Atheterisation Clinical Guidelines
Atheterisation Clinical Guidelines
Atheterisation Clinical Guidelines
APRIL 2013 CATHETERISATION CLINICAL GUIDELINES
Clinical Guidelines | Edited by Trish White, Lynn Brinson and Julia Glentworth
Index Page
1.0 Introduction 3
2.0 Professional Requirements for Nurses 4
3.0 Indications for Catheterisation 5
3.1 Urethral 5
3.2 Suprapubic 6
3.3 Intermittent 6
4.0 Term of Catheterisation 8
4.1 Intermittent 8
4.2 Short term 8
4.3 Long term 9
Disposable two litre bags (night bags) 18
Disposable two litre closed system bag (hourly measure) 18
Disposable leg bags (day bags) 19
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Disposable four litre bags 20
8.2.2 Selection of Appropriate Catheter Type and Drainage
System 32
8.2.3 Catheter Insertion 33
8.2.4 Catheter Maintenance 34
8.3 Documentation 35
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1.0 Introduction
Clinical guidelines for catheterisation have been in draft format and regularly reviewed since 2001.
The Australia and New Zealand Urological Nurses Society Inc (ANZUNS) project officer has now
developed these guidelines into formal Clinical Practice Guidelines.
Trish White, Lynn Brinson and Julia Glentworth have edited this edition, and our thanks also go to the
following who kindly volunteered to peer review the document:
Audrey Burgin ‐ Clinical Project Officer Continence, HACC/MASS Continence Project
Queensland, Australia
Jean Bothwell ‐ Urology Nurse Specialist
Waitemata District Health Board, New Zealand
Vivienne Dyer ‐ Specialty Clinical Nurse Urology
Surgical Outpatients, Nelson Marlborough District Health Board, New Zealand
Lynda Hardy ‐ Clinical Nurse Consultant, Box Hill Hospital
Practice Nurse, Australian Urology Associates Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia
Barbara McPherson ‐ Infection Control Advisor
Quality and Risk Service, Hawke’s Bay District Health Board, New Zealand
Kay Talbot ‐ Practice Nurse/Manager
Australian Urology Associates Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia
The guidelines have been produced to assist appropriately trained Health Care Professionals in the safe
management of urinary catheters in adults. They can be used as a guide to practice but are not
definitive and local policy must be followed. Recommended evidence based best practice has been
utilised as a basis for this guideline.
Acknowledgment to Wayne Blair, Clinical Photographer, HBDHB, New Zealand, for allowing the use of
his photographs. The following are acknowledged for their contribution to developing the initial draft
document prior to the appointment of the AUZNUNS project officer.
Draft 1 Trish White and Cheryl Hennah 2001
Draft 2 Nicola Walker and Kay Talbot 2003
Draft 3 Nicola Walker and Kay Talbot 2004
Draft 4 Kay Talbot and Nicola Walker 2005
Version 1 Kay Talbot and AUNS Catheter Care SIG 2006
Version 2 Trish White, Lynn Brinson, Julia Glentworth 2013
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2.0 Professional Requirements for Nurses
Only those Health Care Professionals who are trained and have a clear knowledge and understanding of
the urinary tract, the catheterisation process and the principles of asepsis should be permitted to insert
urethral and change suprapubic catheters. A competency based training programme containing the
theoretical component of catheterisation training followed by a period of supervision until the nurse is
competent in the technique of catheterisation is recommended [2, 3]. Ongoing refresher courses to
review techniques, complications and new products should be available to all staff who catheterise.
Community and primary healthcare workers must be trained in catheterisation as above [2].
ANZUNS recommends the initial order to insert a catheter must be from a suitably qualified Medical
Practitioner, Nurse Practitioner, Advanced Practice Nurse, experienced urological Registered Nurses
practicing within their scope of practice and according to local guidelines.
ANZUNS recommends only Nurse Practitioners, Registered Nurses and Enrolled Nurses (who are under
delegation and supervision of a Registered Nurse) are permitted to insert urethral and change
suprapubic catheters.
Advanced Practice Nurses can do initial insertion of a suprapubic catheter if this falls within their scope
of practice. An experienced Urology Nurse should do the first suprapubic catheter change. Thereafter
a competent Health Care Professional.
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3.0 Indications for Catheterisation
3.1 Urethral: Insertion of a catheter into the urinary bladder via the urethra [4].
The indications are:
To relieve acute urinary retention or bladder outlet obstruction [5‐13]
Close monitoring of urine output in acute renal failure and in the critically ill patient [5‐9, 12].
Peri‐operative use for selected surgical procedures – patients undergoing urologic surgery or to
other adjoining structures of the genitourinary tract [5‐9]
Anticipated prolonged duration of surgery or patients anticipated to receive large volume
infusions or diuretics during surgery [7]
To enable pre and post operative bladder drainage e.g. Trans urethral resection of prostate
(TURP) [7‐9, 14]
To facilitate irrigation of the bladder and management of haematuria/clot retention [7]
Potential for use during labour and delivery or surgery when an epidural has been utilised
The need for intra operative monitoring during surgery [7]
Chronic urinary retention in the symptomatic patient (e.g. renal impairment or urinary tract
infection) when intermittent self catheterisation (ISC) is not an option and retention cannot be
corrected medically or surgically [7]
To facilitate urodynamic studies or specialist radiological procedures
Instillation of cytotoxic drugs directly into the bladder [7]
To measure residual urine after patient has voided in the absence of a bladder scanner [7]
In patients with neurological disorders causing paralysis or loss of sensation leading to voiding
difficulties [6, 12]
Patients requiring prolonged immobilization e.g. multiple traumatic injuries such as pelvic
fractures [6, 9]
Where a patient insists on this form of management after discussion and understands the risks
[15]
To manage intractable incontinence as a last resort or when incontinence poses a risk of
infection of nearby surgical sites or skin breakdown [8, 10, 15]
Management of impaired skin integrity and to assist healing of open sacral or perineal wounds
[6‐8, 12]
To improve comfort for end of life care [5‐9, 12]
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3.2 Suprapubic: Insertion of a catheter into the bladder via the anterior abdominal wall
[4].
