B/X Essentials: Core Rules

v1.0.0

This is the plain text version of B/X Essentials: Core Rules, provided as an aid to others who wish to
create their own house rules documents or retro-clones (please read the Open Game License, at the end
of this document, carefully!).

Beautifully illustrated PDF and print editions are available at

http://www.rpgnow.com/product/220726/B-X-Essentials-Core-Rules.

Copyright Gavin Norman 2017. B/X Essentials is a trademark of Gavin Norman.

Thanks to Alistair Caunt, Stuart A. Roe, Eric Nieudan, Michael Julius, Sophia Brandt, and Chad Robb for
most excellent rules pedantry and proofreading.

This product is released under the terms of the Open Game License Version 1.0a, Copyright 2000,
Wizards of the Coast, Inc. Based on the OGC text of Labyrinth Lord by Dan Proctor and Lamentations of
the Flame Princess by James Raggi. Many thanks to both.

Foreword
My love for Basic/Expert-style fantasy adventuring was reignited with the publication of Labyrinth Lord
and the rise of the old-school renaissance / whatever-you-like-to-call-it. Over the years, I’ve run all sorts of
campaigns with the Basic/Expert rules—everything from classic dungeon hacks, to dying Earth science
fantasy, to Lovecraft-inspired, Victorian age horror. Of course, all these campaigns have added their own
twists to the rules: alternate classes, new spells, monsters, equipment, treasures, and so on. Nonetheless,
the core rules of the game remained constant. And I think that’s the real treasure of the Basic/Expert rules:
their timeless elegance, concision, and very wide (I wouldn’t go quite so far as to say universal)
applicability.

Through all these years of play, though, what I’ve always missed is a cleanly presented,
easy-to-reference rendition of the core rules of the game separated from the associated
“accoutrements”—the classes, spells, monsters, magic items, etc. Neither the original Basic/Expert books
nor the various modern clones exactly satisfy this requirement.

That’s what this book is about.

We are very fortunate that the original Basic/Expert rules are now available to purchase again (albeit in
PDF form only) and, while they are inspiring in their brevity and the elegance of their layout, they are built
around the assumed presence of the traditional set of classes, thus not exactly what I was looking for.
Furthermore, one has to contend with the nature of the presentation: the Basic rules are separated from
the Expert rules. No combined edition was ever created.

All of the various retro-clones and Basic/Expert-inspired games which exist today, on the other hand,
present a combined rule set, but vary greatly in readability and usefulness as a reference during play.
 Some provide a very clean presentation of the rules, with a focus on usability, but deviate in too many
ways from the traditional rule set to make them useful.

Eventually, not finding my holy grail Basic/Expert reference anywhere, I was inspired to create this book.
So, what you will find in these pages is a rules reference for the combined Basic/Expert game, split into
seven sections:
1. Ability scores. One page describing the ability scores and their modifiers; another page
containing the related charts.
2. Sequence of play. A reference for the basic sequence of events in an encounter, a dungeon
turn, and a wilderness day, on a single page.
3. Adventuring rules. The procedures for various non-combat game rules, collated into short
sections, arranged alphabetically.
4. Basic combat procedure. A two-page reference for the basics of combat, including the
sequence of play in a combat round and details on movement, attacking, initiative, and spell
casting in battle.
5. Other combat issues. Two further pages of rules for other combat-related situations,
ordered alphabetically.
6. Standard combat charts. The attack and saving throw charts for monsters, normal humans,
and the standard character classes, presented on a two-page spread.
7. Magic. Rules relating to spells and spell casting, spell books, magical research, and magic
items.

Aside from the inclusion of combat charts for the standard classes (which are required for monsters, as
well), no reference is made to any specific character classes. Likewise, aside from the (optional)
encumbrance rules, no specific equipment lists are assumed. This information may be found in the
companion volume—B/X Essentials: Classes and Equipment—or in any number of other books
inspired by this rule set.

It is my hope that this book will play some small part in the furtherance of this timeless and beloved game
and prove useful as a reference for those already familiar with its charms.

Gavin Norman, Summer 2017, Berlin.

Ability Scores

Standard Adjustments
Ability Standard Adjustment

3 -3

4-5 -2

6-8 -1

9-12 None
13-15 +1

16-17 +2

18 +3

Charisma
Charisma (CHA) measures a character’s force of personality, persuasiveness, personal magnetism,
physical attractiveness, and ability to lead. This ability is important for how NPCs or monsters will respond
to a character in an encounter. Charisma also determines the number of retainers a character may have
and their morale.
● Reaction adjustment applies when hiring Retainers and when interacting with monsters (see
Encounters).
● Max # of retainers and retainer morale determine the number of Retainers a character
may have in his or her pay at any one time and their loyalty to the character.

CHA Reaction Adjustment Max # of Retainers Retainer Morale

3 -2 1 4

4-5 -1 2 5

6-8 -1 3 6

9-12 None 4 7

13-15 +1 5 8

16-17 +1 6 9

18 +2 7 10

Constitution
Constitution (CON) represents a character’s health and stamina. A Constitution bonus increases a
character’s hit points, making this ability important for all classes.
● Standard adjustment applies when rolling a character’s hit points (i.e. at 1st level and every
time a level is gained thereafter). A character always gains at least 1 hit point per Hit Die,
regardless of CON modifier.

Dexterity
Dexterity (DEX) measures hand-eye coordination, agility, reflexes, and balance. This ability is important
for combat-oriented classes, as it affects Armour Class, and for characters who focus on missile combat.
● Standard adjustment is applied to attack rolls (but not damage rolls) made with a ranged
weapon and modifies the character’s Armour Class (a bonus lowers AC, a penalty raises it).
● Initiative adjustment modifies the character’s initiative roll, if the optional rule for individual
initiative is being used (see Basic Combat Procedure).
DEX Initiative Adjustment

3 -2

4-5 -1

6-8 -1

9-12 None

13-15 +1

16-17 +1

18 +2

Intelligence
Intelligence (INT) determines how well a character learns, remembers, and reasons.
● Language ability denotes the character’s ability to speak, read, and write in his or her native
tongue and other languages.
● Bonus languages determines the number of additional languages the character can choose
during character creation.

INT Language Ability Bonus Languages

3 Unable to read or write, broken 0

speech

4-5 Unable to read or write 0

6-8 Can write simple words 0

9-12 Can read and write native 0

languages

13-15 Can read and write native 1

languages

16-17 Can read and write native 2

languages

18 Can read and write native 3

languages

Strength
Strength (STR) rates a character’s brawn, muscle, and physical power. This ability is especially important
for characters who focus on melee combat.
 ● Standard adjustment is applied to attack and damage rolls with melee weapons and to
attempts to force open a stuck door (see Doors).

Wisdom
Wisdom (WIS) encompasses a character’s willpower, common sense, perception, and intuition. While
Intelligence represents one’s ability to analyse information, Wisdom represents being in tune with and
aware of one’s surroundings.
● Standard adjustment is applied to saving throws versus magical effects. This normally does
not include saves against breath attacks, but may apply to any other saving throw category.

Prime Requisite
Each character class has one or more prime requisites, that is, an ability score or scores that are of
especial importance to characters of that class. A character’s score in his or her class’ prime requisite(s)
affects how quickly the character is able to gain experience points.
● XP Adjustment is applied to all experience points awarded to the character, unless otherwise
noted in the description of the class.

Score XP Adjustment

3-5 -20%

6-8 -10%

9-12 None

13-15 +5%

16-18 +10%

Sequence of Play

One Dungeon Turn

1. The referee checks for Wandering Monsters, if applicable.
2. The party decides what action to take (e.g. moving, searching, listening, entering rooms).
3. The referee describes what happens.
4. If no encounter occurs, the turn is over, continue to step 5. If monsters are encountered, first
follow the encounter sequence, below.
5. The turn ends. The referee should update time records, with special attention to light sources,
spell durations, and the party’s need to rest.

One Wilderness Day

1. The players decide on their course of travel for the day.
 2. The referee determines whether the party gets lost (see Losing Direction) and, if the party is
travelling at sea, determines the weather conditions (see Water Travel).
3. The referee checks for Wandering Monsters, if applicable.
4. The referee describes the terrain passed through and any sites of interest that the party
comes across, asking players for their actions, as required.
5. If no encounters occur, the day is over, continue to step 6. If monsters are encountered, first
follow the encounter sequence, below.
6. The day ends. The referee should update time records, with special attention to rations, spell
durations, and the party’s need to rest.

Encounters
1. The referee rolls for surprise, if applicable, and determines how far away the monsters are.
2. Any sides that are not surprised roll initiative (see Basic Combat Procedure) to determine
who acts first.
3. The referee determines the monsters’ reaction to the party. The players decide how they will
act:
a. If both sides wish to talk, the negotiation may be role-played. The referee
may make reaction rolls, as applicable.
b. If the players decide to flee, the referee determines whether the monsters
pursue.
c. If combat breaks out, follow the steps listed in Basic Combat Procedure.

