CE513 - Reinforced Concrete Design 2

Quiz 1 Set A - Solutions

4. For the beam shown, determine:

a. The depth of the compression block
b. The β factor
c. The Ф factor
d. The nominal flexural capacity
e. The ultimate flexural capacity

INPUT PARAMETERS:
b ≔ 300 mm Width of section

h ≔ 450 mm Depth of section

d ≔ 400 mm Effective depth

fc' ≔ 35 MPa Specified compressive strength

Fy ≔ 415 MPa Specified yield strength (Grade 60)

db ≔ 25 mm Diameter of bottom bars

n≔3 Number of bottom bars

e ≔ 50 mm Effective concrete cover

SOLUTION:

a h a
― ＝ ―― →― ＝3 By Ratio and Proportion
x 1 x
―⋅ b
2

a
x＝―
3

π
As ≔ ―⋅ db 2 ⋅ n = 1472.622 mm 2 Total area of steel reinforcements
4
By equilibrium of Internal Forces
 π
As ≔ ―⋅ db 2 ⋅ n = 1472.622 mm 2
4
By equilibrium of Internal Forces
Cc ＝ Ts 0.85 fc′ ⋅ a ⋅ x ＝ As ⋅ Fy

Assumptions:
1. Steel yields, that is
εs > εy Fs ＝ Fy

Constraints
Values a
0.85 ⋅ fc' ⋅ a ⋅ ― ＝ As ⋅ Fy a ≔ 1 mm
3 depth of compression block
Guess
Solver

a ≔ find ((a)) = 248.249 mm

Solve for β Factor

β ≔ ‖ if fc' ≤ 28 MPa ||
‖ ||
‖ ‖‖ 0.85 ||
‖ ||
‖ else if fc' > 56 MPa || β = 0.8
‖ ‖ 0.65 ||
‖ ‖ ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖ fc' - 28 ⋅ MPa | |
‖ ‖ 0.85 - 0.05 ⋅ ――――― ||
‖‖ ‖‖ 7 ⋅ MPa | ||

a
c ≔ ―= 310.311 mm
β
Confirm assumptions by calculating the strain at the tensile reinforcement

E ≔ 200 GPa Modulus of Elasticity of steel

Fy
εy ≔ ― = 0.00208 Yield Strain
E
By Strain-compatilibity equations
0.003 εs
――＝ ――
c d-c

((d - c))
εs ≔ 0.003 ⋅ ――― = 0.00087
c
Check1 ≔ ‖ if εs > εy ||
‖ ||
‖ ‖‖ “Steel yields. Assumption is correct” ||
‖ ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖‖ “Steel doesn't yield. Over-reinforced Section” | |
‖ |

Check1 = “Steel doesn't yield. Over-reinforced Section”

Solve for the actual value of Fs

a
0.85 fc′ ⋅ a ⋅ ― ＝ As ⋅ Fs
3
Fs ≔ εs ⋅ E

2 1
0.85 ⋅ fc' ⋅ ((β ⋅ c)) ⋅ ― ＝ As ⋅ εs ⋅ E
3
 2 1
0.85 ⋅ fc' ⋅ ((β ⋅ c)) ⋅ ― ＝ As ⋅ εs ⋅ E
3

Constraints
2 1 ((d - c))

Values
0.85 ⋅ fc' ⋅ ((β ⋅ c)) ⋅ ― ＝ As ⋅ 0.003 ⋅ ――― ⋅E c ≔ 1 mm
3 c

Guess
Solver
c ≔ find ((c)) = 265.528 mm

c = 265.528 mm Depth of the N.A.

a ≔ β ⋅ c = 212.422 mm Depth of the compression block

((d - c))
εs ≔ 0.003 ⋅ ――― = 0.00152 Actual tensile strain
c
Fs ≔ εs ⋅ E = 303.86 MPa Actual tensile stress

Check equilibrium of Internal Forces

2 1
Cc ≔ 0.85 ⋅ fc' ⋅ ((β ⋅ c)) ⋅ ―= 447.471 kN
3
Ts ≔ As ⋅ Fs = 447.471 kN

Check2 ≔ ‖ if Cc - Ts ≥ 0 ||
‖ ||
‖ ‖‖ “OK” ||
‖ ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖‖ “Re-calculate depth of neutral axis 'c' ” | |
‖ |