The indications are:
Acute or chronic urinary retention following unsuccessful attempts at urethral catheterisation
[7, 8, 16‐19]
Unable or unwilling to perform intermittent self catheterisation [20‐22]
Patient preference e.g. wheel chair bound, sexual function related issues [7, 8, 22, 23]
Long term bladder drainage for patients with neurological disease [18, 23]
Anatomical problems in the urethra e.g. stricture, obstruction, trauma [7]
Mobility issues [7, 8, 24]
Complications of long term urethral catheterisation egg penile meatal ulcer or catheter induced
urethritis [7, 24]
When urethral or pelvic floor trauma is suspected [25]
Post operatively following complex urethral, genitourinary or abdominal surgery [7]
To decrease risk of contamination with organisms from faecal material [7, 23, 24, 26]
Acute prostatitis [7, 16]
Patient comfort [7, 23, 24]
3.3 Intermittent Self Catheterisation (ISC): Inserting a catheter into the bladder via the
urethra or other catheterisable channel such as Mitrofanoff continent urinary
diversion to drain urine. The catheter is removed immediately after emptying the
bladder. [27]. ISC is considered the “gold standard” of urine drainage for bladder
emptying dysfunction [6, 7, 21, 22, 28, 29].
The indications are:
ISC assists in protecting renal function, decreases incontinence, limits urinary tract infections
(UTI), improves lower urinary tract symptom control and enhances quality of life [29, 30]
Poorly emptying bladder >150mL, atonic bladder, detrusor underactivity or detrusor‐sphincter
dyssynergia or associated with aging [20, 22, 27, 29]
Bladder outlet obstruction, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) [28‐30]
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To catheterise continent urinary diversions [27]
Post‐surgical procedures e.g. some surgery for stress urinary incontinence [20, 22, 30]
Neurogenic bladder dysfunction including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s, effects of diabetes,
cerebral vascular accident, spina bifida, spinal injuries, post epidural/spinal anaesthetic,
pudendal nerve damage post childbirth [22, 27, 30]
To dilate urethral strictures using intermittent dilatation [6, 21, 29‐31]
ISC also reduces interference in sexual activity and decreases need for equipment and
appliances [6, 22, 29, 32]
In the hospital setting intermittent catheterisation is a sterile procedure performed by health
professionals and can be used to:
o relieve acute urinary retention
o obtain a clean urine specimen
o measure post void residual
o instill medication into the bladder e.g. BCG, anticholinergics [4, 7, 21, 23]
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4.0 Term of Catheterisation
Any urinary catheter should be left in‐situ for the minimum possible time. Catheterisation is divided into
three groups, intermittent, short‐term and long term [4, 31, 33‐36].
4.1 Intermittent Self Catheterisation
Frequency of catheterisation can vary [22] and urine frequency, post void residual and bladder capacity
should be assessed to establish frequency.
ISC should be performed at regular intervals to prevent bladder distention and in general the total
volume should not exceed 400 ‐ 500mL. Urine volume therefore should determine catheterisation
schedule and unnecessary catheterisation should be avoided to decrease the Catheter associated
urinary tract infection CAUTI risk. [21, 30] For example if the patient is unable to void they may have to
catheterise up to six times a day, or if bladder volume >500mL per void, aim for at least three times a
day, if <100mL residual volume for three consecutive times stop catheterising [22, 30].
The changing nature of disease process may mean changes in management should be regularly
considered [20].
4.2 Short Term Catheterisation
There is no agreement on the classification of short term indwelling catheterisation with it varying
between 8‐29 days and as per manufacturer instructions. For the purposes of this document we have
defined it as 28 days [24]. Therefore a short term catheterisation is defined as the catheter being in‐situ
28 days or less [24].
Use Latex based, silicone elastomer coated catheter as first choice for short term catheter (unless
patient has latex sensitivity) [36].
Silver alloy or antibiotic coated catheters may be considered for short term use. They reduce and delay
the onset of catheter associated asymptomatic bacteriuria (CA‐ASB) [6, 24, 30, 35, 36].
Regular review of patients clinical need for continuing catheterisation and remove the catheter as
recommended and as soon as possible [31, 33‐35, 37].
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4.3 Long Term Catheterisation
The indwelling catheter is in‐situ for longer than 28 days and can be up to a maximum of 12 weeks or as
per manufacturer’s instructions.
A hydrogel catheter or 100% silicone is recommended for long term urethral and supra‐pubic
catheterisation. However catheter selection is variable dependent upon patients needs
Use 100% silicone if patient has a latex allergy, persistently blocking catheter and also for suprapubic
catheters [21, 36, 38].
Individual variation is evident in the length of time a catheter will remain functional. Routine changes
should be on an individual basis but not exceeding the manufacturers’ recommendations. Consider
catheter function, encrustation degree, frequency of blockages and patient comfort [4, 31, 38].
Hydrogel, silicone elastomer coated and 100% silicone catheters can all be left in‐situ for up to 3 months
[21, 37]. Please check your local policy and governmental guidelines.
Having an indwelling catheter for greater than 10 years increases the risk of bladder cancer and regular
screening checks should be undertaken [11].
Catheterised patients should be encouraged to self care for their long term catheters and continue their
usual lifestyle. It is likely that long term catheterisation will increase with the aging population and
chronic health conditions [38].