See Encounters for a full description on all elements of running an encounter, including encounter
distance, surprise, and monster reactions.

Adventuring Rules

Ability Checks (Optional Rule)

Sometimes, the referee might require a test against an ability score, instead of a saving throw, to
determine if a character succeeds in a task or escapes a danger. For example, DEX might be used to
jump over a pit or STR might be used to push an object.

The player rolls 1d20 and, if the result is less than or equal to the ability, the check succeeds. If the roll is
greater than the ability, the check fails.

Bonuses or penalties to the roll may be applied, with a modifier of -4 being a relatively easy ability check
and +4 being very difficult. Of course, any modifier between these extremes can by applied.
An unmodified roll of 1 should be treated as a success and a 20 treated as a failure.

Air Travel
When travelling by air, the total number of miles a character can travel in a day is twice the distance he or
she could travel overland (see Movement).
This rate might be reduced if there are adverse conditions such as very high mountains, storms, or thick
fog. There are many magical items that grant characters the ability to fly, as well as spells and winged
mounts.

Mounts
In general, a winged beast may carry riders or other burdens based on its Hit Dice:
● 3 HD creatures may carry a being about half the size of an adult human.
● 6 HD creatures may carry an adult human.
● 12 HD creatures may carry a large animal like a horse or four adult humans.
● 24 HD creatures may carry a very a large animal, or four horses, or eight adult humans.

Chases
When the party encounters monsters and one side decides to flee, the other may wish to pursue them.
Generally, this is possible in two situations:
● Combat has not commenced.
● One side breaks away from combat.

(See Encounters for details.)

Surprise
If one side is surprised, the other side may be able to flee without the possibility of being chased—the
surprised side may not even be aware that the encounter occurred. In the wilderness, where greater
distances are involved, this is always possible.

Group Movement Rate

It is common for monsters to chase the whole party, as a group. In this case, it is important to note that a
side’s movement rate is usually determined by the speed of the slowest member.

Chases in the Dungeon

One side can always successfully flee if its movement rate (see Movement) is higher than the other
side’s and if combat has not commenced. A pursuit is possible if the pursuing side’s movement rate is
greater than or equal to the fleeing side’s.

Time in a chase is measured in rounds (see Time), with each side assumed to be running at full speed
(see Movement). Most monsters will not continue a chase if the characters manage to get out of the
monster’s range of vision.

If the monsters enjoy treasure, there is a 3-in-6 probability that they will stop pursuit to collect any
treasure the characters drop. Hungry or less intelligent monsters may do the same if the characters drop
food. Burning oil or other obstacles may also slow or stop a pursuit.
 Chases in the Wilderness
With the open spaces and (generally) good visibility in the wilderness, a chase is assumed to play out
over an extended period—time is not tracked round by round. The probability that one group can escape
from another is determined by the relative size of the two sides. The more members in the pursuing side
there are relative to the fleeing side, the greater chances the fleeing side has of escaping. This is because
larger groups cannot move as fast or as quietly.

The basic chance of escape is determined by consulting the table opposite. The referee may modify the
probabilities based on the conditions and environment. For example, if one side has time to flee within a
densely wooded area, the referee may give a bonus of 25% to escape. If one side’s movement rate is
double that of the other, the chance to escape may be modified by 25% in its favour. There is always at
least a 5% chance of escape, except when surprise is involved.

The following procedure is followed, day by day, until the chase is over:
1. Roll for escape (see table, below). If the roll succeeds, the fleeing party has escaped; the
chase is over.
2. If the roll fails, the fleeing party must choose either to be caught (ending the chase) or to flee
in a random direction, determined by the referee (no mapping is possible).
3. If the chase continues, compare the speeds of the fleeing and pursuing sides:
a. If the fleeing side is at least as fast as the pursuing side, it has another
chance to escape; return to step 1.
b. If the pursuing side is faster, there is a 50% chance of them catching up. If
the roll succeeds, the fleeing side has been caught; the chase is over. If the roll fails, the
fleeing party has another chance to escape; return to step 1.

Chance of
Escape by
Number of
Pursuers

Fleeing 10% 25% 35% 50% 70% 90%

group size

1-4 -- -- -- 1 pursuer 2-3 pursuers 4+ pursuers

5-12 -- -- 1-3 pursuers 4-8 pursuers 9+ pursuers --

13-24 -- 1-6 pursuers 7-16 17+ -- --

pursuers pursuers

25+ 1-10 11-30 31+ -- -- --

pursuers pursuers pursuers

Waterborne Chases
When two waterborne sides (ships or swimming monsters) encounter one another, one side may choose
to flee.
 First, the initial distance between each side is determined as normal for an encounter. Next, the fleeing
party rolls on the chart below. Success depends on luck and the difference between the two groups’
movement rates.

If the roll to escape succeeds, the pursuers cannot attempt to catch up with the fleeing side until the next
day—and then only if a random encounter roll indicates an encounter.

If the roll to escape fails, the distance between the two sides will decrease by the pursuer’s movement
rate each round (or a minimum of 30’ per round, if the pursuer has a slower movement rate than the
fleeing side).

Fleeing Side’s Movement Rate Chance of Escape

Faster than pursuer 80%

Equal movement rate or up to 30’ per round 50%

slower than pursuer

Up to 60’ per round slower than pursuer 40%

Up to 90’ per round slower than pursuer 35%

Up to 120’ per round slower than pursuer 25%

More than 120’ per round slower than pursuer 10%

Climbing
When characters are climbing in a difficult or tense situation, the referee may specify a chance of failure
(as a percentage or an x-in-6 chance) or may require an ability check versus DEX (if the optional Ability
Checks rule is being used).

Note that very steep or sheer surfaces are normally impossible to climb without specialised equipment.
Some characters may have class abilities which allow them to attempt to climb such surfaces unaided.

Distance and Measurement

When characters are adventuring in a dungeon, all ranges and movement rates are measured in feet.
However, the wilderness is not cramped like a dungeon and characters can usually see further ahead and
need not be as wary of obstacles. For this reason, ranges and movement rates are measured in yards,
rather than feet, in the wilderness.

Note that areas (such as the area of a spell effect or a breath weapon) are always measured in feet, both
in dungeons and in the wilderness.
Doors
Dungeons often have many doors, some secret and others obvious. Many are locked and many are
stuck.

Locked Doors
Locks must be picked by a character proficient with lock picks or opened by magic.

Stuck Doors
There is a base 2-in-6 chance of being able to force open a stuck door. Strength adjustments apply, but
cannot take the success range above 5-in-6 or below 1-in-6.

A failed attempt to force open a door eliminates any possibility of surprise (see Encounters, p11) that the
party may have against any monsters on the other side of the door.

Note that monsters resident to the dungeon are often able to pass through stuck doors unhindered.

Secret Doors
Secret doors can only be spotted if characters are specifically looking for them.

See Searching.

Wedging Doors
Doors opened by adventurers (by whatever means) are likely to swing shut after they pass. To prevent
this, doors may be held open using iron spikes or other wedges.

Likewise, players may wish to wedge doors shut, to hinder monsters’ movement.

Listening at Doors
PCs have a 1-in-6 chance of detecting subtle sounds beyond a door. (Some types of adventurer may
have an increased chance of success.)

The referee should always roll for the character listening so that the player never knows if the roll failed or
if there simply is no sound behind the door.

This attempt may only be made one time at any door by a character. Note that some creatures, such as
undead, do not any make noise.

Encounters
An encounter begins when the characters stumble onto a monster, either because the referee has
planned an encounter in the area the PCs are exploring or because a random die roll indicates an
encounter (see Wandering Monsters).
 Time in Encounters
When an encounter begins, action is measured in rounds (see Time). Rolls for surprise (see below) and
initiative (Basic Combat Procedure) determine which side acts first.

Surprise
Checks for surprise are made whenever an encounter is unexpected by at least one side. For instance, if
the player characters are making a lot of noise, a monster may not have a chance to be surprised, but the
characters might be, if the monster was waiting quietly.

Each side that is not already aware of the other’s presence rolls 1d6. The referee rolls for monsters and
one player rolls for the adventuring party as a whole. A result of 1 or 2 means the side is surprised and
cannot act for one round. If both sides are surprised, there is simply a momentary confusion—neither side
has any advantage. If one side is surprised but the other is not, then the side that is not surprised gains a
one round advantage.

Note that aquatic monsters are usually not surprised by ships. Special circumstances (e.g. thick fog) may
alter this.

