PR 2

Division of City Schools, Manila
JOSE ABAD SANTOS HIGH SCHOOL

(SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL)
LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON SEXUAL ORIENTATION, GENDER IDENTITY AND

EXPRESSION OF STUDENTS ON THE SOCIAL COMMUNITY OF
JOSE ABAD SANTOS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL FOR THE
SCHOOL YEAR 2019-2020
A Research Proposal Paper

Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School
Jose Abad Santos High School
Binondo, Manila
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Practical Research 2

Humanities and Social Sciences
By
Jhon Vincent P. Iman
Jie-Ann A. Maaño
Louise Tagalog
Marc Noel C. Cariño

Research Teacher
October 2019
APPROVAL SHEET
This research proposal paper, LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON SEXUAL

ORIENTATION, GENDER IDENTITY AND EXPRESSION OF STUDENTS ON THE
SOCIAL COMMUNITY OF JOSE ABAD SANTOS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL FOR THE
SCHOOL YEAR 2019-2020, prepared and submitted by Jhon Vincent P. Iman,
Jie-Ann A. Maaño and Louise Tagalog, in partial fulfillment of the requirements in
Practical Research 2 with the Academic Track – Humanities and Social Sciences, has
been examined and recommended for acceptance and approval for Oral Examination
(Proposal Defense).
MARC NOEL C. CARIÑO

Research Teacher
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the Oral Examination Committee on October 11, 2019 with the
grade of _________.
Keme
Chair
Keme Keme
Member Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical

Research 2 with the Academic Track – Humanities and Social Sciences.
VLADIMIR B. PARAISO
Assistant Principal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In our search for knowledge and experience, solution to the current problem, we
have realized how lucky we have been that we can help the society in addressing
problems. The researchers want to express their greatest gratitude and appreciation to
the person who has extended their assistance, guidance and efforts in the research.
First and foremost, we would like to thank Almighty God for He had given us the
life, strength, knowledge, ability and determination to conduct the research study and to
persevere and complete it to its satisfactory. Without His blessings and will, this
achievement would not have been possible.
We would also like to acknowledge our teacher, our friend, our inspiration, a role
model and our pillar of knowledge in researching, Mr. Mark Noel C. Cariño for providing
his heartfelt support, eagerness and guidance at all times and for giving us inspiration to
strive and suggestions in our pursuit to understand the greater scheme. Without his able
guidance, this thesis would not have been possible and we shall be grateful to him for
his assistance.
Moreover, the contribution of the Focal Person, Mr. for his appreciation by
assisting the researchers to gather pertinent data needed for the completion of our
research.
Also, the researcher would like to extend their deepest gratitude to the panel
examiners; for their critics, advices, comments and suggestions in the finalizations and
successfulness of the study.