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5.0 Potential Complications and Contraindications
5.1 Urethral
Male and Female Complications
Catheterisation of males can be more problematic than females because of anatomy, however
in women difficulty can be experienced locating the urethral meatus [30]
Urethritis
Urethral fistulas [39]
Catheter blockage from encrustations or calcium deposits [40]
Bladder stones
Haematuria
Chronic inflammation also increases the risk of bladder cancer [41, 42]
Pressure necrosis
Psychological trauma
Pain and discomfort [43]
Long term catheterisation can lead to urethral trauma [29, 39]
Erosion or tearing primarily of the urethral meatus [26]
Urethral stricture [44]
Male Complications
Paraphimosis, caused by failure to return the foreskin in the uncircumcised male to normal
position following catheter insertion.
Creation of a false passage [7, 29, 39]
Epididymitis [45]
Contraindications for Males:
Acute prostatitis or suspicion of urethral trauma [4]
5.2 Suprapubic
Contraindications for insertion of SPC
Previous lower abdominal surgery with associated scar tissue/adhesions [8, 17, 46]
Pelvic cancer without or without radiation with increased risk of adhesions [7]
Unexplained haematuria [7]
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Severe obesity
Pregnancy [24]
Suspicion of an ovarian cyst
Ascites [8, 17]
Known or suspected carcinoma of the bladder [7, 8, 17, 46, 47]
Anti coagulation therapy or blood clotting disorders [8, 17, 24]
In the presence of vascular grafts/mesh in the supra pubic region [7, 17, 47]
Complications related to Initial Insertion
Bleeding
Bowel injury which is more common if insertion performed when the bladder is not fully
distended [7, 48]
Long term complications
Skin irritation, cellulitis at site [4, 7]
Bladder shrinkage [24]
Bladder stones [7]
Higher incidence squamous cell bladder cancer [4, 7]
Chronic CA‐ASB [7]
Overgranulation at insertion site [7]
5.3 Intermittent Self Catheterisation
Contraindications
Priapism in male [29]
Previous false passage stricture or infection [7, 29]
Injury or tumour in urethra or penis [7, 29]
Precautions
Patients with limited vision, dexterity, cognition and mobility may find ISC difficult; in some
instances it is appropriate to teach a caregiver to perform ISC [20‐22]
Patients need to be able to manage ISC psychologically [20, 22]
Caution with intermittent catheterisation is recommended in patient’s post prostate surgery,
bladder neck incision or urethral surgery and those with prostatic stent artificial prosthesis [7] or
females with obstructing vaginal prolapse [20]
A small capacity bladder may need frequent catheterisation to be effective so may not be
suitable for ISC [20, 22]
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Complications
Occasional urethritis, urinary tract infection – however the risk is lower than with a long term
indwelling urethral catheter [20]
Frequency of catheterisation may need to be increased to keep residual volume drained <400‐
500mL [22]
Prostatitis in men
Trauma resulting in urethral bleeding, strictures and false passage [20, 22]
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6.0 Catheter Selection and Products
A urinary catheter is a thin hollow tube inserted via the urethra or suprapubic tract into the urinary
bladder. Appropriate catheter selection can only be achieved after the patient’s individual needs have
been thoroughly assessed. Choosing the correct catheter requires nursing awareness of catheter
availability, the needs of the patient and knowledge of evidence based best practice [4, 7, 34].
Factors for consideration include:
Indication for catheterisation: Catheters, both long and short term should only be used after
considering alternative management methods such as external “condom” catheter, and
intermittent self catheterisation. The most effective way to reduce CAUTI and catheter
associated asymptomatic bacteriuria (CA‐ASB) incidence is to restrict urinary catheterisation to
patients whom have clear indications and remove the catheter as soon as it is no longer
required [6, 31, 34, 35].
Likely duration of catheterisation: Long term catheters can remain in‐situ for a maximum of 12
weeks depending on individual patient need or as per manufacturer’s instructions. Antibiotic
and silver impregnated catheters are beneficial in reducing CA‐ASB in hospitalised patients with
a catheter in situ for less than one week [6, 33, 35].
Urethral or suprapubic catheterisation
Size selection considering urine consistency e.g. increased sediment or haematuria would
require a larger gauge catheter
Patient allergies e.g. latex allergy [7]
6.1 Type
Straight Nelaton Catheter or One‐Way Catheter with only one lumen and no balloon used for
intermittent catheterisation or intermittent self catheterisation. It is not intended as an option for long
term use. These catheters are available in both lubricated and un‐lubricated versions. One way straight
catheters can also be used for regular dilatation of urethral strictures, urodynamic studies and intra‐
vesical drug administration with the appropriate connecting device [4, 49].
Two‐way Foley Catheter is used for indwelling catheterisation, double lumen, one removes urine and
the smaller lumen enables balloon water inflation securing the indwelling catheter in the urinary
bladder [49].
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Transected Double Lumen Foley Cather (Reproduced with permission of BARD)
Three‐way Foley Catheters have three lumens and can therefore facilitate bladder irrigation and
medication instillation. Used typically post urological surgery or for patients with haematuria [4, 49].
Three‐way Haematuria Catheter (Photograph by Wayne Blair, HBDHB)
Haematuria Catheter/couvalaire/whistle tip are catheters which have a more generous tip opening to
allow clot evacuation and blood drainage
Coude Tip and Tiemann Catheters have a curved tip to aid difficult insertions. Useful for bypassing
urethral narrowing’s caused by BPH. Insert with the tip pointed upwards to negotiate bulbar urethra [4,
49]
Suprapubic Catheters can be either: Two‐way Foley which is inserted using an introducer or a guidewire
if using an open ended Foley catheter. Or catheters designed and manufactured specifically for SPC use.