Encounter Distance
The situation in which the encounter occurs often determines how far away the monster is. If there is
uncertainty (for example, in the case of Wandering Monsters):
● In a dungeon, the monster encountered is 2d6 × 10 feet away, moving in the direction of the
party.
● In the wilderness, the monster is 4d6 × 10 yards away. If either side is surprised, this is
reduced to 1d4 × 10 yards.
● At sea, monsters are encountered at the same distance as in the wilderness (see above).
Ships may be sighted and identified at 300 yards on a clear day or as little as 40 yards in dense
fog.

Monster Reactions
Very often, circumstances make it obvious how a monster will react when encountered. However,
sometimes the referee may wish to roll on the table below to determine how a monster reacts to
encountering the party. If one specific character attempts to interact with monsters, that character’s CHA
score is used to modify the reaction roll.

2d6 Result

2 or less Hostile, attacks

3-5 Unfriendly, may attack

6-8 Neutral, uncertain

9-11 Indifferent, uninterested

12 or more Friendly, helpful

 Evasion
The characters may decide they are outmatched and flee an encounter or a monster might flee.
Characters may choose whether they chase a fleeing monster. The referee will decide if monsters chase
fleeing characters. A low roll on the Monster Reactions table may be taken to indicate that the monster
will pursue. See Chases for complete rules on handling pursuit.

Encounter Duration
An encounter is assumed to take at least one full turn to complete, including time to rest, regroup, clean
weapons, bind wounds, and so on, afterwards.

Encumbrance (Optional Rule)

Author’s note: The original Basic rules contain ambiguities relating to the encumbrance system. I have
attempted to resolve these ambiguities in a sensible and consistent way, but other interpretations of the
original rules are possible.

It is important to keep track of how much player characters are carrying, because this affects how much
treasure they can haul from a dungeon. Groups who wish different characters to have different movement
rates (see Movement), based on the amount of equipment or treasure they are carrying may use one of
the following rules. The same rule should be applied to all characters.

As coins are the most common form of treasure found by adventurers, both encumbrance systems are
based on weight measured in coins. Ten coins are equivalent to one pound.

Treasure Encumbrance in Coins

Treasure Weight in Coins

Coin (any type) 1

Gem 1

Jewellery (1 piece) 10

Potion 10

Rod 20

Scroll 1

Staff 40

Wand 10

Option 1: Encumbrance by Armour Type

This rule may be used by groups who want a simple system for determining the movement rates of
different characters.
 A character’s movement rate is determined by two factors: the armour he or she is wearing and whether
he or she is carrying a significant amount of treasure or not (at the referee’s discretion).

The maximum amount of treasure any character can carry is 1,600 coins or equivalent. For this reason,
the weight of treasure carried must be tracked. The encumbrance of common types of treasure is shown
in the table above. The weight of the character’s standard adventuring gear (including armour and
weapons) is not counted.

Movement Rate

Armour Without Treasure Carrying Treasure

Unarmoured 120’ 90’

Leather armour 90’ 60’

Metal armour 60’ 30’

Option 2: Encumbrance by Weight Carried

This rule may be used by groups who want to make sure characters carry more realistic amounts of
equipment and treasure.

A character’s encumbrance value is calculated based on adding the weights of all significant items carried,
including treasure (see table above), weapons, and armour (see tables below). The character’s
movement rate is then based on the total encumbrance value. Miscellaneous adventuring gear (backpack,
spikes, sacks, etc.) may be counted as 80 coins of weight.

The maximum any character can carry is 1,600 coins.

Encumbrance Movement Rate

Up to 400 coins 120’

Up to 600 coins 90’

Up to 800 coins 60’

Up to 1,600 coins 30’

Equipment Encumbrance in Coins

(Only used with encumbrance option 2.)

Armour Weight in Coins

Leather armour 200

Chain mail 400

Plate mail 500

Shield 100

Weapon Weight in Coins

Battle axe 50

Bow + 20 arrows 30

Club 50

Crossbow + 30 quarrels 50

Dagger 10

Hand axe 30

Long sword 60

Mace 30

Polearm 150

Short sword 30

Spear 30

Two-handed sword 150

Warhammer 30

Experience Points
All characters that make it through an adventure alive receive experience points (XP). XP is gained from
two sources: treasure recovered and monsters defeated.

Recovered Treasure
Characters gain XP from treasure at the rate of 1 XP per 1 gold piece (gp) value of the item. The values
of all items are added together and converted to gold piece units. Only treasure of a non-magical nature
grants XP in this way.

Defeated Monsters
All monsters defeated by the party (slain, outsmarted, captured, scared away, etc.) grant XP based on
how powerful they are. The XP value of a monster is determined by its Hit Dice plus a bonus for each
special ability it has (e.g. breath attacks, spell-like abilities, etc.). See the chart below. A monster defeated
under especially dangerous circumstances may be treated as one Hit Dice category higher on the chart.
Monster HD Base XP Bonus XP / Ability

Less than 1 5 1

1 10 3

1+ 15 4

2 20 5

2+ 25 10

3 35 15

3+ 50 25

4 75 50

4+ 125 75

5 175 125

5+ 225 175

6 275 225

6+ 350 300

7 450 400

8 650 550

9-10+ 900 700

11-12+ 1,100 800

13-16+ 1,350 950

17-20+ 2,000 1,150

21+* 2,500 2,000

* For monsters of HD 22 and higher, add a cumulative 250 XP for the Base and Bonus categories.

Division of Experience
The XP awards for treasures recovered and monsters defeated are totalled and divided evenly between
all characters who survived the adventure. Note that total XP is divided evenly between all party members
(including Retainers), irrespective of how the players decide to divide the treasure.

Discretionary Bonuses and Penalties

The referee may grant XP bonuses to players who did particularly well. Likewise, players who did not do
their share of the work in an adventure may be penalized.
Prime Requisite Modifiers
In addition, characters receive XP bonuses or penalties based on their score in their class prime
requisites, as described in Ability Scores.

All bonuses or penalties to experience are applied to the grand total XP a particular character receives at
the end of an adventure.

Maximum XP in One Session

Characters should not be given enough experience to advance two or more levels in one adventure. Any
additional points that would take a character to a level two above his or her current level are lost.

Falling
Falling from a height onto a hard surface inflicts 1d6 damage per 10’ fallen.

Foraging and Hunting

When adventuring in a dungeon, there may be very little available to eat. Characters must take rations
with them to cover the extent of time they expect to be away from town. However, they may occasionally
kill an edible monster. When in the wilderness, characters can hunt or forage for food.

Foraging
Foraging for food is an activity that can be accomplished without hindering travel speed by gathering fruit,
herbs, nuts, or small animals along the way. For each day of travel while foraging, characters have a
1-in-6 chance of acquiring sufficient food for 1d6 human-sized beings.

Hunting
Hunting must be engaged in as the sole activity for a day—no travelling or resting is possible. When
hunting, there is a 1-in-6 chance of encountering animals which may be suitable for eating (if they can be
caught!). This is in addition to the normal chance of random encounters (see Wandering Monsters).

Healing
For each full day of complete rest, a character or monster recovers 1d3 hit points. If the rest is interrupted,
the character or monster will not heal that day.

Healing may also occur through magic, such as potions or spells. This kind of healing is instantaneous.
Magical healing and natural healing can be combined.

Hirelings
Hirelings are NPCs hired by a character to perform certain services. Hirelings differ from Retainers in that
they do not accompany characters on adventures. For this reason, they do not count toward a character’s
maximum number of retainers, since they are not the same kind of hired help.
The most common types of hireling are:
● Mercenaries: Hired soldiers who will guard, patrol, and otherwise serve in wilderness
settings, but only as part of a larger force, not an adventuring party.
● Specialists: Hired individuals who have a particular trade or who have special knowledge.
These individuals are usually hired for a specific task.

Like hiring retainers, mercenaries and specialists can be located by frequenting pubs or through posting
notices of help wanted. Also, in the case of professional specialists, these individuals may have shops or
a reputation that the characters can follow. There may also be guilds of certain professions which can act
as a contact point for locating specialists.

Some of the most common kinds of hirelings that can be found are described in the companion booklet,
B/X Essentials: Classes and Equipment.

Light, Vision, and Visibility

In the Dungeon
Characters will usually want to bring a source of light with them on underground expeditions. Typical light
sources enable normal vision within a 30’ radius.

The adventuring equipment lists in the companion booklet, B/X Essentials: Classes and Equipment,
provide full information.

In the Wilderness
Characters can usually see for three miles around them, in open terrain. This range may sometimes be
reduced (e.g. in overgrown terrain such as a forest) or increased (e.g. looking out from the top of a
mountain).

At Sea
On a clear day, land can be spotted at a distance of 24 miles. This may be reduced based on light and
weather conditions.

Light and Surprise

Characters or monsters that carry a light in a dark environment are usually unable to surprise opponents
(see Encounters), because the light gives them away.

