A

SEMINAR REPORT

on

PAPER BATTERY
Submitted for partial fulfillment of award of

B. Tech Degree

in

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

SUBMITTED BY

Name: PRABHAT SINGH (1609120068)

SEMINAR COORDINATOR

Mrs Abhilasha Pawar

Department of Electrical Engineering
 CERTIFICATE

This is certifying that the Seminar report titled “PAPER

BATTERY ” has been submitted for partial fulfillment of award
of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering by following student of 3rdyear .

SEMINAR COORDINATOR STUDENT NAME

MRS Abhilasha Pawar Prabhat Singh

( ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT )
 Acknowledgement

I owe a great many thanks to a number of people who helped and supported me
during the writing of this report.

My deepest thanks to Mrs ABHILASHA PAWAR for guiding and correcting

various documents of mine with attention and care. He has taken pain to go
through the project and make necessary correction as and when needed.

And last but not the least we express our deepest gratitude towards the teaching
staff. We are also grateful to our colleagues who helped us in this mission to finish
the task successfully.

PRABHAT SINGH
Introduction to Paper Battery
A paper battery is a thin, flexible energy production and storage device that is
formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose-
based paper. In addition to being disposable, paper batteries may be folded, cut or
otherwise shaped for different applications without any loss of integrity
or efficiency.

As sensors are increasingly being embedded in everyday objects, there has been
a corresponding need for alternative power sources in the Internet of Things
(IoT). The high cellulose content and lack of toxic chemicals in paper batteries
make them both biocompatible and environmentally friendly, especially when
compared to the lithium ion batteries used in many present-day electronic devices.

Specialized paper batteries are expected to act as power sources for any number of
devices implanted in humans and animals, including RFID tags, drug-delivery
systems and pacemakers. In theory, a capacitor introduced into an organism could
be implanted fully dry and then be gradually exposed to bodily fluids over time to
generate voltage.

Ten years ago, scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and MIT grew
nanotubes on a silicon substrate and then impregnated gaps in the matrix with
cellulose. When two sheets were combined with the cellulose sides facing inwards,
a supercapacitor could be activated with ionic liquid forms, including salt-laden
solutions like human saliva, blood, sweat or urine.

Recently, researchers at the State University of New York printed thin layers of
metals and polymers onto a paper surface that contains freeze-dried
exoelectrogens, a type of bacteria that can transfer electrons outside the bacteria's
cellular walls. Any type of bio-liquid can be used to revive the exoelectrogens
and activate the paper battery by allowing bacteria to pass through cell
membranes and make contact with external electrodes.
What are the advantages of
using a paper battery?

Some of the advantages of a Paper Battery are:

Light, rugged, flexible, can be rolled, crunched, cut, made into any shape.

The nano composite paper is compatible with a number of electrolyte, like blood,
urine, sweat etc.

If we stack 500 sheets together in a ream, that's 500 times the voltage. If we rip the
paper in half we cut power by 50%. So we can control the power and voltage issue.

Non toxic and hence ca be used to power pacemakers and RF tags.

It is very useful where burst of energy is required for operation like mostly electric
vehicles

The electrolyte contains no water, thus there’s nothing in the batteries to freeze or
evaporate, potentially allowing operation in extreme temperatures.

Environment friendly.

The organic radical materials inside the battery are in an "electrolyte-permeated gel
state,“ which helps ions make a smooth move, allowing the batteries to charge at
lightning speeds.

It could charge 10-20 times faster than conventional Li-ion batteries.

“Paper Battery Would Be THE Answer To Electrical Energy Storage Problems.”