The researchers also extend their gratitude to their friends and dear comrades
for their moral support, motivation and words of encouragement.
To our parents, we are very thankful for the undying trust, support, understanding
and love they always given to us and for being our greatest inspiration for the
completion of our research paper. The researchers are forever thankful for having them.
The researchers really appreciate the help of those people who contribute in any
aspect. Thank you for making this possible.
J.V.I.
J.I.M.
L.T.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………… i.
APPROVAL SHEET…………………………………………………………...... ii.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………… iii.
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………. iv.
LIST OF FIGURE…………………………………………………………………. v.
CHAPTER
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction……………………………………………………….... 1
Background of the Study………………………………………..... 3
Theoretical Framework…………………………………………… 5
Conceptual Framework…………………………………………… 6
Statement of the Problem………………………………………… 7
Hypothesis…………………………………………………………. 8
Scope and Limitation of the Study………………………………. 8
Significance of the Study…………………………………………. 8
Definition of Terms………………………………………………....
2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Foreign Literature…………………………………………………..
Local Literature……………………………………………………..
Foreign Studies…………………………………………………….
Local Studies……………………………………………………….
Synthesis and Relevance to the Related Literature and Studies
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………………………..
Research Design…………………………………………………...
Subject of the Study………………………………………………...
Research Instrument…………………………………………………
Research Procedure…………………………………………………
Statistical Treatment of Data………………………………………..
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………..
Appendix 1: Letter of Request………………………………………
Appendix 2: Questionnaire…………………………………………..
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Sexual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or
sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes. Sexual orientation also refers to a
person’s sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and
membership in a community of others who share those attractions. Research over
several decades has demonstrated that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum,
from exclusive attraction to the other sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.
However, sexual orientation is usually discussed in terms of three categories:
heterosexual (having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to members of the other
sex), gay/lesbian (having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to members of one’s
own sex), and bisexual (having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to both men
and women). However, as the society changes various attraction/sexual based
orientation arises. This range of behaviors and attractions has been described in
various cultures and nations throughout the world. Many cultures use identity labels to
describe people who express these attractions. In the United States the most frequent
labels are lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and
bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes). (American Psychological
Association, 2013)
According to Gosh (2015), Gender identity is defined as a personal conception of
oneself as male or female (or rarely, both or neither). This concept is intimately related
to the concept of gender role, which is defined as the outward manifestations of
personality that reflect the gender identity. Gender identity, in nearly all instances, is
self-identified, as a result of a combination of inherent and extrinsic or environmental
factors; gender role, on the other hand, is manifested within society by observable
factors such as behavior and appearance. For example, if a person considers himself a
male and is most comfortable referring to his personal gender in masculine terms, then
his gender identity is male.
Gender expression refers to the “…way in which a person acts to communicate
gender within a given culture; for example, in terms of clothing, communication patterns
and interests. A person’s gender expression may or may not be consistent with socially
prescribed gender roles, and may or may not reflect his or her gender identity”.
(American Psychological Association, 2010)
According to Bigler et. al. (2013), Schools are major contexts for gender
socialization, in part because children spend large amounts of time engaged with peers
in such settings. For nearly all psychological traits on which young boys and girls differ
(e.g., reading ability, play preferences), the distribution of the two groups is overlapping.
Schools can magnify or diminish gender differences by providing environments that
promote within-gender similarity and between-gender differences, or the inverse (within-
gender variability and between group similarity).

Background of the Study
Gender stereotype is rampant in the Philippines where in generalized view or
preconception about attributes or characteristics, or the roles that are or ought to be
possessed by, or performed by women and men. A gender stereotype is harmful when
it limits women’s and men’s capacity to develop their personal abilities, pursue their
professional careers and make choices about their lives. It ascribes an individual
woman or man specific attributes, characteristics, or roles by reason only of her or his
membership in the social group of women or men. It violates vast array of rights such as
the right to health, adequate standard of living, education, marriage and family relations,
work, freedom of expression, freedom of movement, political participation and
representation, and freedom from gender-based violence. (United Nations Human
Rights, 2017) It created a mentality on the society that men will be always masculine
and women will be always feminine, standards on whom they attracted to, their
preferences and lifestyle.
According to United Nations Development Programme (2014), in reviewing the
history of LGBT advocacy in the Philippines, reference was made to the early existence
of transvestism and crossing gender in the 16th and 17th century with the babaylan,
their disappearance under Spanish colonialism and the emergence of different gender
identities and sexual orientations in the 1960s. From then, a gay culture rapidly evolved,
although with stratification of identity and communities with the adoption of gay.
Following the emergence of gay literature and academic studies, the 90s saw the first
demonstrations of political activism with participation by LGBT communities and

organizations in both LGBT-specific marches (pride marches), at the same time as
lesbian organizations were also founded. LGBT-related writing was found in mainstream
and community publications and the end of the decade saw the first advocacy in the
formal political realm with the formation of an LGBT lobby group and the filing of an anti-
discrimination bill. The new millennium saw the expansion of LGBT organizations in
both representation and activities, a rise in LGBT media, and the formation of the LGBT
political party Ang Ladlad. It was noted that challenges for the LGBT movement include
the lack of an umbrella organization, lack of understanding within the LGBT community
about SOGIE concepts, and a lack of unity due in part because of class differences.
This is within the context of continued social and political challenges for LGBT
communities and individuals and a lack of studies on LGBT rights in the Philippines.
Schools should be safe places for everyone. But in the Philippines, students who
are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) often find that their schooling
experience is marred by bullying, discrimination, lack of access to LGBT-related
information, and in some cases, physical or sexual assault. These abuses can cause
deep and lasting harm and curtail students’ right to education, protected under
Philippine and international law. (Human Rights Watch, 2017)
The importance of awareness on the Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and
Expression is widely seen in the social community and its impact on enlightening the
mindset of its members.