Infravision
All non-human monsters and many demi-human races have infravision. Characters who have infravision
can see the heat energy that radiates off of living things. Generally, living things will be visible as bright
tones, while cool items are grey and very cold objects are black. It is not possible to read in the dark with
infravision, because fine detail cannot be perceived.
Infravision works within a limited range (60’ for monsters) and only functions in darkness. Visible light
(normal or magical) and large heat sources will disrupt it.

Losing Direction

At Sea
Getting lost at sea is a serious risk. When in sight of land, the chance of getting lost is 2-in-6. Once out of
sight of land, the chance of getting lost is 100%, unless a navigator is aboard—the chance of getting lost
is then 2-in-6 per day.

In the Wilderness
Characters can confidently follow trails, roads, and other well-known landmarks without fear of becoming
lost. However, when travelling through untracked wilderness, it is easy to lose direction. At the start of
each day of travel, the referee will roll to determine if the group loses direction. The probability depends
on the terrain being traversed:
● Clear, grasslands: 1-in-6.
● Barren lands, hills, mountains, woods: 2-in-6.
● Desert, jungle, swamp: 3-in-6.

Effects of Being Lost

If the roll indicates that the party is lost, the referee will decide which direction they are actually travelling
in. One option is to pick a direction only slightly off course. For example, if the group intended to go south,
they are actually headed southwest or west.

It may take some time for a lost party to realise that it is moving in the wrong direction.

Movement
See also: Air Travel, Climbing, Swimming, Water Travel.
Each character has a base movement rate. The default is 120’, but this may be modified by a character’s
class or by the amount of gear carried (if the optional Encumbrance rules are used).

If the group wants to stay together, they may only move as quickly as the slowest character.

Dungeon Exploration
A character can move his or her movement rate in feet in one turn (see Time) when exploring unknown
areas of a dungeon. This (very slow!) rate of movement takes account for the fact that PCs are exploring,
watching their footing, mapping, and taking care to be quiet and to avoid obstacles.

When moving through dungeon areas they are familiar with, the referee may allow characters to move at
a faster rate. For example, the referee may allow characters to move at three times their base movement
rate, when moving through familiar areas. Thus, a character whose base movement rate is 120’ could
move 360’ in a turn.
Movement in Encounters
During encounters, a character can move up to one third of his or her movement rate per round in feet (in
the dungeon) or yards (in the wilderness). For example, a character whose base movement rate is 120’
could move 40’ per round during a dungeon encounter. Characters may move at this rate for at most 60
rounds (one turn).

Running
During encounters, a character may choose to run at up to his or her full movement rate per round in feet
(in the dungeon) or yards (in the wilderness). Characters may only move at this rate for 30 rounds before
becoming exhausted: suffering a -2 penalty to attacks, damage, and Armour Class (AC is increased by 2).
The penalties for exhaustion last until characters have rested for three full turns.

Clearly, it is not possible to maintain a map while running.

Overland Travel
When travelling in the wilderness, the distance a character can travel in a normal day’s march is
determined by dividing his or her base movement rate by five. This is the number of miles travelled in a
day. For example, a character whose base movement rate is 120’ could travel up to 24 miles in a day.

Some types of terrain modify the speed at which characters can travel:
● Broken lands, desert, forest, hills: 33% slower.
● Jungle, mountains, swamp: 50% slower.
● Maintained roads: 50% faster.

Forced March
If they need to travel further in one day, characters may engage in a forced march. A forced march is a
day of hard, tiring, overland travel, but increases travel speed by 50%. For example, a character who can
normally travel 24 miles in a day can travel 36 miles on a forced march. After a forced march, the
characters must rest for a full day.

Resting

In the Dungeon
Characters can explore, fight, or otherwise remain active for five turns before needing to rest for one turn.

In the Wilderness
During wilderness travel, characters must rest one day per six days of travel.

After a Forced March

After a forced march, characters must rest for a full day.
 After Running
Characters who have been running for more than 30 rounds must rest for three full turns to recover.

Penalty for Not Resting

If characters press on without resting, they suffer a penalty of -1 to hit and damage rolls until they have
rested for the required length of time. After running, this penalty is increased to -2 and additionally applied
to Armour Class (AC is raised by 2).

Retainers
Retainers are NPCs that are hired by characters for extra hands during an adventure. Each character is
limited to a finite number of retainers, which is indicated by the character’s Charisma score (see Ability
Scores). Retainers are not mindless slaves and, although they will usually share the party’s risks, they
will not willingly act as battle fodder. If abused in any way, retainers will typically warn others of this and
the PCs will soon find it difficult to hire other retainers.

Locating
A PC who wants to hire a retainer must first locate possible candidates. The PC might simply walk up to
strangers in taverns, might contact adventurers’ guilds, or might advertise by putting up fliers or by other
means.

Hiring
Retainers are recruited through negotiation, with the referee playing the roles of the NPCs a character
attempts to hire. The PC should explain what the job entails and the rates of pay: for example, a
percentage of any treasure recovered or a flat rate of pay. The hiring PC must also typically pay for the
retainer’s daily upkeep (food and lodgings) and for any new adventuring gear, weapons, or mounts the
retainer will require for the adventure.

Reactions
After an offer is made, the referee rolls 2d6 on the table below to decide the potential retainer’s reaction.
The roll is modified by the hiring character’s CHA and the referee may apply a bonus or penalty,
depending on the attractiveness of the deal (+1 or +2 for generous offers, -1 or -2 for poor offers).

2d6 Result

2 or less Offer refused *

3-5 Offer refused

6-8 Roll again

9-11 Offer accepted

12 or more Offer accepted **

* The potential retainer reacts so negatively to the offer that he or she spreads negative rumours about
the PC, which results in a -1 penalty on any further hiring reaction rolls while recruiting in the same town
or area.
** The offer is accepted in very good spirits and the retainer’s morale is increased by one.

Class and Level

Retainers can be of any class (including normal humans of level 0), but must be of equal or lower level to
the PC who has hired them.

Morale
Retainers have a morale rating, determined by the hiring character’s CHA (see Ability Scores, p4). This
rating may be adjusted at the referee’s discretion: it may be increased if the PC has been particularly
good to the retainer (e.g. repeatedly given additional treasure) or reduced if the PC has been cruel or
contrary to his or her word.

To make a moral check, the referee rolls 2d6 and, if the result is lower than or equal to the retainer’s
morale rating, accounting for any adjustments, the roll has succeeded.

Morale rolls are made in two circumstances:

● Each time the retainer is exposed to a particularly perilous situation. If the roll fails, the
retainer will likely flee.
● At the end of an adventure. If the roll fails, the NPC will not work for the PC again.

Experience
Although retainers are “played” by the referee, they acquire experience in the same way PCs do, can
advance in level, and are affected by all of the same class rules. Because retainers follow instructions
when on an adventure, thus not directly engaging in problem solving, they suffer a penalty of -50% to XP.

Saving Throws
All characters and monsters can make saving throws to avoid the full effects of spells or certain attacks.
Characters and monsters have a rating for each saving throw category (death ray or poison; magic wands;
paralysis or turn to stone; dragon breath; rods, staves, or spells). Saving throw tables for the standard
classes (also used by monsters) are given in Standard Combat Charts.

The appropriate saving throw to make and the effects of a success or failure will be indicated in the
description of the spell, monster attack, or adventure scenario.

Rolling a Saving Throw

When affected by a spell or attack form which requires a saving throw, the player or referee must roll
1d20. A result that is greater than or equal to the value listed for the saving throw is a success. A result of
less than the listed value is a failure.
Successful Saves
A successful saving throw against an effect that causes damage means that the damage is halved. A
successful saving throw against an effect that does not cause damage means the effect has been entirely
avoided or negated.

Saves vs Poison
A failed save against poison is usually fatal. If a poisonous attack also inflicts damage, the damage is not
affected by the success or failure of the saving throw.

Item Saving Throws

If a character is killed by a destructive spell or special attack (e.g. a lightning bolt spell or dragon’s breath),
his or her equipment is assumed to be destroyed. Magic items may be allowed a saving throw, using the
character’s saving throw values. Items which grant a bonus in combat (e.g. magical weapons and armour)
may also apply this bonus to the saving throw.

Searching
Dungeons often include hidden features and mechanisms such as secret doors and traps. Adventurers
can spot these by searching. The player must declare the particular object or 10’ × 10’ area to be
searched. Searching takes one turn.

If a character is searching in the right location, there is a base 1-in-6 chance of finding a secret door or
trap. (Some types of adventurer may have an increased chance.) The referee should always roll for the
character searching, so that the player never knows if the roll failed or if there simply are no hidden
features in the area searched.

Each character can only make one attempt to search any given object or 10’ × 10’ area.