These may require suturing onto the abdomen and are generally only for temporary use. [4]
6.2 Materials
Polyvinylchloride: (PVC) is used in Nelaton catheters (without balloon). These catheters require
lubrication. All disposable catheters are intended for single use according to manufacturer’s
instructions. This catheter can be firm but softens at body temperature. The catheter is inexpensive
and has a large internal diameter to facilitate drainage [30]
Nelaton Catheters for ISC (Photograph by Wayne Blair, HBDHB)
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Coated catheters have a lubricated hydrophilic coating and need water applied to activate the
lubrication
Coated Catheter
Polytetrafluoroethylene: (PTFE commonly known as Teflon) Decreases irritation and encrustations.
These catheters are not suitable for latex or Teflon sensitive patients. Dwell time for up to four weeks or
as indicated by the manufacturer. [2, 4]
Hydrogel Coated: contain latex and hydrogel and are biocompatible with human tissue. Hydrogel is a
polymer that absorbs water forming a smooth surface around the catheter contributing to decreased
urethral irritation. Can dwell for up to twelve weeks and or as indicated by the manufacturer [2, 4, 38,
50].
Hydrogel Catheter (Photograph by Wayne Blair, HBDHB)
100% Silicone: are hypoallergenic and latex free. They have a larger diameter drainage lumen compared
to coated catheters. They offer encrustation resistance but can have a tendency to lose balloon fluid
increasing risk of displacement, manufacturers are addressing this issue with ongoing product
development [4, 37, 38].
100% Silicone Catheter (Photograph by Wayne Blair, HBDHB)
Silicone Elastomer Coated Catheters/Latex Silicone Coated Catheter: these catheters contain latex
internally which is soft and flexible to promotes patient comfort, the outer 100% silicone coating
provides a smooth surface thus protecting the patient from urethral irritation and reduces encrustation.
It can dwell for up to three months or as according to local policy or as indicated by the manufacturer
[4, 37, 38]. It must be noted that manufacturer advice for dwell time for this catheter is ambiguous in
some cases. In Australia it is common for this catheter to be used on a short term basis only. Where in
New Zealand they can dwell up to three months.
Silicone Elastomer Coated Catheter/Latex Silicone Coated Catheter
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Silver Coated Catheters are manufactured using silver alloy with hydrogel. They reduce and delay the
incidence and onset of biofilm formation if the catheter is in situ for less than one week. Available in
both silicone and latex silver hydrogel coated catheters. This catheter can dwell for up to twelve weeks
or as indicated by the manufacturer. [4, 6, 24, 33, 37, 38]
Antibiotic Impregnated Catheters: are available from some manufacturers and may influence CA‐ASB
within the one week period. Influence is unknown on symptomatic infection and anti‐biotic resistance.
[4, 6, 24, 35, 36]
6.3 Size
Catheters are measured in Charriere (Ch) or French gauge (Fg or Fr) and indicate the external diameter
1mm=3Ch. Sizes range from 6‐24 Fg. There is an international colour code of the catheter sizes. [4, 7,
36, 49]
General Guide
6‐10 Fg Paediatric
12‐14 Fg Women
14‐18 Fg Men
14‐20 Fg Suprapubic
18‐22 Fg Haematuria
Reproduced with permission 180medical.com
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Catheter size needs to be individualised and the smallest size to allow the best drainage should be
chosen. 18+ Fg catheters can increase erosion of the bladder neck and urethral mucosa and also cause
stricture formation and restrict drainage of periurethral gland secretions.
A three‐way Foley catheter should be used when haematuria is present to allow for continuous bladder
irrigation as required. The irrigation port is to be spiggotted when not in use. [6, 21, 32, 35, 36]
6.4 Length
There are three lengths of catheters.
STANDARD (41‐45cm) FEMALE (20‐25cm) PAEDIATRIC (30cm)
The standard length is for both male and female use. The female length provides more discretion and
comfort for the ambulant, long term catheterised female. They are not appropriate if the female is
bedridden or obese as they can pull on the bladder neck and also cause skin irritations. Female length
catheters MUST NEVER BE USED IN MALE CATHETERISATION as the risk of trauma to the urethra due to
inappropriately positioned balloon inflation is high [4, 7]
6.5 Balloon Size
10mL Inflated Balloon (Reproduced with permission of BARD)
Balloon size is written in mL or cc on catheter connector and also on the packaging. The catheter balloon
retains the indwelling catheter in place in the bladder and should be filled to the volume recommended
by the manufacturer.
Under and over inflated balloons can cause problems with drainage i.e. eye occlusion, bladder wall
irritation and spasms. Use sterile water to inflate the balloon. Air is not suitable. [4, 7, 37]
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Catheter Eyes (Reproduced with permission of BARD)
6.6 Drainage Systems
6.6.1 Bag Selection
When selecting a drainage system, the following should be considered:
Indications for catheterisation
Intended duration of catheterisation
Infection control issues
Mobility of patient
Dexterity of patient
Comfort and dignity
Disposable two litre bags (night bags)
General use
Outlet port for emptying urine
Preferred urine specimen access port
One‐way anti‐reflux valve
Length of tubing
2L Night Bag (Photograph by Wayne Blair, HBDHB)
Disposable two litre closed system bag (hourly measuring with sample port)
Generally used short term post operatively or for those critically ill to enable precise monitoring
of urinary output [51]
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As generally short term use, the bags are only changed if damaged, malodorous or
contaminated
Disposable leg bags (day bags)
Designed for the mobile patient to wear during the day strapped to the thigh, calf or waist.
There are a number of volume capacities available ranging from120‐800mL to meet the
individuals routine and activities [4, 28, 38]
Different materials and backings available for comfort and support of leg bags
Tubing is available in differing lengths and some can be adjusted to individuals requirements
Different outlet taps are available to accommodate patients differing manual dexterity levels
e.g. barrel top, lever tap, T‐tap and push‐pull tap [4]
Leg Bag (Photograph by Wayne Blair, HBDHB)
Patients can attach a 2L drainage bag (night bag) to the bottom of their leg bag thereby
maintaining a closed link system and giving a larger volume capacity for overnight use. This
system requires a stand for support and to reduce dislodgement and infection risk. In the
community leg bags should be changed every 5‐7 days or as indicated and in keeping with
manufacturers guidelines [2, 4, 34, 50, 52].