Theoretical Framework
This study would like to use the following theories as the foundation of the
research:
On the theory of Multiple Intelligences, Howard Gardner explained that social
awareness is the ability to comprehend and appropriately react to both broad problems
of society and interpersonal struggles. This means that being socially aware relates to
being aware of your environment, what's around you, as well as being able to accurately
interpret the emotions of people with whom you interact. Social awareness requires
competency in areas such as emotional intelligence and empathy. Theoretically, social
awareness is actually the interworking of multiple concepts at once. Social sensitivity
means empathy for others and the ability to infer. Social insight means moral judgment
and the ability to comprehend situations quickly. Social communication means the
ability to interact appropriately with others, including problem-solving interactions
According to Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1896), behavioral change is
determined by environmental, personal, and behavioral elements. Each factor affects
each of the others. For example, in parallel with the principles of self-efficacy, an
individual’s thoughts affect their attitude and an individual’s characteristics elicit certain
responses from the social environment. Likewise, an individual’s environment affects
the development of personal characteristics as well as the person’s behavior, and an
individual’s attitude may change their environment as well as the way the individual
thinks or feels. Social learning theory focuses on the reciprocal interactions between
these factors, which are hypothesized to determine behavioral change.

The Socio-Ecological Model (2015) indicated that the individual’s change of
behavior on the social activities creates a big impact on larger scale of people. The
awareness of an individual can influence other people’s perception and belief. It
considers the complex interplay between individual, relationship, community, and
societal factors. It allows us to understand the range of factors that put people at risk for
violence or protect them from experiencing or perpetrating unacceptable actions. The
overlapping rings in the model illustrate how factors at one level influence factors at
another level.
According to Emile Durkheim, Schools or education as one of the most important
social institution where it can contribute to the growth and development of the students
in the school. Schools is a community itself that have its own social interaction and
culture. The school is one of the platform for gender development and acceptance.
(Bigler, 2013)
Conceptual Framework
This section provides particular variables which are included in the study. As the
shown in the figure, the conceptual framework represents a paradigm wherein variables
were grouped into the independent and dependent variables.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Awareness on:
Social Community of Jose
 Sexual Orientation Abad Santos Senior High
 Gender Identity School
 Gender Expression
Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study
The figure served as the basis of conducting the study. As illustrated in
paradigm, there are the independent variables which contain sexual orientation, gender
identity and gender expression.
The dependent variable is the social community of Jose Abad Santos Senior
High School. The line connecting the boxes represents the relationship of the
independent variable and dependent variable.
Statement of the Problem
The study aimed to determine the level of awareness on sexual orientation,
gender identity and expression of students on Social Community of Jose Abad Santos
Senior High School.
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the level of awareness of the respondents on the following:
2.1 Sexual Orientation