Starvation
If characters go for a full day or more without food or water, the referee may begin to apply penalties to
attack rolls and movement rate, require more frequent rests, or even begin to deduct hit points, in extreme
cases.

Swimming
Characters move at half their normal movement rate when swimming.

It is assumed that every character knows how to swim, unless there is some obvious reason why a
character could not have learned.

Drowning
Characters that are encumbered or in treacherous water conditions have a probability of drowning, at the
referee’s discretion. Heavily encumbered characters—wearing plate mail armour and/or carrying a large
amount of treasure—will likely have above 90% chance of drowning. Characters carrying less treasure or
wearing lighter armour may have as little as 10% chance of drowning.

Time
Aside from normal time increments (minutes, hours, days, and so on), the following special units are used
in the game. In all matters of time and movement, the referee is the final authority on what may be
accomplished in a given period of time.

Turns
When in the dungeon, characters take actions in time increments called turns. One turn is equal to 10
minutes. Character actions that take one turn include looking for secret doors or traps in a 10’ × 10’ area
(see Searching) or moving up to the party’s full movement rate (see Movement).

Rounds
Rounds are ten seconds of game time each, so there are 60 rounds in a turn. Time is only measured in
rounds during encounters, especially in combat (see Encounters and Basic Combat Procedure).

Traps

Triggering
Each trap is triggered by a specific action (e.g. opening a door or walking over a particular area). Every
time a character makes an action that could trigger a trap, there is a 2-in-6 chance of the trap being
sprung. Some traps may be more or less likely to trigger, if the referee wishes.

Searching for Traps

Adventurers may choose to search objects or areas for traps. See Searching.

Wandering Monsters
Besides the monsters specifically placed in certain regions of a dungeon or wilderness, the party may
randomly encounter monsters on the move between areas. These are known as “wandering monsters”.
The chance of a random encounter occurring depends on the type of area being explored (e.g. dungeon
region or level, type of wilderness terrain). Each type of area should have its own table of wandering
monsters, which the referee rolls on when an encounter takes place.

In the Dungeon
The typical chance of encountering a wandering monster is 1-in-6, rolled every two turns. The chance of
wandering monsters may be higher or lower in certain parts of the dungeon and the actions of the party
can also affect this. For example, making a lot of noise or light should increase the chance, while resting
quietly in an out-of-the-way location should decrease the chance.
In the Wilderness
It is usual to check for random encounters once per day, though the referee may make more checks: up
to three or four per day. The chance of encounters depends on the terrain being explored:
● City, clear, grasslands, settled lands: 1-in-6.
● Aerial, barren, desert, forest, hills, ocean, river: 2-in-6.
● Jungle, mountains, swamp: 3-in-6.

Aquatic encounters may occur either on the open water or on land, if the party docks at some point during
the day.

Water Travel
The distance travelled in a day is determined by the type of vessel being used and by the prevailing wind
and water conditions.

When travelling upon rivers, the current may increase (moving downstream) or decrease (moving
upstream) the distance travelled by 1d6+6 miles per day.

At sea, there are many possible conditions that might impact a vessel’s movement rate. The referee
should check conditions at the start of each day by rolling 2d6:
● A result of 2 means that the day is completely devoid of wind and a ship that is incapable of
rowing cannot move all day.
● A result of 12 indicates a gale (see below).

Gales
During a gale, any vessel with sails can attempt to move with the wind to avoid damage. The vessel
travels at three times its normal speed in a randomly determined direction. (The referee may roll 1d6, with
1 indicating the intended direction of travel, 2 indicating 60° to the right, 3 indicating 120° to the right, and
so on.)

If the ship encounters land during this travel, there is a 75% chance of it wrecking against the shore.

Variable Wind Conditions (Optional Rule)

Groups who prefer a slightly more detailed system of sea travel may use the following chart, which adds
additional detail to the daily 2d6 roll to determine wind conditions.

2d6 Wind Effect

2 No wind Movement is only possible by oar. Oarsmen fatigued: movement

reduced by one third.

3 Faint breeze Movement rate reduced to one third normal.

4 Gentle breeze Movement rate reduced to half normal.

5 Moderate breeze Movement rate reduced to two thirds normal.

6-8 Fresh breeze Normal movement rate.

9 Strong breeze Movement rate increased by one third.

10 High wind Movement rate increased by half.

11 Near gale Movement rate doubled. 10% chance of taking on water (speed
reduced by one third until repaired at a dock).

12 Gale Movement rate tripled. See Gales, above.

Basic Combat Procedure

Sequence of Events
The sequence of actions in each round is broken down as follows:
1. Characters who wish to cast a spell or perform a full retreat from melee must declare it.
2. Initiative: 1d6 is rolled by each opposing side.
3. The winner of initiative acts first:
a. The referee may check Morale for monsters.
b. Movements are made.
c. Missile attacks are made, accounting for DEX modifiers, cover, range, and
magic adjustments.
d. Spells are cast and applicable saving throws are made.
e. Melee combat and other actions occur; attacks are made, accounting for
STR modifiers and magic adjustments.
4. Other sides act through step 3, in order of initiative.
5. When all sides of a conflict have acted, the round is over. If the combat has not come to an
end, the sequence begins again at step 1.

Initiative
At the start of each round, each side rolls 1d6 to determine initiative. The side with the highest result on
1d6 acts first for that round. Other sides in a conflict will react in order from highest to lowest roll.

Tied Initiative
If initiative is a tie, each side in the tie acts at the same time. All actions are completed, unaffected by
opposed actions. For example, two opponents in melee may both inflict enough damage to kill the other.
As the initiative is tied, both attacks occur simultaneously, resulting in both characters being killed.

Two-Handed Weapons
Characters wielding two-handed weapons always act last in the round, as if they had lost initiative.
Individual Initiative (Optional Rule)
Instead of an initiative roll per side, a roll may be made for each individual PC or monster involved in a
battle, modified by DEX. The referee may determine an initiative bonus or penalty for monsters which are
very fast or slow, instead of applying a DEX modifier.

Movement in Combat

With Another Action

A character can move up to one third of his or her normal movement rate every round and can also attack
(if an enemy is within that distance) or perform another action (except spell casting) during a round.

Without Another Action

A character who performs no other action in a round may run, moving up to his or her full movement rate.

Retreating From Melee

When in melee with a foe, free movement is not so simple. Breaking away from melee is possible in two
ways, as follows.

A fighting retreat allows a character to move backwards at up to half his or her encounter movement rate
(i.e. one sixth of his or her base movement rate). However, there must be a clear path for this movement.

A full retreat occurs when a character moves backwards at a rate faster than half of his or her encounter
movement rate. The character making the movement forfeits attacking this round and the opponent gains
a +2 bonus to all attacks against the character this round. In addition, if the retreating character is carrying
a shield, it does not apply to the character’s Armour Class during the retreat.

Actions in One Round

Characters can generally move and perform one action in a round. The most common actions are
attacking, casting a spell, or using an item that is easily to hand, but many other actions are possible and
must be adjudicated by the referee. The referee has the final say on what can or cannot be done in one
round. Note that, when casting a spell, the character may not move as well.

Attacking
A character may attack if there is an enemy within striking range. Player characters can normally only
attack once per round, but some monsters have multiple attacks.

Range For Melee vs Missile Attacks

Melee attacks are possible when opponents are 5’ or less from each other. Missile attacks are possible
when opponents are more than 5’ from one another.
Attack Rolls
The player or referee rolls 1d20, modified by STR for melee attacks or DEX for missile attacks. The result
is compared to the appropriate attack table (see Standard Combat Charts, p26). A result that is equal to or
above the attack value corresponding to the attacker’s level or Hit Dice and the opponent’s Armour Class
results in a hit.

Natural 1s and 20s

● An attack roll of 20 always hits, unless the target cannot be harmed by the attack (e.g. a
normal weapon used against a foe which can only be harmed by magic).
● An attack roll of 1 is always a miss.

Damage Rolls
Upon a successful attack, damage is inflicted, taking into account any bonuses or penalties. Player
character attacks inflict 1d6 damage; monster attacks deal the damage indicated in the monster’s
description.

An attack which hits always deals at least one point of damage, even when damage modifiers reduce the
number rolled to 0 or less.

A character or monster reduced to 0 hit points or less is killed.

Variable Weapon Damage (Optional Rule)

Some groups may prefer different weapons to inflict different amounts of damage. In this case, rather than
rolling a flat 1d6 for all PC attacks, the die type indicated for the weapon in the equipment lists should be
rolled.

Missile Weapon Ranges

All missile weapons have ranges, which must be taken into account when trying to strike an opponent at a
distance:
● If an opponent is within the distance listed for short range, the attacker gets a +1 to hit.
● There are no bonuses or penalties for striking an opponent at medium range.
● There is a penalty of -1 to strike an opponent at long range.
● If an opponent is further away than the long range listed, the missile weapon cannot hit that
opponent.

