplied
by the generator connected to the E-arm (port 4) to the power detected at H-arm (port 3)
when side arms 1 and 2 are terminated in matched load.
P4
Hence, Isolation = 10 log10
P3
Similarly, isolation between other parts may also be defined.

B) COUPLING COEFFICIENT
It is defined as Cij = 10-α/20
Where is α = attenuation / isolation in dB where ‘i’ is input arm and ‘j’ is output arm.
Pi
Thus α = 10 log10
Pj
Where Pi is power delivered to arm i and Pj is power detected at j arm.
PROCEDURE :
A) VSWR MEASUREMENTS OF THE PORTS
2. Keeping E arm towards slotted line and matched termination to other ports.
3. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune
the detector mount for maximum output.
4. Measure the VSWR of E arm as described in measurement of SWR for low
and medium value.
5. Connect other arm to slotted line and terminate the other port with matched
termination. Measure the VSWR as above. Similarly, SWR of any port can be
measured.

B) MEASUREMENT OF ISOLATION AND COUPLING COEFFICIENT

1. Remove the tunable probe and Magic Tee from the slotted line and connect
the detector mount to slotted line.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune
the detector mount for maximum output.
3. With the help of variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR mater,
set any power level in the VSWR meter and note down. Let it be P 3.
4. Without disturbing the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob,
carefully place the Magic Tee after slotted line keeping H arm connected to
slotted line, detector to E arm and matched termination to arm 1 and 2. Note
down the reading of VSWR meter. Let it be P4.
5. Determine the isolation between port 3 and 4 as P3 – P4 in dB.
6. Determine the coupling coefficient from equation given in the theory part.
7. The same experiment can be repeated for other port also.
RESULT :
Thus the characteristics of Magi Tee were studied and S - parameters are
calculated.

BLOCK DIAGRAM :
Klystron
Power Power
Supply Meter
Klystron Variable Frequency Slotted Detector

Isolator
Mount Attenuator Meter Section Mount
Fixed Detector Power

Attenuator Mount Meter

MEASUREMENT OF ATTENUATION AND POWER

EXP.NO : DATE :
AIM :
To measure the attenuation and power in microwave device.
Meter, Slotted Section, Tunable Probe, Attenuator, Detector Mount, Waveguide
Stands, Power Meter, CRO, Cables and Accessories.
THEORY :
The attenuators are two port bi-directional devices which attenuate power when
inserted into the transmission line.
P1
Attenuation A (dB) = 10 log10
P2
Where P1 – Power detected by the load without the attenuator in the line.
P2 – Power detected by the load with attenuator in line.
The attenuators consist of a rectangular wave guide with a resistive van inside it
to absorb microwave power according to their position with respect to side wall of the
wave-guide. As electric field is maximum at center in TE10 mode, the attenuation will be
maximum if the vane is placed at center of the wave-guide. Moving from center toward
the side wall, attenuation decreases in the fixed attenuator, the vane position is fixed
where as in variable attenuator, its position can be changed by help of micrometer or by
other methods.

TABULATION :
REPELLER VOLTAGE :
P1 (dB) P2 (dB) Attenuation(dB)
REPELLER VOLTAGE :
P1 (mW) P2 (mW) Attenuation(dB)

PROCEDURE :
2. Energize the microwave source for maximum power at any frequency of
operation.
3. Connect the detector mount to the slotted line, and tune the detector mount
also for maximum power on power meter.
4. Measure the power in power meter. Let it be P1.
5. Carefully disconnect the detector mount from the slotted line, without
disturbing any position on the set up. Place any one microwave device
(attenuator) in slotted line and detector mount to other port of device. Now
measure the power in power meter. Let it be P2
6. Compute insertion loss or attenuation will be P 1 – P2dB.
RESULT :
Thus the attenuation and power of microwave device is measured.


DIGITAL TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

EXP.NO : DATE :
AIM :
To study simultaneous transmission of several signals using synchronous time
division multiplexing.
APPARATUS REQUIRED :

3. Patch chords
1. Telephone Handsets
2. Power Supply
3. CRO
THEORY :
In case of communication systems, signals, which are transmitted usually, carry
voice or video information with them & are interpreted by human eye or ears, which have
slow response. Persistence of vision as well as of hearing has given rise to the concept of
time division multiplexing. In time division multiplexing various signals are sampled and
transmitted for a fixed duration of time one after the other. At the receiving end, these
signals are extracted in the same order and form of transmission.
To implement this scheme, we have used 8 channel digital multiplexer at
transmission end with clock generator for timing of signals. One channel is reserved for
marker transmission; two channels for voice data transmission, five channels take their
inputs from five data switches. Each channel has a data rate of 64Kbits / Sec.
This multiplexed data is then Manchester coded & fed as digital data to the
transmitter. The received digital data is first Manchester decoded & passed through a
clock recovery circuit & then demultiplexed giving each signal separate in its original
form & shape.