2.2 Gender Identity
2.3 Gender Expression
2. What extent is the level of gender sensitivity of the respondents?
3. Is there a significant effect of awareness on the social community of the respondents
on Jose Abad Santos Senior High School?
Hypothesis
There is no significant effect of level of awareness on sexual orientation, gender
identity and expression of students on the social community of Jose Abad Santos High
School.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study aimed to determine the level of awareness on sexual orientation,
gender identity and expression of students on the social community of Jose Abad
Santos Senior High School. Survey questionnaire was used as the instruments of the
study to show their awareness on sexual orientation, gender identity and expression
perceived by the respondents at Jose Abad Santos Senior High School, Binondo,
Manila.
Significance of the Study
This study aimed to determine the effects of respondents’ level of awareness on
sexual orientation, gender identity and expression on the social community of Jose
Abad Santos Senior High School. The result of this study is expected to give information
on the awareness of the respondents to be mirrored in a social community. It will also
give information if stated variables are positively or negatively affect each other.
For the Community Leader, the result will help as guide to a gender-sensitive
community where in gender stereotyping and discrimination won’t occur.
For the School Leaders, the result will serve as a guide to be prepared from a
gender-sensitive social community.
For the Family, the result of the study will enlighten them about gender and have
strong relationship on their LGTBQ+ member children.
For the Peers, the results of this study will help them to engage with other people
and to motivate them to associate with other individual who have different gender.
For the Future Research,, the result will help the future researcher as their guide
in measuring the level of awareness of a certain social group on sexual orientation,
gender identity and expression
Definition of Terms
For better clarification and understanding of the term related to this study the
following terms are affectionately defined.
Gender Expression. This refers to the state of showing your gender on their
lifestyle (choice of clothing etc.)
Gender Identity. This refers to the state of knowing your own identification on
gender.
Sexual Orientation. This refers to the state of attraction romantically, and/or
sexually on opposite or same sex.
Social Community. This refers to a group of people who are interacting with
each other with same races and interests.

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the foreign literature, local literature, foreign studies, local
studies and synthesis and relevance of related literature and studies.
Foreign Literature
The issue of gender inequality in school settings is very broad. Although there
are many similarities among many societies, there are also some differences that
change the perception on the problem for each society and individual. It would be fair to
claim that different cultures, societies, households and eventually individuals, perceive
the role of education in different ways. Likewise, in order to understand the obstacles to
gain gender equality in education, it is essential to understand the broader picture of the
studied society, e.g., the perception of boys and girls; masculinity and femininity; caring
and leadership and their roles in society. These perceptions vary as well within each
society and household. Likewise, the dichotomy between the private sphere and the
public sphere; between objective and subjective factors are very subtle, many times
intertwined and the separation is frequently unequivocal and blurry. Mostly it is essential
to bear in mind that many stereotypical patterns are covert and less overtly evidential.
(UNESCO, 2018)
United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative (2017) states that school-related
violence is a pervasive issue in some countries.Violence can be physical, mental,
psychological or sexual; it can occur on school grounds, in transit or in cyberspace; and
it may include bullying, corporal punishment, verbal and emotional abuse, intimidation,
sexual harassment and assault. It is often perpetrated as a result of gender norms and
stereotypes and enforced by unequal power dynamics.
School-based comprehensive sexuality education programs equip children and
young people with empowering knowledge, skills and attitudes. In many contexts,
programs focus almost exclusively on HIV as a motivator to encourage students to
delay sexual activity and have fewer sexual partners and less frequent sexual contacts
(Fonner et al. as cited in UNESCO, 2014). However, international guidelines and
standards, along with emerging evidence about factors influencing programs’
effectiveness, increasingly stress the value of a comprehensive approach centered on
gender and human rights (Ketting and Winkelmann as cited in UNESCO, 2013).
Local Literature
LGBT Filipinos often confront social pressures to hide, suppress or even
attempt to change their identities and expressions as conditions for their social
acceptance and enjoyment of rights. Although many LGBTs learn to cope with this
social stigma, these experiences can cause serious psychological distress, including
immediate consequences such as fear, sadness, alienation, anger and internalized
stigma (Hatzenbuehler, 2009; Meyer, 2003). This anti-LGBT prejudice and
discrimination tend to be based on a rhetoric of moral condemnation and are fueled
by ignorance or unfounded beliefs associating these gender expressions and
sexual orientations.
Persons with diverse sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI), and how
they express theirselves experience abuse and violence (ranging from subtle jokes to
extreme forms of stigma and assault) from their families, neighbors, educational/training
institutions and even from government institutions (Philippine Commission on Women,
2016).
According to G. Roa (2012), Gender Sensitivity refers to the removal of our
biases and prejudices against a certain group of people based on their biological sex,
sexual and gender orientation. It is assumed that we can never be 100% gender
sensitive because our thoughts are always influenced by our relations learned values
and concepts.Being aware if the stereotypes and social constructs allow us to
understand more about gender sensitive issues. Stereotyping is an attitude in which
sets of behavior are assigned under a certain category. This becomes problematic
when we presume that all members under a certain category behave and act the way
they are expected to. The changes in behavior are often classified as deviance. In turn
the behavior in which people are solitary confined with the assigned and learned sets of
action is called gender sensitivity or gender bias. As an example, assuming that all gays
are creative and fashionable is false. This false assumption could lead to another
salary, which believes that says who do not belong in that category are not really gays
so we cast doubts on their sexual orientation or most popularly known as direct attack
against a person.
On Perspectives in Judicial Education Selected Speeches and Writings, of A.
Melencio (2009) stated that Gender Sensitivity is certainly more than being concerned
merely with political correct language. It has done more importantly with a perspective
that allows one to think of and deal with others who belong to a different sex with the
regard, respect, and consideration due them. There is a relation between gender
sensitivity and gender equality. Both are fundamentally issues of human rights. The
human development progress in our country must continue to be gender sensitized and
discrepancies in human progress between genders must continue to be addressed.
Foreign Studies
The study “Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression; Coming from the
Insularity and Prejudices of England” (Cohen, 2012) showed that words and labels may
be used to endanger or harm an individual have in recent years received considerable
attention from advocates of the anti-bullying movement, and the LGBT community has
benefitted perhaps more than other groups from the focus on the unacceptability of
bullying, although it is worth reiterating that silence about the subject characterized
previous generations because individual adults were free to punish bullies with impunity,
and children who suffered were expected to rise above their travails, which supposedly
made them stronger. In the present era, emphasis on ethical behavior seems to focus
on protecting those too young, weak, or incapacitated for self-defense, but no doubt in
the future a different articulation of social ethics will emerge. It is always well to
question where any conventions of ethical behavior leave the interests of individual
versus societal intellectual freedom, and how lines between ethical behavior and
intellectual freedom are drawn.