In the home setting a drainable night bag may be reused for up to one week, unless malodorous
when it should be changed earlier. Wash out with warm soapy water (not strong detergents or
bleach as strength of chemicals cannot be guaranteed as some can damage the drainage bag or
cause irritation) [52]
Addition of antiseptics or antimicrobials to drainage bags is ineffective [31, 35]
Link System (Photograph by Wayne Blair, HBDHB)
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Disposable four litre bags
Used short term post urological surgery and for continuous bladder irrigation
They have an anti‐reflux, non‐return valve
Continuous Bladder Irrigation Using 4L Drainage Bag (Photograph by Wayne Blair, HBDHB)
6.6.2 Catheter Valves
Catheter valves can provide a discreet alternative to drainage bags when connected to the catheter
outlet lumen [2]
Imitate and maintain normal bladder capacity and tone by allowing the bladder to fill and empty [4, 38]
Not suitable for all patients. Consider the patients renal function, bladder capacity, manual dexterity,
cognition and carer needs. Patients with over active bladder, severe cognitive impairment, urinary tract
infection and urethral reflux should be excluded from catheter valve use [4, 36, 38]
Allows for the catheter balloon to be lifted off bladder wall thereby decreasing risk of bladder wall
erosion and balloon associated bladder neck trauma [38]
A variety of designs are available, usually compatible with a linked system so they can connect to night
bags overnight [4, 32, 38]
Recommended to be released every 2‐4 hours and changed in accordance to manufacturer instruction
Catheter valves should be changed weekly or in accordance with manufacturer instructions
Flip Flo Valve (Photograph by Wayne Blair, HBDHB)
6.7 Catheter Securement
Best practice in managing an indwelling catheter includes use of a securement device. The catheter
should be secured to help prevent dislodgement, movement induced urethral trauma and increased risk
of urinary tract infection [2, 4, 38, 53, 54]
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Secured indwelling catheters both short and long term also prevent the catheter balloon from exerting
bladder neck or urethral force [54]
Indwelling catheters should be secured to the patient’s upper thigh or abdomen. [2, 4, 36, 53, 54]. The
securement should be placed where the catheter is stiffest, typically just below the bifurcation
Catheter securing can also be utilised post Trans Urethral Resection of Prostate and Radical
Prostatectomy to facilitate a gentle traction helping to reduce post‐operative bleeding and to protect a
surgical anastomosis [53, 54]
There are a range of securement devices available and these should be used in accordance with
manufacturer’s recommendations
There are both adhesive backed devices and non‐adhesive such as Velcro straps available [54]
A bio‐occlusive film and a strong adhesive tape can also be used as an improvised indwelling catheter
securement as in picture below.
Simple Securement System
6.8 Catheter Storage
Inappropriately stored catheters can lead to damage, therefore catheters should:
Lie flat, preferably in the original box provided by the manufacturer
Not be exposed to sunlight or heat
Not be bent
Not be grouped by rubber bands
Have expiry date checked before use
Not be overstocked and have regular rotation
Be clearly separated between female and standard lengths to decrease the risk of using a female
length in the male patient [7]
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7.0 Procedure Guidelines
7.1 Male Urethral Catheterisation
Equipment Required
1. Procedure trolley or suitable clean surface if in community setting
2. Sterile catheterisation pack
3. Cleansing solution – an appropriate antiseptic or sterile solution preferably, 0.9% sodium
chloride [3, 4, 6, 7, 34, 55]
4. Sterile and non sterile gloves
5. Appropriate size and length catheter
6. Sterile anaesthetic lubricating gel as per local policy
7. Sterile water for balloon and 10mL syringe
8. Specimen container if indicated
9. Disposable waterproof sheet
10. Extra Jug
11. Personal protective equipment (PPE)
12. Appropriate catheter valve or drainage bag and support accessories as required
13. Securement device or system
Procedure Rationale
Explain and discuss the procedure with the patient and gain To ensure patient has a good understanding of the
consent. Provide a patient education/information brochure on procedure and gives informed consent
catheterisation as appropriate.
[12]
This may need further reinforcement at the end of the procedure To ensure safe catheter management in the home
if patient is to be discharged home with catheter.
Check current medications and any known allergies Prevent medication reaction
Ensure a good light source is available To maximise visibility
Undertake the procedure on the patient’s bed or in a clinical To ensure privacy
setting utilising screens or curtains to promote and maintain
dignity and privacy
Position patient in the supine position with knees slightly flexed To ensure accessibility and to maintain dignity and
and the feet a little apart. Place a waterproof sheet under the comfort
buttocks. Ensure the patient is not exposed and maintain warmth
Perform hand hygiene using alcohol gel or soap and water [56‐58] To reduce the risk of infection
Clean and prepare trolley and open catheterisation pack using an
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Procedure Rationale
aseptic technique, add catheter and other sterile equipment pour
cleansing solution onto tray and open specimen container if
needed. Empty sterile water into tray ready for balloon inflation.