PROCEDURE :
supply is OFF.
2. Keep the switch SW5 to VOICE IN position, SW& to TTL position on FCL-
04 as shown in fig.
4. Switch ON the power supply.
5. Connect the post MCDTX to the TX IN post on FCL-04.
7. Slightly unscrew the cap of Photo Transistor with TTL logic output
SFH551V. Do not remove the cap from the connector. Once the cap is
loosened, insert the other end of fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap by
screwing it back.
8. Connect detected signal TTL OUT to post MCDRX.
9. Connect Telephone handsets to posts HS1 & HS2.
10. Set MARKER TX1 & MARKER TX2 each for bit pattern shown in fig. using
SW1 & SW2 respectively.
11. Set MARKER RX1 & MARKER RX2 each for bit pattern shown in fig. using
SW3 & SW4 respectively.
12. Observe the time division multiplex data at TDMTX on Oscilloscope.
13. Carefully observe the time duration for which each channel is selected.
Observe & measure the frame period.
14. Press either of the Channels keys (CH2, CH3, CH5, CH7 & CH8) and observe
how data is transmitted in the corresponding time slot. Thus, you can observe
the signals at different points of the transmitter section.
15. Observe the Manchester coded data at MCDTX. This data is transmitted
through the fiber. The received data, which is still in Manchester coded form,
is available at MCDRX &TDMRX signals with respect to TDMTX.

16. Observe the data transmission by pressing keys (CH2, CH3, CH5, CH7 &
CH8) & observing the corresponding LEDs lit up.
17. The Voice input at one mouth piece can be heard at the earpiece of another
handset. Observe this TDM effect.
MODEL GRAPH :
RESULT :
Thus the digital time division multiplexing was studied.


STUDY OF RS-232 SERIAL COMMUNICATION BETWEEN TWO

COMPUTERS USING FIBER OPTIC DIGITAL LINK
EXP.NO : DATE :
AIM :
The study of this experiment is to connect the RS-232 ports of two computers
using Optical Fiber Digital Link, transmit data from one computer over this link and
receive the same data on the other computer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED :
1. FCL-03
2. FG-02 with power cable
3. 1 meter Fiber cable
4. Patch chords
5. Serial cables-2 Nos.
6. Power Supply (use only one provided)
7. 20 MHz Dual Channel Oscilloscope
8. Computers-PC, PC/XT, 386 or 486-One or two Nos.
THEORY :
Microprocessor is a parallel device. It transfers the 8, 16, or 32 bit of data

simultaneously over the data lines. The number of data lines depends upon the type of
microprocessor used in the system. This is parallel I/O mode of the data transfer.
However in many situations the parallel data transfer is either impractical or
impossible. This is every expensive and noisy especially the distances are large. Also
some devices such as CRT or CTD are not designed for parallel I/O. Moreover in many
scientific and industrial process control applications, the devices under control are at the
site or plant, which may be long enough from control room. In these situations, the serial
I/O mode is used wherein only one bit at a time is transferred over a single cable. This
cable ma be a normal cable or an optical fiber.

Very important advantage of serial mode of data transfer is that it is inexpensive.

Also the data is accurately transferred and received through the link. It is daily practice to
put checks for the data and framing it. Uncorrupted data transfer is greatest advantage of
serial mode, and exactly this is the reason behind the fact that serial mode is preferred in
many applications. This plays vital role in many applications like PC-to-PC Data
Communication, Industrial Process controls, Robotics, CNC and DNC (Distributed
numerical control) and many more.
So it is necessary to have some system, which will perform serial I/O operation
between PC and outside device using optical fiber link.
PROCEDURE :
1. Make connections as given diagram. Connect the power supply cables with
supply is OFF.
2. Keep the jumpers JP2 & JP3 on FCL-03
3. Connect COM1 post in RS-232 section to IN post of Digital Buffer Section.
4. Connect the output of Digital Buffer post OUT to post TX IN.
6. Slightly unscrew the cap of RX1 Photo Transistor with TTL logic output
SF551V. Do not remove the cap from the connector. Once the cap is loosened,
insert the other end of fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap by screwing it
back.
7. Connect the output of detector post TTL OUT to post COM2 in RS-232
section.
8. Refer to section-HARDWARE SETTINGS of this experiments and make the
necessary connections or connect one end of the 9 to 9 pin cable to computer
COM1 port and other end to CN2 connector on FCL-03 then connect second 9
to 9 pin cable one end to second Computer COM1 port and other end to CN3
connector on FCL-03.

