CBCT
CBCT
CBCT
Labelling the model from left to right, using letter 'a' thru 'j'
eg CDG31 etc a=C, b=D c=G etc:
a = operating quantity
C - current, D - differential, V- voltage there are 19 altogether.
b = basic movement
D - induction disc, M - balanced armature, T - static, there are 13 altogehter
c = Application
G- general or generator, E - earth, U - definite time, F - flag, M - motor, D -
directional
d= number of units
ie CDG3x is a 3 element / unit CDG relay
e = characteristic
depends on relay, but for CDG, 1= std inverse (3-sec), 2= long time delay,
3=very inverse (1.55sec)
f = case size
15 different cases, A=size 1 drawout, 10 terminal etc.
g = case mounting
F=flush etc
h = identification
identifies rating, contact arrangement etc. 2= 'metricated'
j = sudffix
where relays vary only in detail, this identifies them. '5' is for 50Hz only
relays, '6' for 60Hz.
Refer to publication MS/5100/2 from English Electric (now probably long
out of print!
In a differential protection scheme in the above figure, currents on both sides of the
equipment are compared. The figure shows the connection only for one phase, but a
similar connection is usually used in each phase of the protected equipment. Under
normal conditions, or for a fault outside of the protected zone, current I1 is equal to
current I2 . Therefore the currents in the current transformers secondaries are also equal,
i.e. i1 = i2 and no current flows through the current relay.
If a fault develops inside of the protected zone, currents I1 and I2 are no longer equal,
therefore i1 and i2 are not equal and there is a current flowing through the current relay.
The principle of the differential protection of a station bus is the same as for generators.
The sum of all currents entering and leaving the bus must be equal to zero under normal
conditions or if the fault is outside of the protected zone. If there is a fault on the bus,
there will be a net flow of current to the bus and the differential relay will operate.
Figure: Single Line Diagram of Bus Differential Protection
The disadvantage of the current differential protection is that current transformers must
be identical, otherwise there will be current flowing through the current relays for faults
outside of the protected zone or even under normal conditions. Sensitivity to the
differential current due to the current transformer errors is reduced by percentage
differential relays.
Figure: Percentage Differential Relay
In percentage differential relays, the current from each current transformer flows through
a restraint coil. The purpose of the restraint coil is to prevent undesired relay operation
due to current transformer errors. The operating coil current | i1 - i2 | required for tripping
is a percentage of the average current through the restraint coils. It is given by
where k is the proportion of the operating coil current to the restraint coil current. For
example if k = 0.1, the operating coil current must be more than 10% of the average
restraint coil current in order for the relay to operate.
Differential protection of three phase transformers must take into account the change in
magnitude and phase angle of the transformed current.
In these two connections, the primary and secondary currents are in phase, but their
magnitudes are different. The difference in the current magnitude must be balanced out
by the current transformer ratios.
Figure: Differential Protection for a Y-Y Connected Transformer
During normal operating conditions or when the fault is outside of the protection zone,
Therefore, the ratios of the current transformers on the two sides of the power
transformer must be
.
Sometimes standard current transformers with the ratios that satisfy the above equation
are not available. In that case auxiliary transformers between one of the current
transformers and the relay are used.
The primary and secondary currents have different magnitudes and they also have 30
phase shift. Both, the magnitude and the phase shift must be balanced by appropriate ratio
and connection of the current transformers. The phase shift on a Y- bank is corrected by
connecting the C.T.’s on the in Y, and on the Y side in .
Refer to the following drawing. The full load current on the 66 kV side is
The secondary currents in the current transformers on the 66 kV side then are
The magnitude of the currents coming out of the differential relay should be the same
From that, the current in the arms of the connected C.T.’s should be
Ideally, the CTR on the 230 kV side of the transformer should be
which is the ratio that will be used.. Using this ratio, the secondary current of the current
transformers on the 230 kV side is
The current through the operating coil of the differential relay is then
From that, the current through the operating coil as a percentage of the restraint current
under normal full load conditions is
The percentage differential relays have settings for the allowable percentage difference.
Examples of the percentage values are 15%, 30%, 40%, etc. Any of these relays could
accommodate the 0.46% operating coil current without operating.
Connection of Differential Relays to a -Y Connected Transformer.
Another problem that the differential relays used for transformer protection must
overcome is the magnetizing inrush current.
The inrush current occurs when a transformer is being energized. Since during the
energization of the transformer there is only current in and no current out, the inrush
current appears to the differential relays as an internal fault. The inrush current has some
characteristic properties. Its magnitude may be as high as sixteen times the full load
current. It decays very slowly - from around ten cycles for small units to 1 minute for
large units. The harmonic content of the inrush current is different from normal load
current and from fault currents. A typical waveform of inrush current has a large
fundamental frequency component, a significant d.c. component, and 2nd and 3rd
harmonic components. The 2nd harmonic component does not appear in the transformers
under any other conditions except during energization. Desensitizing of the differential
relay to the inrush current involves the use of the second harmonic component to restrain
the relay from operating.
(a)
(b)
Figure: Harmonic Restraint Circuit: (a) connection to current transformer (b) tripping circuit
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