(some have this prepared in pack)
Remove cover that is maintaining patient privacy
Perform hand hygiene using alcohol gel or soap and water and To reduce the risk of introducing infection to
put on non sterile gloves. the urinary tract during catheterisation
Retract the foreskin, if necessary, and
clean the glans penis with cleansing solution according to your
local guidelines, moving in a circular motion from the meatus
outwards to the base of the penis
Remove non sterile gloves, To reduce the risk of infection
Perform hand hygiene using alcohol gel or soap and water and
put on sterile gloves [56‐58]
Apply the fenestrated drape To create a sterile field
Lubricate catheter length with anaesthetic gel. Draw up sterile Small amount of anaesthetic gel allows
water into syringe to inflate balloon. Hold the penis with a piece adequate lubrication to insert the catheter nozzle into
of gauze and cover the meatus with gel, then instil the remainder the meatus prior to insertion,
into the urethra and discard the gel container [11] Warn the use of a local anaesthetic minimises the
patient about the risk of stinging from anaesthetic gel discomfort experienced by the patient
Hold the penis behind the glans, raise to a 90º angle to the body To facilitate ease of insertion
Insert the catheter until resistance is felt at the first sphincter,
continue to the Y bifurcation To ensure the balloon is not in the
prostatic urethra. Inadvertent inflation of
the balloon in the urethra causes pain and
urethral trauma
If resistance is felt at the external sphincter: To reduce the risk of urethral and bladder neck
Consider second tube of lubricant trauma
Apply gentle steady pressure on the catheter
Ask the patient to take a deep breath
Ask the patient to cough or bear down
Ask the patient to try to pass urine
Gently rotate the catheter
Gently inflate the balloon according to the manufacturer's Reduce the risk of urethral, prostatic and bladder
instruction neck trauma
NEVER INFLATE THE BALLOON UNTIL URINE FLOWS FREELY AND Pain could indicate bladder spasm or incorrect
STOP IF PAIN IS FELT placement
Withdraw the catheter slightly until resistance is felt To ensure correct catheter placement
Attach it to a compatible valve or drainage system, To ensure patient comfort and to reduce the
Support the catheter by using a specifically designed support risk of urethral and bladder neck trauma
strap or tape [6, 11, 18, 19, 54, 59, 60],
Ensure that the catheter does not become taut when the patient Movement induced trauma can lead to UTI and tissue
is mobilising necrosis
Clinical Guideline
Catheterisation
24
Procedure Rationale
Ensure that the glans penis is clean and dry and reposition the To prevent Paraphimosis. If the area is left wet skin
foreskin in uncircumcised males irritation may occur
Remove gloves and perform hand hygiene using alcohol gel or
soap and water. [56‐58]
Ensure the patient is comfortable
Dispose of equipment and gloves in a biohazard bag utilised in the To prevent environmental contamination
clinical area
Dispose of clinical waste bag into To prevent environmental contamination
Appropriate waste system
Perform hand hygiene using alcohol gel or soap and water. [56‐ To reduce risk of cross‐infection from
58] Micro organisms
Complete documentation
7.2 Female Urethral Catheterisation
Equipment Required
1. Procedure trolley or suitable clean surface if in community setting
2. Sterile catheterisation pack
3. Sterile and non sterile gloves
4. Cleansing solution – an appropriate antiseptic or sterile solution preferably, 0.9% sodium
chloride [3, 4, 6, 7, 34, 55]
5. Appropriate size and length catheter
6. Sterile anaesthetic lubricating gel as per local policy
7. Sterile water for balloon and 10mL syringe
8. Specimen container if indicated
9. Disposable waterproof sheet
10. Extra Jug
11. Personal protective equipment (PPE)
12. Appropriate catheter valve or drainage bag and support accessories as required
13. Light source
14. Securement device or system
Clinical Guideline
Catheterisation
25
Procedure Rationale
Explain and discuss the procedure with the patient and gain To ensure patient has a good understanding of the
consent. Provide a patient education/information brochure on procedure and gives informed consent
catheterisation as appropriate.
[12]
This may need further reinforcement at the end of the procedure To ensure safe catheter management in the home
if patient is to be discharged home with catheter.
Check current medications and any known allergies Prevent medication reaction
Ensure a good light source is available To maximise visibility
Undertake the procedure on the patient’s bed or in a clinical To ensure privacy
setting utilising screens or curtains to promote and maintain
dignity and privacy
Position patient in the supine position with the knees bent and To ensure accessibility and to maintain dignity and
abducted, hips flexed and feet together. Place a waterproof sheet comfort
under the buttocks. Ensure the patient is not exposed and
maintain warmth
Perform hand hygiene using alcohol gel or soap and water [56‐58] To reduce the risk of infection
Clean and prepare trolley and open catheterisation pack using an
aseptic technique, add catheter and other sterile equipment, pour
cleansing solution onto tray and open specimen container if
needed. Empty sterile water into tray ready for balloon inflation.