9. Switch on the Computers.

10. After putting ON one of the PC, go to START MENU, PROGRAMS,
ACCESSORIES, COMMUNICATION and then Click on HYPER
TERMINAL.
11. A new Window will open, where in you double click on HYPERTERM, Two
Windows will open, one at the background and another (small window) with
title Connection Description which will be active.
12. Enter the name in the box by which you would like to store your connection,
for eg. (PC2PC), and Click OK. Also you could select the Icon provided
below. The background window title will change to the name provided by
you.
13. Then specify connect using: by selecting Direct to COM1 or port where your
cable is connected and then click on OK. See Fig.1.
Now Window with Title COM 1 Properties will appear where Port Setting should be
done as shown below and click on OK. See Fig.2.

14. After the above settings you click OK. The Background window will become
Active.
15. Click on file, Save As, and save it in the Directory, which you want.
16. Perform the same procedure (from 10 to 15) on the computer to with whom
you want to communicate.
17. To start communicating between the two PCs Click on the TRANSFER Menu
and again Click on send File. A window will be prompted having title Send
File with File Name and Protocol. See Fig.3.

18. Select Browse for the file, which you would like to send to the PC connected,
select the File and Click on Open, the file name and address will be displayed
in the small window. Then select the Kermit protocol, (optional use protocols
are X modem, Y modem and 1K X modem).
19. To receive the file on the PC Click on the TRANSFER Menu and again click
on Receive File. A window will be prompted having the Receive File with
Location at which you want to store the Received file and Receiving Protocol.
See Fig.4.
20. Select Browse for the location where you would like to store the received file,
select the folder and Click OK, the folder name and address will be displayed
in the small window. Protocol to be selected should be Kermit and same as
file transmitting PC.
21. On the PC from which the selected file to be transmitted, click on SEND. A
window will open showing file transfer status. Immediately at the Receiving
PC Click Receive (otherwise Time Out Error will be displayed and
communication will fail). You will see a window showing file is being
received in the form of packets. See Fig.5 & 6.

Fig.5
Fig.6

22. After file is transferred both the windows in the (transmitting & receiving
PCs) will close. Check for the received file in the folder where the file is
stored.
23. You can do this procedure vice-versa to transfer the file.
RESULT :
Thus the RS-232 serial communication between two computers using fiber optic
digital link were studied.

BLOCK DIAGRAM :
Gunn
Power VSWR
Supply Meter

Isolator
CRO

VOICE COMMUNICATION BY USING

MICROWAVE TEST BENCH
EXP.NO : DATE :
AIM :
To study the voice communication by using Microwave test bench.
CRO, Mic, Headphone, Cables and Accessories.
PROCEDURE :
1. Setup the common structure of the test bench.
2. Connect the mic in audio input of Gunn power supply socket (KPS – front
panel, GPS – rear panel)
3. Select audio mode from GPS mode select switch.
4. Connect the detector output to SWR meter.
5. Select audio mode from SWR mode select switch.
6. Connect a headphone in audio output socket in SWR meter.
7. Select Headphone / Output switch at Headphone position from rear panel in
SWR meter.
8. Tune the controls for maximum speaker output from headphone.
9. Now you can observe the audio signal strength is changing by variable
attenuator or DIP produced by moving frequency meter etc.
RESULT :
Thus the voice communications by using Microwave are studied.

INTERNAL SCHEMATIC OF A SCALAR NETWORK ANALYSER :

S – PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT OF MICRO STRIP DEVICES

EXP.NO : DATE :
AIM :
To measure the S – parameters of Micro Strip devices using Scalar Network
Analyzer
Scalar Network Analyzer, SNA 2550 Software Installed System, Power supply,
MH USB Cable 2.0, Short Bridge Cable 50 ohm, Short Connector, Micro Strip
Component Training System, Directional Coupler, 3dB Power Divider & Ring
Resonator
THEORY :
NETWORK ANALYSER
The use of slotted line for microwave measurements has the disadvantage that the
amplitude and phase measurements are limited to single frequencies. Therefore,
broadband testing is very time consuming and manpower cost is very high. The network
analyzer measures both amplitude and phase of a signal over a wide frequency range
within a reasonable time.
PROCEDURE :
SETTING THE SYSTEM
The basic measurements involve an accurate reference signal which must be
generated with respect to which the test signal amplitude and phase are measured.
1. Test signal is transmitted through the Device Under Test (DUT), while the
reference signal passes through the phase equalizing length of line.
2. Processing microwave frequencies is not practical, hence both the test and
reference signals are converted to fixed intermediate frequency by means of a harmonic
frequency converter.