Casting a Spell

Requirements
1. The caster must be able to speak and to move his or her hands, in order to bring a magic
effect into being. As a result, a spell caster cannot cast spells if gagged, bound, or in an area of
magical silence.
 2. Spell casters may take no other actions (including movement!) during the same round they
intend to cast a spell.
3. Unless otherwise noted in a spell’s description, a spell caster must have the intended target
(a specific monster, character, or area of effect) within visual range.

Disrupting Spells
If a spell caster loses initiative and is successfully attacked or fails a saving throw before his or her turn,
the spell being cast is disrupted and fails. The spell is removed from the caster’s memory as if it had been
cast.

Other Combat Issues

Attacking from Behind

Attacks made on a character from behind ignore the influence of the attacked character’s shield, if any.

Boarding Vessels
When the occupants of a vessel wish to board another vessel, there is a 2-in-6 chance of being able to
successfully manoeuvre the vessel into a boarding position and clamp onto the other vessel with
grappling hooks. If the occupants of both vessels wish to board one another, their mutual intent makes the
action succeed with no chance of failure. Once crew-members come into contact with one another,
combat ensues following the standard combat rules. Characters who are in the act of boarding another
vessel suffer a penalty of –2 to attack rolls and Armour Class for one round.

Cover
Cover is an important factor that can influence missile attacks. An attacker cannot hit an opponent that is
entirely behind a barrier. If the target is only partly behind cover, the referee may apply attack penalties of
between -1 and -4. For example, if a character were attempting to strike an opponent through a small
window, the referee might call for a penalty of -4. If the opponent were only partly covered, such as by
small furniture, the penalty might only be -1.

Helpless Opponents
Helpless opponents, such as those sleeping, bound, magically frozen, etc., are automatically hit by any
melee attacks in combat. Only a roll for damage is required.

Magical Monsters
Some monsters may only be damaged by magical or silver weapons. The referee may, optionally, allow
such monsters to also be harmed by attacks from:
● Another such monster.
● A monster with 5 HD or greater.
Morale (Optional Rule)
Players may always decide whether they will fight, surrender, or run away in an encounter. The referee
decides whether monsters or NPCs surrender or run away.

Monsters have a listing for morale, rated from 2 to 12, which represents how likely they are to fight or flee
when in an encounter. A score of 2 means the monster never fights (unless absolutely cornered) and a
score of 12 means the monster will fight until killed, with no morale check necessary in either case.

Morale Checks
The referee rolls 2d6 and, if the roll is higher than the morale of the monster, the check is a failure and the
monster will either surrender or attempt a full retreat or a fighting retreat. If the result is equal to or lower
than the morale score, a monster will continue to fight.

When to Check Morale

The referee usually makes a morale check for monsters under two conditions:
1. When one side of the encounter first loses a member due to death.
2. When half the monsters are either killed or otherwise incapacitated.

If a monster makes two successful morale checks in an encounter, it will fight until killed.

Adjustments to Morale
The referee may decide to apply bonuses or penalties to morale, with a range of –2 to +2, depending on
the circumstances. For example, if one side of an encounter is losing or winning, they might receive a
penalty or bonus to morale of –1 or +1, respectively.

Adjustments are never applied to monsters with a morale of 2 or 12.

Retainer Morale
Retainers signed up to work as adventurers, so are not frightened off at the first sign of danger. They only
check morale in combat when confronted with extraordinary danger. See Retainers for details.

Multiple Attackers
The referee should use discretion in determining how many attackers can strike at one opponent. Usually
only two characters may fight side-by-side in a 10’ wide hallway, unless all of the attackers are small.

Non-Lethal Combat
Any characters that wish to subdue an opponent must announce that they are attacking without intent to
kill. All hand weapons with a blade may be employed to deal blunt blows with the flat of the blade.

Combat and damage are calculated normally, noting how much damage is non-lethal, “subdual” damage.
A character or monster that reaches 0 hit points due to subdual damage is knocked unconscious.
 Monsters may only be subdued in this way at the referee’s discretion.

Unarmed Attacks
Unarmed combat is the same as melee combat, but all damage is 1 to 2 + STR modifiers.

Unstable Surfaces
Characters on an unstable surface, such as a ship in rough seas or riding a flying animal such as a griffon,
are affected as follows:
● Spells cannot be cast because the intricate hand gestures are not possible in that shaky
environment.
● Missile attacks suffer a penalty of –4 to hit.
● Magic items do not require the same concentration and gestures, and can be used as
normal.

Note that magical means of flight (e.g. a magic broom, carpet, or the fly spell) generally provide a smooth
ride and do not count as unstable.

Water
Characters fighting in or beneath water should have a penalty applied to their attack rolls. Damage from
successful hits should also be reduced. Most missile weapons do not work underwater.

Standard Combat Charts

Adventurer Attack Chart

Class Att
and ac
Level k
Ro
ll
to
Hit
A
C

Fighter Cleric Magic-U -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Dwarf Thief ser
Elf
Halfling

1-3 1-4 1-5 20 20 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10

4-6 5-8 6-10 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8

7-9 9-12 11-15 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5

10-12 13-16 16-20 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

13-15 17-20 21-25 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2

Monster Attack Chart

Att
ac
k
Ro
ll
to
Hit
A
C

Monster Hit Dice -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Up to 1 20 20 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10

1+ to 2 20 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9

2+ to 3 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8

3+ to 4 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7

4+ to 5 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6

5+ to 6 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5

6+ to 7 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4

7+ to 9 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

9+ to 11 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

11+ to 13 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2

13+ to 15 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 2

15+ to 17 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 2 2

17+ to 19 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 2 2 2

19+ to 21 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2

21+ or more 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 Normal Human Attack Chart
Attac
k
Roll
to Hit
AC

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

20 20 20 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11

Cleric Saving Throw Chart

Level Death Ray or Magic Wands Paralysis or Dragon Breath Rods, Staves,
Poison Turn to Stone or Spells

1-4 11 12 14 16 15

5-8 9 10 12 14 12

9-12 6 7 9 11 9

13-16 3 5 7 8 7

Dwarf and Halfling Saving Throw Chart

Level Death Ray or Magic Wands Paralysis or Dragon Breath Rods, Staves,
Poison Turn to Stone or Spells

1-3 8 9 10 13 12

4-6 6 7 8 10 10

7-9 4 5 6 7 8

10-12 2 3 4 4 6

Elf Saving Throw Chart

Level Death Ray or Magic Wands Paralysis or Dragon Breath Rods, Staves,
Poison Turn to Stone or Spells

1-3 12 13 13 15 15

4-6 10 11 11 13 12

7-9 8 9 9 10 10
10 6 7 8 8 8

Fighter Saving Throw Chart

Level Death Ray or Magic Wands Paralysis or Dragon Breath Rods, Staves,
Poison Turn to Stone or Spells

1-3 12 13 14 15 16

4-6 10 11 12 13 14

7-9 8 9 10 10 12

10-12 6 7 8 8 10

13-15 4 5 6 5 8

Magic-User Saving Throw Chart

Level Death Ray or Magic Wands Paralysis or Dragon Breath Rods, Staves,
Poison Turn to Stone or Spells

1-5 13 14 13 16 15

6-10 11 12 11 14 12

11-15 8 9 8 11 8

Thief Saving Throw Chart

Level Death Ray or Magic Wands Paralysis or Dragon Breath Rods, Staves,
Poison Turn to Stone or Spells

1-4 13 14 13 16 15

5-8 12 13 11 14 13

9-12 10 11 9 12 10

13-16 8 9 7 10 8

Normal Human Saving Throw Chart

Death Ray or Poison Magic Wands Paralysis or Dragon Breath Rods, Staves,
Turn to Stone or Spells

14 15 16 17 18
Magic

Spells
Some character classes have the ability to memorize and cast magical spells. There are two types of
magic: divine magic, which a deity or higher power grants, and arcane magic, which is learned by
esoteric study.

Memorizing Spells
A spell consists of a pattern of magical energy stored in a character’s mind. A spell caster is able to
memorize a certain number of spells of different spell levels, depending on his or her experience level. A
character can memorize the same spell more than once if he or she is capable of memorizing more than
one spell of the given level.

Arcane spell casters memorize spells from spell books and are thus limited to choosing from the spells in
their spell book, which must be to hand.

Divine spell casters do not study from books, but instead receive the knowledge of how to cast spells
through prayer to their gods. When praying for spells, divine spell casters have access to all spells in their
class’ spell list that they are of high enough level to cast.

Rest and Time Requirements

All spell casters can memorize new spells after an uninterrupted night’s sleep. It takes one hour to
memorize all spells the character is capable of learning.

