PAPPER BATTERY

INTRODUCTION

The continuously advancing technology of portable electronic

devices requires more flexible batteries to power them. Batteries
power a wide range of electronic devices including phones, laptop
computers and medical devices such as cardiac pacemakers and
defibrillators. With theever increasing demand for efficiency and design,
there is a need for ultrathin, safe and flexibleenergy storage options. A
paper battery is a flexible, ultra- thin energy storage and production
device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional
sheet of cellulose basedpaper. A paper battery acts as both a high
energy battery and supercapacitor, combining twocomponents that are
separate in traditional electronics.
 This combination allows the battery to provide long term, steady power production and
bursts of energy.
Through the use of super capacitors, batteries can be made that will deliver renewable
energy from bodily fluids such as blood or sweat.
This technology can be greatly utilized by medical devices. It combines two essential
materials, cellulose and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), that fit the characteristics of spacer and
electrode and provide inherent flexibility as well as porosity to the system.
Cellulose, the main constituent of paper and an inexpensive insulating separator structure
with excellent biocompatibility, can be made with adjustable porosity.
CNTs,a structure with extreme flexibility, have already been widely used as electrodes in
electrochemical devices.
By proper integration the output power of paper batteries can be adapted to required
levelof voltage–current. This cellulose based spacer is compatible with many possible
electrolytes.
Researchers used ionic liquid, essentially a liquid salt, as the battery’s electrolyte, as well as
naturally occurring electrolytes such as human sweat, blood and urine.
 What is battery ?
● The battery cells create a voltage difference between the
terminals of each cell and hence to its combination in battery.
When an external electrical circuit is connected to
the battery, thenthe battery drives
Electrons through the circuit
and electrical work is done.

● Battery or voltaic cell is a combination of many electrochemical

Galvanic cells of identical type to store chemical energy and to
deliver higher voltage or higher current than with single cells.
History of Paper Batteries
● In August 2007, aresearch team at Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute developed the paper battery.

● Senior research specialist Victor Pushparaj, along with

postdoctoral research associates Shaijumon M. Manikoth,
Ashavani Kumar and Saravanababu Murugesan, were co-
authors and lead researchers of the project.

● Other co-authors include research associate Lijie Ci

andRensselaer Nanotechnology Center Laboratory
Manager Robert Vajtai.
Definition of Paper battery
● A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and
production device formed by combining carbon nanotube s
with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper.
● A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and
supercapacitor , combining two components that are
separate in traditional electronics .
● This combination allows the battery to provide both long-
term, steady power production and bursts of energy.
● Non-toxic, flexible paper batteries have the
potential to power the next generation of electronics,
medical devices and hybrid vehicles,
allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies.
● Paper batteries may be folded, cut or otherwise shaped
for different applications without any loss
of integrity or efficiency .
Cutting one in half halves its
energy production. Stacking them
multiplies power output.
● Early prototypes of the device are
● able to produce 2.5 volts of electricity
from a sample the size of a postage stamp.
 APPLICATIONS
IN ELECTRONICS :
● in laptop batteries, mobile phones, handheld digital cameras: The weight of
these devices can be significantly reduced by replacing the alkaline
batteries with light-weight Paper Batteries, without compromising with the
power requirement.
● Moreover, the electrical hazards related to recharging will be greatly
reduced.
● in calculators, wrist watch and other low drain devices.
● in wireless communication devices like speakers, mouse,
keyboard ,Bluetooth headsets etc.
● in Enhanced Printed Circuit Board(PCB) wherein both the sides of the PCB
can be used:
one for the circuit and the other side (containing the components )would
contain a layer
of customized Paper Battery. This would eliminate heavy step-
downtransformers and the
need of separate power supply unit for most electronic circuits.
 In Medical Sciences:
● in Pacemakers for the heart
● in Artificial tissues (using
Carbon nanotubes)
● in Cosmetics, Drug-delivery systems
● in Biosensors, such as Glucose meters,Sugar meters, etc.

● In Automobiles and Aircrafts:

● in Hybrid Car batteries
● in Long Air Flights reducing
Refueling
● for Light weight guided
missiles
● for powering electronic devices in Satellite programs
 STRUCTURE
● Step 1: Take a cellulose-based
paper and apply black carbon ink
on it
● Step2: Spread this ink applied on
the paper
● Step3: After spreading ink, laminate
a thin film over the cellulose surface
● Step4: Heat the cellulose pape for
● 5min at 80 degrees C
● Step5: Then, peel off the film from the substrate
● Step6: The electrodes of paper battery are formed by film. The electrolytes
LTO and LCO are connected to different films
● Step7: The functioning of paper battery can be checked by
connecting battery terminals to the LED
WORKING OF PAPER BATTERY
● The nano tubes acting as electrodes allow the storage device to
conduct electricity.
● Chemical reaction in battery is occurs between electrolyte and
carbon nano tubes.
● Battery produce electrons through a chemical reaction between
electrolyte and metal in the traditional battery.
● Electrons must flow from the negative to the positive terminal for
the chemical reaction to continue. Ionic liquid, essentially a liquid
salt, is used as the battery electrolyte.
● The organic radical materials inside the battery are in an
“electrolyte-permeated gel state”, which is about halfway between
a solid and a liquid. This helps ions to smooth
move, reducing resistance, allowing the batteries to charge faster.
 USES
● While a conventional battery contains a number of separate components,
the paper battery integrates all of the battery components in a single
structure, making it more
energy efficient.
● A paper battery is a battery engineered to use a paper-thin sheet of
cellulose infused with aligned carbon nanotubes. nanotubes act as
electrodes; allowing the storage devices to conduct electricity.
● Functions as both a lithium-ion battery and a super capacitor, can provide a
long, steady power output comparable to a conventional battery, as well as
a supercapacitor's quick burst of high energy.
● Integrates all of the battery components in a single structure, making it
more energy efficient.
● Paper battery extreme flexibility; the sheets can be rolled, twisted, folded,
or cut into numerous shapes with no loss of integrity or efficiency, or
stacked, like printer paper (or a Voltaic pile), to boost total output. Can be
made in a variety of sizes, from postage stamp to broadsheet.
ADVANTAGES
● Primary batteries ‘irreversibly’ transform chemical energy to electrical
energy. Secondary batteries can be recharged but they have very short life
time, paper batteries overcome both problems.
● In case of leakage the chemicals release may be dangerous but no such
toxic chemicals are used in paper batteries.
● The wide spread use of batteries has created many environmental
concerns, such as toxic metal pollution e.t.c while paper batteries can be
easily decomposes without any harm.
● Used as both battery and capacitor.
● Long lasting.
● Non toxic.
● Steady power production.
● Shaped for different applications.
● It is light weight.
● It is more economical.
● Can be easily disposed.
● Can be recharged.
● Generates close to 1.5 Volts of energy.
DISADVANTAGES
● Paper batteries have low strength they an be ‘torn’ easily.
● The techniques and the set-ups used in the production of
Carbon Nano tubes are very expensive and very less efficient.
● When inhaled, their interaction with the microphages present
in the lungs is similar to that with asbestor fibers. Hence may
be seriouslu hazardous to human health.
 CONCLUSION

It suggests the possibility of the device being useful as a dry-body

implant or for use under special circumstances.
As this technology is adapted it will prove to be
extremely useful and could even save not only cost but lives also.