TABULATION :
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
PORT 1 PORT 2 PORT 3
3dB POWER DEVIDER
PORT 1 PORT 2 PORT 3
RING RESONATOR
PORT 1 PORT 2

3. The output signal from the harmonic frequency converter are compared to
determine the amplitude and phase of the test signal.
4. The reflection and transmission measurements are carried out by using the
reflection transmission test unit (in built).
5. For measuring S parameters :
Connect the DUT to the probe
Observe the S parameter graph and infer
RESULT :
Thus the S – parameters of Micro Strip devices using Scalar Network Analyzer is
determined.

IDENTIFICATION OF MICROWAVE COMPONENTS






OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

VIVA – VOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS
MICROWAVE EXPERIMENTS :
1. What are microwaves?
Microwaves are high frequency waves whose frequency lies in the range of 1GHz
to 300GHz.
2. What is X-band frequency?
8GHz – 12GHz
3. What are the Passive devices used in the microwave test bench?
Attenuator, isolator, frequency meter, slotted line carriage with tunable probe
detector
4. Define Isolator.
Isolator is a device which provides minimum or Zero attenuation to the wave
propagation from source to load and maximum attenuation from load to source.
5. What are types of isolator?
(i) Faraday rotation isolator
(ii) Waveguide isolator
6. What are the uses of isolator?
(i) Avoids reflection from load side
(ii) Maintains frequency of the signal at the source output.
7. What are attenuators?
Attenuators are Passive devices used to control power level in a microwave
system by partially absorbing the transmitted signal.
8. What are the uses of slotted line carriage with tunable probe detector?
To measure frequency and wavelength, VSWR, Impedance & reflection
coefficient.
9. What are the types of termination?
(i) Matched termination which completely absorbs the incident microwave signal.
(ii) Fixed / Variable short which reflects the microwave signal

10. What are the diodes used for microwave detection?

Crystal diode and Schottky barrier diode
11. Name the microwave sources used in the lab?
(i) Gunn Oscillator
(ii) Reflex klystron
12. What are the other sources of microwaves?
(i) Backward wave Oscillator
(ii) Magnetron
13. What is reflex klystron?
Reflex Klystron is a cavity resonator. It is a low power oscillator and is an ‘O’
type or linear beam microwave vacuum tube.
14. What is repeller in Reflex klystron?
Repeller is an electrode which is negatively charged.
15. What are Reflex klystron modes?
For various values of repeller voltage the oscillation occurs which forms mode.
Lowest order mode ¾ occurs for maximum value of repeller voltage.
16. What is velocity modulation which produces electron bunching in klystron?
The Variation of electron velocity due to the RF field in the cavity gap is called
velocity modulation
17. What are the two methods of tuning in Reflex klystron?
(i) Electronic tuning
(i) Mechanical tuning
18. What are the applications of reflex klystron?
(i) Microwave source in laboratory
(ii) Used in microwave transmitters
19. What are Gunn diodes?
Gunn diodes are negative resistance devices which are normally used as low
power oscillator at microwave frequencies.
20. What is the use of PIN diode modulator?
PIN diode when biased produces 1 KHz square wave signal which is used to low
frequency modulate the high frequency microwave signal.

OPTICAL EXPERIMENTS :
1. What is core in optical fiber?
The central part of optical fiber that carries light.
2. What is cladding in a fiber?
The layers of glass or other transparent material surrounding the light-carrying
core of an optical fiber. It has lower refractive index than the core, and thus confines light
in the core.
3. Define Critical Angle
The smallest angle at which a meridian ray be totally reflected within a fiber at
the core-cladding interface
4. What is Acceptance Angle?
The angle over which, the core of an optical fiber accepts incoming light usually
measured from the fiber axis.
5. What is Angle if Incidence?
The Angle between ray and the normal to a reflecting or refracting surface
6. Name some sources of light.
LED, LASER
7. What is photo Detector? Give example for it.
A transducer that provides an electrical output signal in response to an incident
optical signal is a photo detector. Eg. PIN photo diode & Avalanche photo diode (APD)
8. Define Numerical Aperture
A characteristic parameter of any given fiber’s light gathering capability defined
by the sine of half angle over which a fiber can accept light. It is multiplied by the
refractive index of the medium containing the light
9. Define Dispersion. What are the types of dispersion?
Distortion of an electromagnetic signal caused by different propagation
characteristics of different wavelengths and the differing path lengths of modes in a fiber.
Material dispersion, Chromatic dispersion