(some have this prepared in pack)
Remove cover that is maintaining patient privacy
Perform hand hygiene using alcohol gel or soap and water and To reduce the risk of introducing infection to
put on non sterile gloves.[56‐58] the urinary tract during catheterisation
Separate the labia minora so that the urethral meatus is This manoeuvre provides better access to
visualised. the urethral orifice and helps to prevent
If there is any difficulty in identifying the urethral labial contamination of the catheter
orifice due to vaginal atrophy and retraction of the urethral
orifice, consider re‐positioning the patient e.g. by raising the
buttocks, turning to left lateral position and ensure lighting is
good
Clean both the labia and around the urethral orifice with To avoid contamination with bacteria from the
cleansing solution or recommended local cleansing solution, using perineum and anus
single downward strokes
Remove non sterile gloves, To reduce the risk of infection
Perform hand hygiene using alcohol gel or soap and water and
put on sterile gloves[56‐58]
Apply the fenestrated drape To create a sterile field
Clinical Guideline
Catheterisation
26
Procedure Rationale
Lubricate lower third of catheter with gel. Draw up sterile water Reduce the risk of urethral trauma, minimise
into syringe to inflate balloon. Cover the meatus with gel, then discomfort and to facilitate catheterisation. Can also
according to local policy instil anaesthetic gel into the urethra and aid visualisation of the urethra in females
discard the gel container [13]
Insert the catheter until urine flows then advance the catheter a To ensure catheter is in the bladder
further 2‐4cm to ensure the balloon is clear of the urethra. ,
Ask the patient to take a deep breath or rotate the catheter
slightly if resistance is felt
Should the catheter go into the vagina leave it there as a guide
and insert a new catheter above it
Advance the catheter until urine flows freely
Gently inflate the balloon according to the manufacturer's
instruction
NEVER INFLATE THE BALLOON UNTIL URINE FLOWS FREELY AND Pain could indicate bladder spasm or incorrect
STOP IF PAIN IS FELT placement
Withdraw the catheter slightly until resistance is felt To check catheter placement
Attach it to a compatible valve or drainage system, To ensure patient comfort and to reduce the
Support the catheter by using a specifically designed support risk of urethral and bladder neck trauma
strap or tape [6, 11, 18, 19, 54, 59, 60],
Ensure that the catheter does not become taut when the patient Movement induced trauma can lead to UTI and tissue
is mobilising necrosis
Ensure that the genital area is clean and dry If the area is left wet skin irritation may occur
Remove gloves and perform hand hygiene using alcohol gel or
soap and water [56‐58]
Ensure the patient is comfortable
Dispose of equipment and gloves in a biohazard bag utilised in the To prevent environmental contamination
clinical area
Dispose of clinical waste bag into appropriate waste system To prevent environmental contamination
Perform hand hygiene using alcohol gel or soap and water [56‐58] To reduce risk of cross‐infection from
Micro organisms
Complete documentation
7.3 Change of Suprapubic Catheter
Equipment Required
1. Procedure trolley or suitable clean surface if in community setting
2. Sterile catheterisation pack
3. Cleansing solution – an appropriate antiseptic or sterile solutions preferably, 0.9% sodium
chloride [3, 4, 6, 7, 34, 55]
4. Sterile and non sterile gloves
5. Appropriate size and length catheter
Clinical Guideline
Catheterisation
27
6. Sterile lubricating gel as per local policy
7. Sterile water for balloon and 10mL syringes x2
8. Catheter tip syringe and 100mL 0.9% sodium chloride if filling bladder prior to removing
previous SPC
9. Specimen container if indicated
10. Disposable waterproof sheet
11. Extra Jug
12. Personal protective equipment (PPE)
13. Appropriate catheter valve or drainage bag and support accessories as required
14. Securement device or system
Procedure Rationale
Explain and discuss the procedure with the patient and gain To ensure patient has a good understanding of the
consent. Provide a patient education/information brochure on procedure and gives informed consent
catheterisation as appropriate.
[12]
This may need further reinforcement at the end of the procedure To ensure safe catheter management in the home
if patient is to be discharged home with catheter.
Check current medications and any known allergies Prevent medication reaction
Clamp catheter drainage bag 30‐60 minutes prior to procedure To facilitate flow of urine as soon as new SPC enters
(do not clamp catheter as this may prevent balloon deflation) bladder to confirm position
Position patient in the supine position. Place a waterproof sheet To ensure accessibility and to maintain dignity and
under the buttocks. Expose the SPC site, loosening the drainage comfort
bag or valve from leg straps. Cover patient
Perform hand hygiene using alcohol gel or soap and water [56‐58] To reduce the risk of infection
Clean and prepare trolley and open catheterisation pack using an
aseptic technique, add catheter and other sterile equipment, pour
cleansing solution onto tray and open specimen container if
specimen required. Attach syringe to balloon port and allow
water to drain while preparing patient. Empty sterile water into
tray ready for balloon inflation. (some have this prepared in pack)
Remove cover that is maintaining patient privacy For ease of access
Perform hand hygiene using alcohol gel or soap and water and To reduce the risk of introducing infection to
put on sterile gloves [56‐58] the urinary tract during catheterisation
Lubricate lower third of catheter Reduce the risk of urethral trauma, minimise
Draw up sterile water into syringe to inflate balloon. discomfort and to facilitate catheterisation
Cleanse area surrounding SPC with cleansing solution including To create a sterile field
outer lumen of catheter and the connection between catheter
and drainage bag
Apply sterile drape
If drainage bag had not been clamped 30‐60 mins prior to
procedure you can instil 50‐100mL 0.9% sodium chloride via
catheter tip syringe to facilitate immediate drainage and confirm
position in bladder, leave syringe attached to prevent leakage
Remove existing SPC using non dominant hand, noting direction
of catheter and depth of insertion. Remove with even traction at
90º to abdomen, rotate slightly on withdrawal if resistance felt.