Casting Spells
A memorized spell may be cast by precisely replicating the required set of hand gestures and mystical
spoken words. When a spell is cast, knowledge of the spell is erased from the mind of the caster.

Spell Casting Constraints

All spell casters need to be able to move their hands and speak in order to make the gestures and speak
the magical phrases that bring magic effects into being. As a result, a spell caster cannot cast spells if
gagged, bound, or in an area of magical silence.

When casting spells in combat, it is possible for spell casting to be disrupted. See Basic Combat
Procedure.

Reversible Spells
Some spells are reversible; this is indicated in each spell’s description.
For arcane spell casters, the normal or reversed form of a spell must be selected when the spell is
memorized. An arcane spell caster may memorize both forms of a spell, if he or she is able to memorize
more than one spell of the given level.

A divine spell caster can use either form of a spell without having to pray for the different versions
separately; the character may decide which version (normal or reversed) to use when the spell is cast.
However, a divine spell caster may draw dissatisfaction from his or her deity when casting spells (or their
reversed versions) whose effects go against the deity’s alignment.

Cumulative Spell Effects

Multiple spells cannot be used to increase the same ability (e.g. bonuses to attack rolls, Armour Class,
damage rolls, saving throws, etc.). Spells that affect different abilities can be combined. In addition, spells
can be combined with the effects of magical items.

Spell Books
Arcane spell casters record the spells that they know in a spell book (or set of spell books). A character’s
spell book contains exactly the number of spells that the character is capable of memorizing. For example,
a character who is able to memorize two 1st level spells and one 2nd level spell would have exactly that
number of spells in his or her spell book.

Lost Spell Books

Sometimes a spell book will either be lost or destroyed. An arcane spell caster can rewrite the spells
through research and memory at a cost of 1 week of game time and 1,000 gp for each spell level. For
instance, if two first level spells and one 2nd level spell are replaced, it will take 4 weeks and 4,000 gp.
This activity requires complete concentration and a character doing this work may not engage in any
other activity for the time required.

Captured Spell Books

Each arcane spell caster’s spell books are written in such a way that only the owner is able to read the
spells without the use of read magic.

Beginning Spells
Arcane spell casters begin play with one 1st level spell in their spell book. The referee may choose this
spell or may allow the player to select one.

Adding Spells
When an arcane spell caster gains a level, he or she may consult a wizard’s guild or mentor to learn new
spells. In this way, the character can add spells to his or her spell books, so that the books contain the
same number of spells the characters is able to cast. This process takes about a week of game time.
(The spells a character learns in this way are determined by the referee, who may decide to let the player
to choose.)
It is also possible to add spells to a spell book by means of Magical Research.

Magic Items

Identifying
Most magic items are not labelled, so characters must discover their exact properties through trial and
error. Powerful wizards may be able to identify magic items, but it can take many weeks to do so.
Alchemists are also able to identify some items, such as potions.

Using
In order to use a magic item, a character must follow the procedures indicated in the item’s description.
The item must be worn or held in the usual manner. Some magic items (e.g. an enchanted suit of armour)
are always active, but others must be consciously activated—this requires a round of concentration,
during which the character may do nothing else. Some items have special activation conditions, such as
command words.

Charges
Some magic items have limited uses, called “charges”. Each charge can be spent to bring about one
instance of the item’s magical effect. A character cannot know how many charges an item has and, when
the charges are all spent, the item becomes a normal, non-magical object—it cannot be recharged.

Cursed Items
Cursed items, once possessed by a character, can only be disposed of if the curse is dispelled by magic.
The owner of a cursed item will not believe the item is cursed and will resist efforts to get rid of the item
until the curse is dispelled.

Magic Weapons
Magic weapons follow the same class restrictions as normal weapons. A magic weapon has a “+” value,
indicating the degree of its enchantment. This value is applied to attack and damage rolls using the
weapon.

Cursed Weapons
Cursed weapons have the opposite effect, incurring penalties to attack and damage equal to the “+”
value specified. The possessor of a cursed weapon will prefer to use this weapon in combat above any
other weapon.

Magic Armour
Magic armour follows the same class restrictions as normal armour. A suit of magical armour has a “+”
value indicating its degree of enchantment. The wearer’s AC is improved (i.e. reduced) by the “+” value.
Magic armour is also lighter and less cumbersome than normal. When using the optional rule for
encumbrance by weight carried (see Encumbrance), enchanted leather armour weighs 75 coins,
chainmail 150 coins, and plate mail 200 coins.

Cursed Armour
Cursed armour appears to be armour +1, but actually has an Armour Class rating of 9. It has the same
weight as normal, non-magical armour of the same type.

Potions
Most potions are found as a single dose that imbues the potion’s effects on one individual. Potions
usually bear no label and vary in their appearance, aroma, etc. Even two potions of the same type will
differ. A potion may be identified by sampling a small amount.

Unless a potion’s description specifies otherwise, potions take effect in the same round as their
consumption and last for 1d6+6 turns.

Mixing Potions
If a potion is consumed while the character is still under the effects of another potion, the effects of both
potions are nullified and the character becomes sick, unable to do anything for three turns.

Scrolls
Scrolls are pieces of parchment, imbued with potent magical writings. Simply pronouncing the words
releases their power.

Some scrolls can be deciphered and read by any class, while others have restrictions. Scrolls that contain
arcane spells can only be read by an arcane spell caster employing the spell read magic. Scrolls with
divine spells can be read without special deciphering, but are usable only by divine spell casters.

Once a scroll is used, the magical writing disappears. (In the case of scrolls containing multiple spells,
only the spell cast disappears.)

Rings
Magical rings are usable by any character class. They must be worn on a finger or thumb. It is only
possible to wear two magical rings: one on each hand. If more than two are worn, none of them will
function.

Cursed Rings
Cursed rings are always active. Their effects are not nullified, no matter how many other rings are worn.

Rods, Staves, and Wands

Rods are generally usable by characters of any class. Wands are only usable by arcane spell casters.
Staves are only usable by spell casters—either divine or arcane, depending on the item.
These magic items generally have a limited number of “charges” which are spent to trigger the item’s
magical effect. When found, a rod has 1d10 charges, a wand has 2d10 charges, and a staff has 3d10
charges.

Magical Research

Creating New Spells

Spell casting characters of any level are able to research and create new spells. The player must describe
in detail the kind of spell he or she wants to create and the effects it has. The referee will then decide if
the spell can be created and, if so, what the spell level will be. The character must be capable of casting
spells of the spell level the potential new spell will be, otherwise the player must wait until the character
attains a high enough level to research and cast the spell. If the character can create the spell, it will take
two weeks of game time and 1,000 gp per spell level.

Magic Item Creation

A spell casting character of 9th level or higher may attempt to create magical items. Divine spell casters
may only create items usable by their class, while arcane spell casters may create any item except those
that may only be used by divine spell casters. The player should inform the referee of the item that he or
she wishes to construct and the referee will decide whether this is possible and, if so, what kinds of
materials are required. Materials will often include rare components such as expensive and hard to obtain
gems or ingredients from rare animals and monsters. Often, the character will have to go on adventures
just to acquire these materials.

Many magic items duplicate the effects of a spell, generally costing one week of game time and 500 gp
per level of the mimicked spell. If the item created can replicate the spell effect multiple times (for
example a wand with charges), the cost in time and money is multiplied by the number of uses.

Some magic items do not mimic spell effects precisely and for these the referee will have to use
discretion. The more powerful the item, the more difficult it should be to construct. As a general rule, items
should cost from 10,000 to 100,000 gp and from 1 month to 1 year of game time to complete. Some
examples are: a dagger +1 (2 months, 10,000 gp), chainmail armour +1 (4 months, 10,000 gp), a
displacer cloak (100,000 gp, 1 year).

Other Magical Research

Other kinds of magic effects—for which a magic item or spell is not appropriate—may be researched.
Creating magic traps, magical constructs, magical portals, or other effects will need to be given a gp cost
and time cost at the referee’s discretion.