Check2 = “OK”

Solve for the nominal flexural capacity

⎛ 2 a⎞
Mn ≔ As ⋅ Fs ⋅ ⎜d - ―― ⎟ = 115.62 kN ⋅ m
or ⎝ 3 ⎠ Nominal flexural capacity
2 1 ⎛ 2 a⎞
Mn ≔ 0.85 ⋅ fc' ⋅ ((β ⋅ c)) ⋅ ―⋅ ⎜d - ―― ⎟ = 115.62 kN ⋅ m
3 ⎝ 3 ⎠

Solve for the reduction factor ϕ

ϕ ≔ ‖ if εs > 0.005 ||
‖ ||
‖ ‖‖ 0.9 ||
‖ ||
‖ else if εs ≤ 0.002 || ϕ = 0.65
‖ ‖ 0.65 ||
‖ ‖ ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖ ⎛ 250 ⎞ ||
‖ ‖ ⎜―― ⋅ ⎛⎝εs - 0.002⎞⎠⎟ + 0.65 | |
‖⎝ 3 ⎠ | ||
‖‖ ‖
Solve for the ultimate flexural capacity

Mu ≔ ϕ ⋅ Mn = 75.153 kN ⋅ m Ultimate flexural capacity

5. A 5m simply supported beam carries a uniformly distributed dead load of 5 kN/m and a live load of 14
kN/m. As per NSCP 2015 section 203.3.1, the following load combinations may be used to determine the
5. A 5m simply supported beam carries a uniformly distributed dead load of 5 kN/m and a live load of 14
kN/m. As per NSCP 2015 section 203.3.1, the following load combinations may be used to determine the
most critical factored effects.

1.4 DL ------------------ Eqn 1

1.2DL + 1.6LL ----------Eqn 2

The dimension of the beam is restricted to 250x350 mm per architectural constraints as shown in Figure 2,
design the beam to support the maximum design load. Assume tension steel yields. Use fc’=21MPa and
fy=275MPa.

Determine the following:

a. The maximum design moment

b. The depth of the neutral axis
c. The strain at the tensile reinforcement
d. The number 25mmØ bars needed to support the load

INPUT PARAMETERS:

b ≔ 250 mm Width of section

h ≔ 350 mm Depth of section

d ≔ 300 mm Effective depth

fc' ≔ 21 MPa Specified compressive strength

Fy ≔ 275 MPa Specified yield strength (Grade 60)

e ≔ 50 mm Effective concrete cover

db ≔ 25 mm Diameter of reinforcement

kN
DL ≔ 5 ―― Dead load
m

kN
LL ≔ 14 ―― Live Load
m

L≔5 m Length of the beam

SOLUTION:
⎡ 1.4 ⋅ DL ⎤ ⎡ 7 ⎤ kN
wu ≔ ⎢ ⎥⎦ = ⎢⎣ 28.4 ⎥⎦ ――
⎣ 1.2 ⋅ DL + 1.6 ⋅ LL m

1
Mu.demand ≔ ―⋅ max ⎛⎝wu⎞⎠ ⋅ L 2 = 88.75 kN ⋅ m
8
Mu.demand = 88.75 kN ⋅ m Maximum design moment
 Mu.demand = 88.75 kN ⋅ m

By equilibrium of Internal Forces

Cc ＝ Ts 0.85 fc′ ⋅ a ⋅ b ＝ As ⋅ Fs
⎛ a⎞
Mn ＝ 0.85 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ Nominal flexural capacity
⎝ 2⎠
Mu ≔ ϕ ⋅ Mn Ultimate flexural capacity

Assumptions:
1. Steel yields (Fs = Fy)
2. The strain at the tensile reinforcement is εs > 0.005 , hence, ϕ ≔ 0.9