Clinical Guideline
Catheterisation
28
Procedure Rationale
Using dominant hand reinsert new SPC immediately To ensure continued patency of existing SPC tract and
to prevent bladder spasm prior to insertion of new
catheter
Insert the catheter until urine flows freely, advance a further 5cm To ensure correct placement in bladder
to ensure catheter balloon clears the bladder wall
Gently inflate the balloon according to the manufacturer's
instruction
NEVER INFLATE THE BALLOON UNTIL URINE FLOWS FREELY AND Pain could indicate bladder spasm or incorrect
STOP IF PAIN IS FELT placement
Ensure that the skin is clean and dry If the area is left wet skin irritation may occur
A small keyhole dressing can be applied around the suprapubic
opening only in the presence of exudates. If dressing is required it
should be renewed daily
Dispose of equipment and gloves in a biohazard bag utilised in the To prevent environmental contamination
clinical area
Dispose of clinical waste bag into appropriate waste system To prevent environmental contamination
Perform hand hygiene using alcohol gel or soap and water [56‐58] To reduce risk of cross‐infection from
Micro organisms
Complete documentation
7.4 Intermittent Self Catheterisation
This guideline focuses on the process for teaching a patient ISC in their home
If performing intermittent catheterisation on a patient in a hospital setting a sterile and aseptic
technique must be used [30]
Clinical Guideline
Catheterisation
29
7.4.1 Female Intermittent Self Catheterisation
Equipment Required
Soap and water or disposable cleansing wipe
Nelaton catheter – smallest size to allow adequate drainage. 10 – 12Fg
Lubricating jelly
Procedure Rationale
Patient to wash genital area with soap and water and Prevent spread of bacteria into urinary tract [20]
then hands. A disposable cleansing wipe can be used
[56‐58]
Instruct to spread labia and cleanse in downward
strokes
Perform hand hygiene yourself and don non sterile
gloves to assist patient as needed [56‐58]
Ensure good lighting
Gather catheter and lubricant within easy reach Ease of access to required equipment during procedure
Patient to part the labia with non dominant hand and
gently insert the catheter with dominant hand into
urethra until urine flows into toilet or container,
encourage relaxation
If catheter is accidentally inserted into vagina or To prevent infection
contaminated in any way a new catheter must be used
Once urine stops, slowly withdraw the catheter, To ensure bladder is completely emptied [20]
If urine flow restarts, pause until bladder is fully empty
Discard catheter
Perform hand hygiene yourself and don non sterile
gloves to assist patient as needed [56‐58]
Ensure good lighting
Gather catheter and lubricant within easy reach Ease of access to required equipment during procedure
Hold the penis with one hand extending it almost Facilitate easy passage into bladder
upright from body and gently insert into urethra until it
stops passing freely. Due to the direction of the urethra Demonstration is an important part of teaching process
it is now necessary to alter the position of the penis [29]
downwards. Continue to pass the catheter until urine
flows into toilet or container ‐ explain resistance from
sphincter and prostate felt in prostatic urethra is
normal
Once urine stops, slowly withdraw the catheter, To ensure bladder is completely emptied [20]
If urine flow restarts, pause until bladder fully empty
Instruct to return foreskin over glans if uncircumcised To prevent paraphimosis
Discard catheter
Gather catheter and lubricant within easy reach Ease of access to required equipment during procedure
Position comfortably, some may stand in front of toilet, Facilitate easy insertion of catheter
others prefer to sit and use container Assist when first teaching do not leave patient alone
initially to do this
Demonstration is an important part of the teaching
process [29]
Show patient how to lubricate the length of catheter Prevent irritation or damage to urothelial tissue and
tubing pain for patient. Reassure some bleeding initially is not
unusual [20]
Once urine stops, slowly withdraw the catheter To ensure neobladder is completely emptied [20]
If urine flow restarts, repeat this process until bladder
fully empty
Discard catheter
Clinical Guideline
Catheterisation
34
8.2.4 Catheter Maintenance
Perform hand hygiene immediately before and after any contact with catheter, SPC site or related
equipment [2, 3, 56‐58].
A closed drainage system must be maintained for best practice in preventing CAUTI [2, 3, 6, 11, 24].
In patients with long term catheters urine samples should only be taken if the patient is symptomatic of
UTI.
If considering commencement of antibiotic for UTI, a urine sample should be taken prior to
commencement of antibiotics [24, 31].
There is limited evidence on how often to change catheter bags, best practice suggests when they
become damaged, contaminated, malodorous, at catheter changes and in accordance with
manufacturers recommendations [2, 3, 35, 36]. There is no benefit on catheter associated infection
when anti‐bacterial solutions are added to drainage systems [31, 34, 35]. The general guide is that these
bags should be changed while in hospital every 3 days and 5‐7 days in the community or as governed by
local policy [36].
Routine bladder washouts should only be performed if there is a clinical indication for doing so e.g. clot
evacuation [8].
If a catheter becomes blocked or is bypassing it must be changed if in place longer than seven days.
Assess that bypassing is not due to bladder spasm where replacement is not indicated.
Position drainage bag below the level of bladder and empty regularly. It should never be in contact with
the floor [2, 6, 11].
Use separate containers for each patient when emptying multiple catheter bags [3].
Bladder irrigation and washouts do not prevent catheter associated infection [3, 64].
Catheter irrigation with sodium chloride 0.9% should not be used routinely to reduce catheter
associated bacteriuria, CAUTI or obstruction in patients with long‐term indwelling catheterisation [31].
Routine irrigation of the bladder with antimicrobials is not recommended [6]. Further research is
needed on the benefit of irrigating the catheter with acidifying soloutions and this remains an
unresolved issue.
In the patient with a long term catheter if blockage occurs, change the catheter and perform manual
bladder irrigation to clear the bladder of clot or debris causing the blockage. If obstruction is due to
haematuria following prostate or bladder surgery, manual or continuous bladder irrigation is
recommended to prevent blood clotting and blocking the catheter. Changing a catheter following
Clinical Guideline
Catheterisation
35
radical prostatectomy or surgery involving urethral anastomosis of any kind is not to be done without
the Urologist’s authorisation.
8.3 Documentation
On completion of the procedure, record information in the relevant documents. This should include:
Date and time of catheterisation
The indication for catheterisation/change of catheter and clinical need for the continued use of
an indwelling catheter should be reassessed regularly[2]
Catheter type, length and size
Amount of water instilled into the balloon
Any problems during the procedure
In uncircumcised males that the foreskin has been returned over the glans penis
Colour and amount of urine drained immediately (residual volume in previously uncatheterised
patients)
A review date to assess the need for continued catheterisation or date of next anticipated
change of catheter
Name of nurse
9.0 Abbreviation List
ANZUNS Australia and New Zealand Urology Nurses Society
BCG Bacillus Calmette‐Guerin
BPH Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
CAASB Catheter Associated Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
CAUTI Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection
CH Charriere
FG French Gauge
FR French
IDC Indwelling Catheter
ISC Intermittent Self Catheterisation
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
SPC Suprapubic Catheter
TGA Therapeutic Goods Administration
TURP Trans Urethral Resection of Prostate
UTI Urinary Tract Infection
Clinical Guideline
Catheterisation
36
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