On the study “Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity/Expression Related Peer
Victimization in Adolescence: A Systematic Review of Associated Psychosocial and
Health Outcomes” found out that peer victimization related to sexual orientation and
gender identity or expression provides insight into only one aspect of the lives of sexual
and gender minority adolescents, this literature nonetheless offers important lessons for
public health practitioners, health and sexuality educators, researchers, and those who
work with adolescents or in school settings. The studies we have reviewed here, which
included participants from 12 countries, suggest that peer victimization is correlated with
a variety of negative psychosocial and health outcomes. At this time, however, evidence
for correlation between sexual orientation and gender identity/expression-related peer
victimization and some psychosocial and health outcomes is stronger than others, and
remains evidence of association only. The outcomes best characterized are sense of
school belonging, depression, and suicidality. Overall there is strong evidence that
those who are victimized by peers exhibit a lower sense of belonging to their schools
and higher levels of depressive symptoms (Poteat et al., 2011). Furthermore, peer
victimization mediates or moderates the relationship between sexual orientation and
these outcomes (Aerts et al., 2012)
Local Studies
On the study of Gina C. Detablan entitled "Factors associate with gender bias
among freshmen college students of Cagayan Capital College" (2002) found out that
generally gender biases between male and female freshmen students of CCC still
persist .Though considerable numbers of them are aware of gender biases and express
desire for gender equality. Moreover, there are relatively high percentage of male
students who tends to be more biased against women. The succeeding pages
discussed the details of the variables that are linked to gender biased. As revealed by
the respondents, 54.29% are males and 45.70% are female. Undoubtedly, gender of
the freshmen college students have a significant relationship to their biases. However
male students tend to be more bias than women. Thus, the study implies that culture
influence is very strong to men. The male respondents are more sexes than female.
The respondents however agree that there is gender bias because of a strong practice
of sex- roles stereotypes which influence their gender biases. Thus sex roles
stereotypes among freshmen college students and their gender biases have a
significant relationship.
Genevieve Jorolan-Quintero, UP Mindanao Gender Committee showed that UP
Mindanao respondents who took part in this preliminary survey are relatively
knowledgeable about the concept of gender sensitivity. They exhibit positive attitude
and perceptions on gender sensitivity. They also assert that there is a need to attend
gender sensitive seminars and training to enhance and promote understanding of it
among the university constituents. Although majority of the respondents passed the quiz
on the use of gender fair language, their level of knowledge is low. This is the evidenced
by the way they consulted one another for answers to the quiz items, the length of time
to finish the quiz and the number of unanswered items. There are courses in UP
Mindanao that aim to promote knowledge and appreciation of gender issues; Literature
and Gender, a required course for the Bachelor of Arts in English Programs: Sex and
society in the BA Anthropology program which include gender themes in the reading
requirements. With the routine office tasks and the daily demands of their jobs, the
office personnel practically do not have the opportunity of mulling over issues related to
gender equality and equity. It is fair to conclude that UP Mindanao constituents are
generally gender sensitive
Synthesis and Relevance of the Related Literature and Studies
The researchers believed that the cited literature and studies are of great
relevance to every aspect of the study.
Clearly the socialization of gender is reinforced at school because classrooms
are smaller scale of the society, mirroring its strengths and ills alike, it follows that the
normal socialization patterns of young children that often lead to distorted perceptions of
gender roles are reflected in the classroom (Bailey, 2016).
The awareness of an individual gradually have effects on its social community.
(Marshram, 2015) The school is a community itself and the individual with varied sexual
orientation, gender identity, and expression interact with each other on a daily basis.
The lack of awareness leads to a gender insensitive environment (Teperi, 2013). It is
the endpoint of every studies and literature. As the people change their perspectives
there will a change in the community they are part of.
And a study found that having a higher level of sexual orientation, gender identity
and expression-related knowledge had a significant impact on positive attitudes towards