10. Define Material Dispersion.

Light impulse broadening caused by various wavelengths of light traveling at
different velocities through a fiber Material dispersion increases with increasing spectral
width of the source
11. Define Responsivity.
The ratio of detector output to input, usually measured in units of amperes per
watt.
12. What is Total Internal Reflection?
The total internal reflection occurs when light strikes an interface at angles of
incidence (with respect to normal) greater than the critical angle.
13. What is Graded Index?
A fiber in which the refractive index changes gradually with distance from the
fiber axis, rather than abruptly at the core cladding interface
14. What is a LASER?
Acronym of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation A device
that produces monochromatic coherent light through stimulated emission most lasers
used in fiber optic communication is a solid-state semiconductor device.
15. What is LED?
Acronym of light Emitting Diode, a semiconductor device which emits light from
a p-n junction (when biased with an electrical current) Light may exit from the junction
strip edge or from its surface (depending on device structure).
16. Name the losses occur in optical fiber
Absorption loss, Material or Raleigh scattering loss, Radiation loss and Coupling
loss.

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PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(A CHRISTIAN MINORITY INSTITUTION)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

EC 6712 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

IV ECE - VII SEMESTER

To emerge as a centre of excellence in providing quality education and produce

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

SL.NO. DATE TITLE SIGN

SL.NO PARTICULARS PAGE NO

5 VIVA VOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS 94

Panimalar Engineering College 1 ISO 9001:2000

Panimalar Engineering College 2 ISO 9001:2000

2 Mode Characteristics of Optical Fibers 13

3 Measurement of Losses in Optical Fibers 17

4 Setting up a Fiber Optic Analog & Digital Link 23

5 Measurement of Numerical Aperture 29

6 Characteristics of Reflex Klystron 33

7 Characteristics of Gunn Diode 37

9 Measurement of Frequency and Wavelength 47

10 S - Parameters Measurement of Directional Coupler 51

11 Radiation Pattern of Horn Antenna 55

12 S - Parameters Measurement of Isolator and Circulator 59

13 S - Parameters Measurement of Magic Tee 63

14 Attenuation and Power Measurement 67

SL.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTS PAGE NO

Panimalar Engineering College 3 ISO 9001:2000

1. Measurement of Numerical Aperture

10. Characteristics of LED & Photo Diode

Panimalar Engineering College 4 ISO 9001:2000

OPTICAL TRAINER KIT

MICROWAVE TEST BENCH

Panimalar Engineering College 5 ISO 9001:2000

Panimalar Engineering College 6 ISO 9001:2000

CHARACTERISTICS OF LED AND PHOTO DIODE

1. Optical Trainer Kit (FCL-01 & 02)

In optical fiber communication system, electrical signal is first converted into

Panimalar Engineering College 7 ISO 9001:2000

Vf (V) If (mA) Pi (mW) Po (μW)

PHOTO DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

Vf = Forward voltage of LED, If = Forward current of LED

Panimalar Engineering College 8 ISO 9001:2000

Panimalar Engineering College 9 ISO 9001:2000

Panimalar Engineering College 10 ISO 9001:2000

14. Similarly measure the current at the detector.

Panimalar Engineering College 11 ISO 9001:2000

Panimalar Engineering College 12 ISO 9001:2000

MODE CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTICAL FIBER

1. LASER Source (633 nm – 1mW)

Panimalar Engineering College 14 ISO 9001:2000

OBSERVATION & CALCULATION :

Panimalar Engineering College 15 ISO 9001:2000

Panimalar Engineering College 16 ISO 9001:2000

MEASUREMENT OF LOSSES IN OPTICAL FIBER

1. Optical Trainer Kit (FCL-01 & 02)

Panimalar Engineering College 17 ISO 9001:2000

Panimalar Engineering College 18 ISO 9001:2000

Panimalar Engineering College 19 ISO 9001:2000

BENDING (SIZE) SIGNAL STRENGTH