ϕ ≔ 0.9
Constraints

⎛ a⎞
Mu.demand ＝ ϕ ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ fc' ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟
⎝ 2⎠
Guess Values

a ≔ 1 mm
Solver

a ≔ find ((a)) = 85.98 mm

Solve for β Factor

β ≔ ‖ if fc' ≤ 28 MPa ||
‖ ||
‖ ‖‖ 0.85 ||
‖ ||
‖ else if fc' > 56 MPa || β = 0.85
‖ ‖ 0.65 ||
‖ ‖ ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖ fc' - 28 ⋅ MPa | |
‖ ‖ 0.85 - 0.05 ⋅ ――――― ||
‖‖ ‖‖ 7 ⋅ MPa | ||

a
c ≔ ―= 101.153 mm
β

Confirm assumptions by calculating the strain at the tensile reinforcement

E ≔ 200 GPa Modulus of Elasticity of steel

Fy
εy ≔ ― = 0.00138
E
 Fy
εy ≔ ― = 0.00138 Yield Strain
E
By Strain-compatilibity equations
0.003 εs
――＝ ――
c d-c

((d - c))
εs ≔ 0.003 ⋅ ――― = 0.0059
c
Check1 ≔ ‖ if εs > εy ||
‖ ||
‖ ‖‖ “Steel yields. Assumption is correct” ||
‖ ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖‖ “Steel doesn't yield. Over-reinforced Section” | |
‖ |

Check1 = “Steel yields. Assumption is correct”

Verify assumption that εs > 0.005

Check2 ≔ ‖ if εs > 0.005 ||

‖ ||
‖ ‖‖ “Tension Controlled Zone. Assumption is correct” | |
‖ ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖‖ “Assumption is incorrect. Re-calculate ϕ” | ||
‖

Check2 = “Tension Controlled Zone. Assumption is correct”

Determine the number of required number of 25mm bars to support the load.

Cc ＝ Ts

Cc ≔ 0.85 ⋅ fc' ⋅ a ⋅ b = 383.686 kN

Ts ＝ As ⋅ Fy

0.85 ⋅ fc' ⋅ a ⋅ b
As ≔ ――――― = 1395.222 mm 2
Fy

⎛ As ⎞
n ≔ ceil ⎜――― ⎟=3 Total number of 25mm rebars required
⎜― π 2 ⎟
⋅d
⎜⎝ 4 b ⎟⎠

Analyze the section based on the provided rebars

π
As ≔ n ⋅ ―⋅ db 2 = 1472.622 mm 2
4
At this stage of the calculation, it has been confirmed that steel yields, hence, Fs=Fy.
As ⋅ Fy
a ≔ ―――― = 90.75 mm Depth of the compression block
0.85 ⋅ fc' ⋅ b
 a
c ≔ ―= 106.764 mm Depth of Neutral Axis
β
Check strain at the tensile reinforcement
((d - c))
εs ≔ 0.003 ⋅ ――― = 0.00543
c
Solve for the reduction factor ϕ

ϕ ≔ ‖ if εs > 0.005 ||
‖ ||
‖ ‖‖ 0.9 ||
‖ ||
‖ else if εs ≤ 0.002 || ϕ = 0.9
‖ ‖ 0.65 ||
‖ ‖ ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖ ⎛ 250 ⎞ ||
‖ ‖ ⎜―― ⋅ ⎛⎝εs - 0.002⎞⎠⎟ + 0.65 | |
‖‖ ‖‖ ⎝ 3 ⎠ | ||

Solve for the nominal flexural capacity

⎛ a⎞
Mn.capacity ≔ 0.85 ⋅ fc' ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 103.116 kN ⋅ m
⎝ 2⎠
Mu.capacity ≔ ϕ ⋅ Mn.capacity = 92.804 kN ⋅ m

Check capacity vs demand

Check3 ≔ ‖ if Mu.capacity > Mu.demand ||

‖ ||
‖ ‖‖ “OK. The section is safe ” | |
‖ ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖‖ “Redesign section” | ||
‖

Check3 = “OK. The section is safe ”

Mu.demand
EFF ≔ ―――― = 0.956 Effeciency Ratio (Utilization Ratio)
Mu.capacity