abolishing gender stereotypes and prejudices. This suggests that there is a need to
disseminate appropriate knowledge to the general population to encourage positive
attitudes and promote assertive behaviors in terms of creating an equal view on the
diversity of gender. (Flamme, 2017)
The studies and concepts contributed much to the fulfillment of the undertaken
study.
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter deals with the research design used, subject of the study, research
instruments, research procedure, and statistical treatment of the data applied in the
study.
Research Design
In order to find out the important facts and information with adequate and
accurate interpretations, the researchers used the descriptive method of research. This
study is an example of a descriptive research, whereas it is conducted through the use
of quantitative questionnaires and statistical treatment of data.The process of
disciplined inquiry through the gathering and analysis of empirical data and attempts to
develop knowledge (Best and Khan as cited in Campo et al.).This research describes
the level of awareness of the students on sexual orientation, gender identity and
expression on the social community of Jose Abad Santos Senior High School for the
school year 2019-2020 based on the data gathered and results from the statistical and
quantitative treatment of the data.
A descriptive research can be done through the use of quantitative
questionnaires, descriptive research is also done mainly when a researcher wants to
gain a better understanding of a topic and it also supply the researchers an exploration
and overview of the existing phenomena. This was used to describe the data and
characteristics about what is being studied. The idea behind this type of research was to
study frequencies, averages, and other statistical calculations.

Subject of the Study
This study aims to identify the awareness level of the students in the social
community of Jose Abad Santos High School – Senior High. The respondents of this
study are 70 students from grade 11 and grade 12 which are constantly interact and
communicate with its members in the school year 2019-2020. A simple random
sampling method is utilized throughout the study which involves allowing each possible
student to have an equal chance of being included as a respondent (Arciaga, 2016).
Research Instrument
In this study, the researchers gathered the necessary data using a researcher-
made questionnaire. The instrument underwent validation before the actual survey
administration. The instrument consisted, two parts: Part I – focused on the Profile of
the Respondents; while Part II is divided into subparts which contained scaled
statements that would identify the level of awareness of the respondents on sexual
orientation, gender identity, and expression and its effect to the social community of
Jose Abad Santos Senior High School.
Likert Scale Interpretation Weighted Mean Verbal Interpretation
5 Strongly Agree 4.20 – 5.00 Always
4 Agree 3.40 – 4.19 Often
3 Moderately Agree 2.60 – 3.39 Sometimes
2 Disagree 1.80 – 2.59 Rarely
1 Strongly Disagree 1.00 – 1.79 Never