What are the Disadvantages
of using a paper battery?
Following are the disadvantages of Paper Battery:
• This type of batteries can be torn easily as they have low shear
strength.
• The methods (e.g. arc discharge, CVD, ablation, electrolysis) used in
carbon nanotubes manufacturing are expensive and less efficient.
• They are harmful to human being when inhaled.
• Have Low Shear strength: They can be 'torn' easily.
• The Techniques and the Set-ups used in the production of Carbon
Nano tubes are very Expensive and very less Efficient.
These are:
(i)Arc discharge
(ii)Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
(iii) Laser Ablation
(iv)Electrolysis
 Paper Battery Construction
and Working
A paper battery is basically a device which can act both as a capacitor and as a
battery. It is a flexible, light weight device made up of carbon nano tubes
emboldened on paper (cellulose). It is basically formed by combination of
cellulose with carbon nanotubes. It consists of infusion of carbon nanotubes with
paper consisting of an ionic liquid as an electrolyte.

Paper Battery
Table of Contents
 Paper Battery Construction:
 Paper Batteries working Process:
 Six Important reasons How Paper Batteries are Better than their Conventional
Counterparts:
 Where can Paper Batteries be Used?
Paper Battery Construction:
Actually, there are many ways to construct paper batteries.

The first and foremost method of constructing paper batteries was proposed and
initiated by Robert Linhardt, a chemist at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy,
New York. Cellulose (paper) was layered upon conductive carbon nanotubes.
Though the combination would be a sturdy material to construct batteries, however
problem arose when the materials would fall apart when flexed. A solution was
found by Yi Cui, a materials scientist at Stanford University, Palo Alto
(California).

He and his team of researchers created an ink of carbon nanotube by suspending

them in water and an organic surfactant. This ink was evenly spread on a piece of
paper. As the inked paper was heated in the oven to drive off the water, the
nanotubes bonded tightly to the paper fibers and a highly conductive sheet of paper
were created.

Given below are three ways to create paper batteries:

1. The first method involves fabricating zinc and manganese dioxide based cathode
and anode. The batteries are printed onto paper using standard silkscreen printing
press.

This paper is infused with aligned carbon nanotubes which are used as electrode.
This paper is dipped in a solution of ionic liquid which acts as the electrolyte.

2. The second method is a bit complex and involves growing nanotubes on a

silicon substrate. The gaps in the matrix are then filled with cellulose and once the
matrix is dried, the combination of cellulose and nanotubes is peeled off. Thus
sheets of paper consisting of layers of carbon nanotubes are created. Two such
sheets are combined together to form a super capacitor with a ionic liquid like
human blood, sweat or urine being used an electrolyte.

3. The third is a simple method and can be constructed in a laboratory. It involves

spreading a specially formulated ink of carbon nanutubes over a rectangular sheet
of paper coated with an ionic solution. A thin film of lithium is then laminated on
the other side of the paper. Aluminium rods are then connected to carry current
between the two electrodes.

Paper Battery Parts

4. The fourth method involves coating substrate of stainless steel with carbon
nanotubes. The coated substrate is the dried at 80 degree Celsius for five minutes,
after which the material is peeled off. A pair of films are used for each paper
battery with each film being pasted to different electrolytes like LTO and LCO. A
paper is then sandwiched between the two films using glue.

Paper Batteries Construction Process

Paper Batteries working
Process:

Internal operation of paper batteries is similar to that of conventional batteries with

each battery generating about 1.5V.

If one can recall traditional batteries work in the manner where positive charged
particles called ions and negative charged particles called electrons move between
positive electrodes called anode and negative electrode called cathode. Current
flows as electrons flow from anode to the cathode through the conductor, since the
electrolyte is an insulator and doesn’t provide a free path for electrons to travel.

Working of Paper Batteries

Similarly in some paper batteries, carbon nanotubes act as cathode, the metal is the
anode and paper is the separator.

Chemical reaction between metal and electrolyte results in production of ions

whereas chemical reaction between carbon and electrolyte results in production of
electrons. These electrons flow from the cathode to the anode through the external
circuit.
Potential applications
The paper-like quality of the battery combined with the structure of the nanotubes
embedded within gives them light weight and low cost, offering potential for
portable electronics, aircraft, automobilesand toys (such as model aircraft).