Chance of Failure
No attempt to create a magic item, spell, or other effect is guaranteed to succeed. There is a minimum
probability of 15% that any such endeavour fails. This chance may be raised depending on the
circumstances. The referee rolls for failure after the character has spent the money and time on the
project—these are lost regardless of the result.
Open Game License
DESIGNATION OF PRODUCT IDENTITY
All artwork, logos, and presentation are product identity. The names “Necrotic Gnome Productions” and “B/X Essentials” are
product identity. All text not declared as Open Game Content is product identity.
DESIGNATION OF OPEN GAME CONTENT
All text and tables in the following sections are Open Game Content: ability scores, sequence of play, adventuring rules, basic
combat procedure, other combat issues, standard combat charts, magic.
OPEN GAME LICENSE Version 1.0a
The following text is the property of Wizards of the Coast, Inc. and is Copyright 2000 Wizards of the Coast, Inc ("Wizards"). All
Rights Reserved.
1. Definitions: (a)"Contributors" means the copyright and/or trademark owners who have contributed Open Game Content;
(b)"Derivative Material" means copyrighted material including derivative works and translations (including into other computer
languages), potation, modification, correction, addition, extension, upgrade, improvement, compilation, abridgment or other form in
which an existing work may be recast, transformed or adapted; (c) "Distribute" means to reproduce, license, rent, lease, sell,
broadcast, publicly display, transmit or otherwise distribute; (d)"Open Game Content" means the game mechanic and includes the
methods, procedures, processes and routines to the extent such content does not embody the Product Identity and is an
enhancement over the prior art and any additional content clearly identified as Open Game Content by the Contributor, and means
any work covered by this License, including translations and derivative works under copyright law, but specifically excludes Product
Identity. (e) "Product Identity" means product and product line names, logos and identifying marks including trade dress; artifacts;
creatures characters; stories, storylines, plots, thematic elements, dialogue, incidents, language, artwork, symbols, designs,
depictions, likenesses, formats, poses, concepts, themes and graphic, photographic and other visual or audio representations;
names and descriptions of characters, spells, enchantments, personalities, teams, personas, likenesses and special abilities; places,
locations, environments, creatures, equipment, magical or supernatural abilities or effects, logos, symbols, or graphic designs; and
any other trademark or registered trademark clearly identified as Product identity by the owner of the Product Identity, and which
specifically excludes the Open Game Content; (f) "Trademark" means the logos, names, mark, sign, motto, designs that are used by
a Contributor to identify itself or its products or the associated products contributed to the Open Game License by the Contributor (g)
"Use", "Used" or "Using" means to use, Distribute, copy, edit, format, modify, translate and otherwise create Derivative Material of
Open Game Content. (h) "You" or "Your" means the licensee in terms of this agreement.
2. The License: This License applies to any Open Game Content that contains a notice indicating that the Open Game Content may
only be Used under and in terms of this License. You must affix such a notice to any Open Game Content that you Use. No terms
may be added to or subtracted from this License except as described by the License itself. No other terms or conditions may be
applied to any Open Game Content distributed using this License.
3.Offer and Acceptance: By Using the Open Game Content You indicate Your acceptance of the terms of this License.
4. Grant and Consideration: In consideration for agreeing to use this License, the Contributors grant You a perpetual, worldwide,
royalty-free, non-exclusive license with the exact terms of this License to Use, the Open Game Content.
5.Representation of Authority to Contribute: If You are contributing original material as Open Game Content, You represent that Your
Contributions are Your original creation and/or You have sufficient rights to grant the rights conveyed by this License.
6.Notice of License Copyright: You must update the COPYRIGHT NOTICE portion of this License to include the exact text of the
COPYRIGHT NOTICE of any Open Game Content You are copying, modifying or distributing, and You must add the title, the
copyright date, and the copyright holder's name to the COPYRIGHT NOTICE of any original Open Game Content you Distribute.
7. Use of Product Identity: You agree not to Use any Product Identity, including as an indication as to compatibility, except as
expressly licensed in another, independent Agreement with the owner of each element of that Product Identity. You agree not to
indicate compatibility or co-adaptability with any Trademark or Registered Trademark in conjunction with a work containing Open
Game Content except as expressly licensed in another, independent Agreement with the owner of such Trademark or Registered
Trademark. The use of any Product Identity in Open Game Content does not constitute a challenge to the ownership of that Product
Identity. The owner of any Product Identity used in Open Game Content shall retain all rights, title and interest in and to that Product
Identity.
8. Identification: If you distribute Open Game Content You must clearly indicate which portions of the work that you are distributing
are Open Game Content.
9. Updating the License: Wizards or its designated Agents may publish updated versions of this License. You may use any
authorized version of this License to copy, modify and distribute any Open Game Content originally distributed under any version of
this License.
10 Copy of this License: You MUST include a copy of this License with every copy of the Open Game Content You Distribute.
11. Use of Contributor Credits: You may not market or advertise the Open Game Content using the name of any Contributor unless
You have written permission from the Contributor to do so.
12 Inability to Comply: If it is impossible for You to comply with any of the terms of this License with respect to some or all of the
Open Game Content due to statute, judicial order, or governmental regulation then You may not Use any Open Game Material so
affected.
13 Termination: This License will terminate automatically if You fail to comply with all terms herein and fail to cure such breach within
30 days of becoming aware of the breach. All sublicenses shall survive the termination of this License.
14 Reformation: If any provision of this License is held to be unenforceable, such provision shall be reformed only to the extent
necessary to make it enforceable.
15 COPYRIGHT NOTICE
Open Game License v 1.0 © 2000, Wizards of the Coast, Inc.
System Reference Document © 2000, Wizards of the Coast, Inc.; Authors Jonathon Tweet, Monte Cook, Skip Williams, based on
original material by E. Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson.
System Reference Document © 2000-2003, Wizards of the Coast, Inc.; Authors Jonathan Tweet, Monte Cook, Skip Williams, Rich
Baker, Andy Collins, David Noonan, Rich Redman, Bruce R. Cordell, John D. Rateliff, Thomas Reid, James Wyatt, based on original
material by E. Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson.
Modern System Reference Document © 2002-2004, Wizards of the Coast, Inc.; Authors Bill Slavicsek, Jeff Grubb, Rich Redman,
Charles Ryan, Eric Cagle, David Noonan, Stan!, Christopher Perkins, Rodney Thompson, and JD Wiker, based on material by
Jonathan Tweet, Monte Cook, Skip Williams, Richard Baker, Peter Adkison, Bruce R. Cordell, John Tynes, Andy Collins, and JD
Wiker.
Castles & Crusades: Players Handbook, © 2004, Troll Lord Games; Authors Davis Chenault and Mac Golden.
Castles & Crusades: Monsters Product Support, © 2005, Troll Lord Games.
Basic Fantasy Role-Playing Game © 2006–2008 Chris Gonnerman.
New Spells: A Basic Fantasy Supplement © 2007 Chris Gonnerman,Ola Berg, Angelo Bertolli, Jeff Querner, Everett Bradshaw,
Emiliano Marchetti, Ethan Moore, Jim Bobb, and Scott Abraham
OSRIC™ © 2006, Stuart Marshall, adapting material prepared by Matthew J. Finch, based upon the System Reference Document,
and inspired by the works of E. Gary Gygax, Dave Arneson, and many others.
Swords & Wizardry Core Rules, © 2008, Matthew J. Finch
Eldritch Weirdness, Book One, © 2008, Matthew J. Finch
Darwin’s World © 2002, RPGObjects; Authors Dominic Covey and Chris Davis.
Mutant Future™ © 2008, Daniel Proctor and Ryan Denison. Authors Daniel Proctor and Ryan Denison.
Advanced Edition Companion, © 2009–2010, Daniel Proctor. Author Daniel Proctor.
Lamentations of the Flame Princess: Weird Fantasy Role-Playing Deluxe Edition, © 2010, LotFP. Author James Edward Raggi IV
First Level Magic-User Spells Grindhouse Edition Spell Contest: Bookspeak, © 2011 Daniel Smith
First Level Magic-User Spells Grindhouse Edition Spell Contest: Howl of the Moon, © 2011 Joel Rojas)
Lamentations of the Flame Princess: Weird Fantasy Role-Playing Grindhouse Edition, © 2011, LotFP, Author James Edward Raggi
IV
Lamentations of the Flame Princess: Weird Fantasy Role-Playing Player Core Book: Rules & Magic © 2013 LotFP, author James
Edward Raggi IV
Cave Cricket from the Tome of Horrors, © 2002, Necromancer Games, Inc.; Authors Scott Greene and Clark Peterson, based on
original material by Gary Gygax.
Crab, Monstrous from the Tome of Horrors, © 2002, Necromancer Games, Inc.; Author Scott Greene, based on original material by
Gary Gygax.
Fly, Giant from the Tome of Horrors, © 2002, Necromancer Games, Inc.; Author Scott Greene, based on original material by Gary
Gygax.
Golem, Wood from the Tome of Horrors, © 2002, Necromancer Games, Inc.; Authors Scott Greene and Patrick Lawinger.
Kamadan from the Tome of Horrors, © 2002, Necromancer Games, Inc.; Author Scott Greene, based on original material by Nick
Louth.
Rot Grub from the Tome of Horrors, © 2002, Necromancer Games, Inc.; Authors Scott Greene and Clark Peterson, based on
original material by Gary Gygax
Labyrinth Lord™ © 2007-2009, Daniel Proctor. Author Daniel Proctor.
B/X Essentials: Core Rules © 2017 Gavin Norman. Author Gavin Norman.
END OF LICENSE