Research Procedure
The researcher will gather reliable and congruent information through reading
studies about sexual orientation, gender identity, and expression. Furthermore, the
researchers will read books in the public libraries and search in the internet for related
researches and articles
A questionnaire will be used as a tool for gathering data from the respondents. It
is checked and revised by researcher’s adviser to maintain congruency on the objective
of the research. The research will utilize survey method wherein the data would be
collected through questionnaire as an instrument to support the study. It is comprised of
15 questions that is related to the awareness level of the respondents on sexual
orientation, gender identity and expression. The questionnaire-checklist that aims to
draw out proper responses on the objectives of the study was constructed. The survey
questionnaire will measure the level of awareness of the students in the social
community of Jose Abad Santos Senior High School.
The permission to conduct research study will be secured by a consent letter
asking the assistant principal of Jose Abad Santos Senior High School. Data gathered
from answered questions will be analyzed, classified, categorized, and checked
according to the research design of this chapter.
Statistical Treatment of Data
To determine the data in this study, the following statistical tools will be used in
the data collected by the researcher.

Weighted mean will be used to assess the level of awareness of students on
sexual orientation, gender identity, and expression in the social community of Jose
Abad Santos Senior High School.
After finding the result, T-test will be used for determining the hypothesis as to
the significance of the level of awareness on sexual orientation, gender identity and
expression on the social community of Jose Abad Santos Senior High School.
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https://www.undp.org/content/dam/philippines/docs/
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Human Rights Watch (2017), Discrimination Against LGBT Students in the Philippines.
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Practices and Acts of Violence against Individuals Based on their Sexual Orientation
and Gender Identity. Retrieved 21 August 2013 from http://icj.wpengine.netdna-
cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/laws-actsindividuals-annual-report-2011.pdf.
Bigler, M. et al. (2013), Exploring bias on perceptions of students’ ability by gender and
race/ethnicity. Gender & Society. Retrieved September 9, 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177
/0891243211434614.
APPENDICES
Appendix 1
Letter of Request in Conducting Survey
October 2019
VLADIMIR PARAISO
Assistant Principal
Jose Abad Santos High School
Dear Sir,
Warmest Greetings!
We, the researchers conducting the research entitled “Level of Awareness on

Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression of Students in the Social
Community of Jose Abad Santos High School for the School Year 2019-2020”
We would like to ask your permission to allow us to conduct the research study
and survey to the selected students of Jose Abad Santos Senior High School.
We are looking for your favorable action and kind approval that your office will
extend the above. This will contribute to the completion of our research study.
Thank you very much. God bless!
Respectfully yours,
Jhon Vincent P. Iman
Jie-Ann A. Maaño
Louise Tagalog
Appendix 2
Questionnaire
Name (Optional):________________________Grade Level:______ Strand:_______
DIRECTION: Please check and rate yourself honestly based on what you actually
observe given the statements using the following scales:
Never (1) Rarely (2) Sometimes (3) Often (4) Always (5)
5 4 3 2 1
A. Sexual Orientation
1. I know that sexual orientation is not just about male
having attraction to female, vice versa.
2. I know that the attraction of the person in terms of
romance, sex and emotion matters the most in sexual
orientation.
3. I use the terms under the sexual orientation of the person
wether if it is homosexual, heterosexual etc.
4. I know that cultures use identity labels to describe people
who express these attractions.
5. I describe that sexual orientation also refers to a person’s
sense of identity based on those attractions, related
behaviors, and membership in a community of others who
share those attractions
B. Gender Identity
1. I know that gender identity is defined as a personal
conception of oneself as male or female (or rarely, both or
neither)
2. I intimately relate the concept of gender role, which is
defined as the outward manifestations of personality that
reflect the gender identity.
3. I know that gender identity, in nearly all instances, is self-
identified, as a result of a combination of inherent and
environmental factors; gender role, on the other hand, is
manifested within society by observable factors such as
behavior and appearance.
4. I believe that the gender of the person does not reflect
their personality and attitude.
5. I respect the gender identity of the person. Example, if a

person considers himself a male and is most comfortable
referring to his personal gender in masculine terms, then his
gender identity is male.
C. Gender Expression
1. I use words that show equal treatment regardless of their
gender.
2. I use words that do not show biases/ partiality to any
gender group during classroom discussion.
3. I do not use words that are offensive to the both male,
female, and LGBT group.
4. I respect the choice of lifestyle (clothing, actions, etc.) of
all gender.
5. I believe that how a person expresses their selves does
not mirror their sexual orientation and gender identity.
CURRICULUM VITAE
IMAN, JHON VINCENT P.