The batteries employ nanotubes, potentially slowing commercial adoption due to

excessive cost. Commercial adoption also requires larger devices. E.g., a
newspaper-sized device could be powerful enough to power a car.[4]

Paper can be integrated into several different forms of batteries, such

as electrochemical batteries, biofuel cells, lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors,
and nanogenerators.

Electrochemical Batteries
Electrochemical batteries can be modified to integrate the use of paper. An
electrochemical battery typically uses two metals, separated into two chambers and
connected by a bridge or a membrane which permits the exchange of electrons
between the two metals, thereby producing energy. Paper can be integrated into
electrochemical batteries by depositing the electrode onto the paper and by using
paper to contain the fluid used to activate the battery. Paper that has been patterned
can also be used in electrochemical batteries. This is done to make the battery more
compatible with paper electronics. These batteries tend to produce low voltage and
operate for short periods of time, but they can be connected in series to increase
their output and capacity. Paper batteries of this type can be activated with bodily
fluids which makes them very useful in the healthcare field such as single-use
medical devices or tests for specific diseases.[3] A battery of this type has been
developed with a longer life to power point of care devices for the healthcare
industry. The device used a paper battery made using a magnesium foil anode and
a silver cathode has been used to detect diseases in patients such as kidney cancer,
liver cancer, and osteoblastic bone cancer. The paper was patterned using wax
printing and is able to be easily disposed of. Furthermore, this battery was
developed at a low cost and has other practical application.[5]
Lithium-ion Batteries
Paper can be used in lithium-ion batteries as regular, commercial paper, or paper
enhanced with single-walled carbon nanotubes. Enhanced paper is used as the
electrode and as the separator which results in a sturdy, flexible battery that have
great performance capabilities such as good cycling, great efficiency, and good
reversibility. Using paper as a separator is more effective than using plastic. The
process of enhancing the paper, however, can be complicated and costly,
depending on the materials used. A carbon nanotube and silver nanowire film can
be used to coat regular paper to create a simpler and less expensive separator and
battery support. The conductive paper can also be used to replace traditionally used
metallic chemicals. The resulting battery performs well, while simplifying the
manufacturing process and reducing the cost. Lithium-ion paper batteries are
flexible, durable, rechargeable, and produce significantly more power than
electrochemical batteries. In spite of these advantages, there are still some
drawbacks. In order for paper to be integrated with the Li-ion battery, complex
layering and insulating techniques are required for the battery to function as
desired. One reason these complex techniques are used is to strengthen the paper
used so that it does not tear as easily. This contributes to the overall strength and
flexibility of the battery. These techniques require time, training, and costly
materials. Additionally, the individual materials required are not environmentally
friendly and require specific disposal procedures. Paper lithium-ion batteries would
be best suited for applications requiring a substantial amount of energy over an
extended period of time.[3] Lithium-ion paper batteries can be composed of carbon
nanotubes and a cellulose based membrane and produce good results, but at a high
price tag. Other researchers have been successful using carbon paper manufactured
from pyrolyzed filter paper. The paper is inserted in between the electrode and
cathode.The use of a carbon paper as an interlayer in Li-S batteries improves the
batteries efficiency and capacity. The carbon paper increases the contact area
between the cathode and the electrode which allows for greater flow of electrons.
The pores in the paper allow the electrons to travel easily while preventing the
anode and the cathode from being in contact with one another. This translates into
greater output, battery capacity and cycle stability; these are improvements to
conventional Li-S batteries. The carbon paper is made from pyrolyzed filter paper
which is inexpensive to make and performs like multi-walled carbon nanotube
paper used as a battery.

Biofuel Cells
Biofuel cells operate similarly to electrochemical batteries, except that they utilize
components such as sugar, ethanol, pyruvate, and lactate, instead of metals to
facilitate redox reactions to produce electrical energy. Enhanced paper is used to
contain and separate the positive and negative components of the biofuel cell. This
paper biofuel cell started up much more quickly than a conventional biofuel cell
since the porous paper was able to absorb the positive biofuel and promote the
attachment of bacteria to the positive biofuel. This battery capable of producing a
significant amount of power after being activated by a wide range of liquids and
then be disposed of. Some development must take place, since some components
are toxic and expensive.[3]Naturally occurring electrolytes might
allow biocompatible batteries for use on or within living bodies. Paper batteries
were described by a researcher as “a way to power a small device such as a
pacemaker without introducing any harsh chemicals – such as the kind that are
typically found in batteries — into the body.”[7]Their ability to use electrolytes in
the blood make them potentially useful for medical devices such
as pacemakers, medical diagnostic equipment, and drug delivery transdermal
patches. German healthcare company KSW Microtech is using the material to
power blood supply temperature monitoring.

Supercapacitors
Paper battery technology can be used in supercapacitors.[8][9] Supercapacitors
operate and are manufactured similarly to electrochemical batteries, but are
generally capable of greater performance and are able to be recharged. Paper, or
enhanced paper can be used to develop thin, flexible supercapacitors that are
lightweight less expensive. Paper that has been enhanced with carbon nanotubes is
generally preferred over regular paper because it has increased strength and allows
for easier transfer of electrons between the two metals. The electrolyte and the
electrode are embedded into the paper which produces a flexible paper
supercapacitor that can compete with some commercial supercapacitors produced
today. A paper supercapacitor would be well suited for a high power application.

Nanogenerators
Nanogenerators are a more recent devices that convert mechanical energy to
electrical energy. Paper is desirable as a component of nanogenerators for the same
reasons discussed above. Such devices are able to capture movement, such as body
movement, and convert that energy into electrical energy that could power LED
lights.
 Future of Batteries
The batteries of the future may be made out of paper.
Researchers at Binghamton University have created a
biodegradable, paper-based battery that is more efficient than
previously possible.

For years, there has been excitement in the scientific community

about the possibility of paper-based batteries as an eco-friendly
alternative. However, the proposed designs were never quite
powerful enough, they were difficult to produce and it was
questionable whether they were really biodegradable.

This new design solves all of those problems.

Associate Professor Seokheun “Sean” Choi from the Electrical

and Computer Engineering Department and Professor
Omowunmi Sadik from the Chemistry Department worked on
the project together.

Choi engineered the design of the paper-based battery, while

Sadik was able to make the battery a self-sustaining biobattery.

“There’s been a dramatic increase in electronic waste and this

may be an excellent way to start reducing that,” said Choi. “Our
hybrid paper battery exhibited a much higher power-to-cost ratio
than all previously reported paper-based microbial batteries.”
The biobattery uses a hybrid of paper and engineered polymers.
The polymers – poly (amic) acid and poly (pyromellitic
dianhydride-p-phenylenediamine) – were the key to giving the
batteries biodegrading properties.

The team tested the degradation of the battery in water and it

clearly biodegraded without the requirements of special
facilities, conditions or introduction of other microorganisms.

The polymer-paper structures are lightweight, low-cost and

flexible. Choi said that flexibility also provides another benefit.

“Power enhancement can be potentially achieved by simply

folding or stacking the hybrid, flexible paper-polymer devices,”
explained Choi.

The team said that producing the biobatteries is a fairly

straightforward process and that the material allows for
modifications depending on what configuration is needed.

The research paper titled “Green Biobatteries: Hybrid Paper-

Polymer Microbial Fuel Cells” was published in Advanced
Sustainable Systems on June 28, 2018.

This article has been republished from materials provided

by Binghamton University. Note: material may have been edited
for length and content. For further information, please contact
the cited source.
 REFERENCES

 http://www.eduengg.com/2013/08/paper-
battery.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_battery#
Uses

 http://www.durofy.com/paper-batteries-
working-construction/