155 San Nicolas St. Binondo, Manila
[email protected]
09770335120
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Place of Birth: Commonwealth, Quezon City

Date of Birth: January 1, 2002
Age: 17
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School: Jose Abad Santos Senior High School

Inclusive Dates: 2018-2020
Junior High School: Jose Abad Santos High School

Elementary School: Pedro Guevara Elementary School

ACHIEVEMENTS
Consistent Honor Student

MAAÑO, JIE-ANN A.
Brgy.110 Herbosa Street. Tondo,Manila.
[email protected]
09480357219
Place of Birth: Memorial Hospital Lope de Vega St. Sta, Cruz, Manila.
Date of Birth: October 23, 2002
Age: 17

Junior High School: General Luna National High School

Elementary School: General Luna Elementary School

ACHIEVEMENTS
Consistent Honor Student

TAGALOG, LOUISE
1334 - R.A Reyes Street. Tondo,Manila.
[email protected]
09984454859
Place of Birth: Tondo General Hospital Abad Santos, Manila.

Date of Birth: March 4, 1998
Age: 21

Junior High School: Saint John The Baptist Academy of Manila

Elementary: Isabelo delos Reyes Elementary School


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Division of City Schools, Manila

JOSE ABAD SANTOS HIGH SCHOOL

LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON SEXUAL ORIENTATION, GENDER IDENTITY AND

A Research Proposal Paper

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Practical Research 2

Marc Noel C. Cariño

This research proposal paper, LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON SEXUAL

MARC NOEL C. CARIÑO

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical

achievement would not have been possible.

successfulness of the study.

for their moral support, motivation and words of encouragement.

aspect. Thank you for making this possible.

APPROVAL SHEET…………………………………………………………...... ii.

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………. iv.

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the Study………………………………………..... 3

Statement of the Problem………………………………………… 7

Scope and Limitation of the Study………………………………. 8

Significance of the Study…………………………………………. 8

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Synthesis and Relevance to the Related Literature and Studies

Subject of the Study………………………………………………...

Statistical Treatment of Data………………………………………..

Appendix 1: Letter of Request………………………………………

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Sexual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or

person’s sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and

membership in a community of others who share those attractions. Research over

However, sexual orientation is usually discussed in terms of three categories:

heterosexual (having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to members of the other

sex), gay/lesbian (having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to members of one’s

and women). However, as the society changes various attraction/sexual based

bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes). (American Psychological

According to Gosh (2015), Gender identity is defined as a personal conception of

to the concept of gender role, which is defined as the outward manifestations of

self-identified, as a result of a combination of inherent and extrinsic or environmental

his gender identity is male.

Gender expression refers to the “…way in which a person acts to communicate

(American Psychological Association, 2010)

Schools can magnify or diminish gender differences by providing environments that

promote within-gender similarity and between-gender differences, or the inverse (within-

gender variability and between group similarity).

Background of the Study

Gender stereotype is rampant in the Philippines where in generalized view or

preconception about attributes or characteristics, or the roles that are or ought to be

work, freedom of expression, freedom of movement, political participation and

representation, and freedom from gender-based violence. (United Nations Human

preferences and lifestyle.

According to United Nations Development Programme (2014), in reviewing the

demonstrations of political activism with participation by LGBT communities and

organizations in both LGBT-specific marches (pride marches), at the same time as

experience is marred by bullying, discrimination, lack of access to LGBT-related

Philippine and international law. (Human Rights Watch, 2017)

The importance of awareness on the Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and

mindset of its members.

On the theory of Multiple Intelligences, Howard Gardner explained that social

competency in areas such as emotional intelligence and empathy. Theoretically, social

awareness is actually the interworking of multiple concepts at once. Social sensitivity