8-132

8-148 …. 8-150 Design and Essay Problems

8-150 A computer is cooled by a fan blowing air through the case of the computer. The flow rate of the fan and the diameter
of the casing of the fan are to be specified.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 Heat flux is uniformly distributed. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant
properties.
Properties The relevant properties of air are (Tables A-1 and A-15)
c p  1007 J/kg.C
R  0.287 kPa.m3 /kg.K
Analysis We need to determine the flow rate of air for the worst case Cooling
scenario. Therefore, we assume the inlet temperature of air to be 50C, the air
atmospheric pressure to be 70.12 kPa, and disregard any heat transfer from
the outer surfaces of the computer case. The mass flow rate of air required
to absorb heat at a rate of 80 W can be determined from
Q 80 J/s
Q  m
 c p (Tout  Tin ) 
 m
   0.007944 kg/s
c p (Tout  Tin ) (1007 J/kg.C)( 60  50)C

In the worst case the exhaust fan will handle air at 60C. Then the density of air entering the fan and the volume flow rate
becomes
P 70.12 kPa
   0.7337 kg/m 3
RT (0.287 kPa.m 3 /kg.K)(60 + 273)K
m 0.007944 kg/s
V    0.01083 m 3 /s  0.6497 m 3 /min
 0.7337 kg/m 3

For an average velocity of 120 m/min, the diameter of the duct in which the fan is installed can be determined from

D 2 4V 4(0.6497 m 3 /min)

V  AcV  V
 D    0.083 m  8.3 cm
4 V  (120 m/min)



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 9-126
9-148 A solar collector consists of a horizontal tube enclosed in a concentric thin glass tube is considered. The pump
circulating the water fails. The temperature of the aluminum tube when equilibrium is established is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air is an
ideal gas with constant properties. 3 The local atmospheric
pressure is 1 atm.
20 W/m
Properties We assume a surface temperature of 33C Air
for glass cover based on the problem statement. Then =1
T = 30C
the properties of air at 1 atm and the anticipated film
temperature of (Ts+T)/2 = (33+30)/2 = 31.5C are
(Table A-15)
Do =7 cm
k  0.02599 W/m.C
  1.622  10 5 m 2 /s Air space
Pr  0.7278 Di = 5 cm,  = 1
1 1
   0.003284 K -1
Tf (31.5  273)K
Analysis This problem involves heat transfer from the aluminum tube to the glass cover, and from the outer surface of the
glass cover to the surrounding ambient air. When steady operation is reached, these two heat transfers will be equal to the rate
of heat gain. That is,
Q  Q
tube glass  Q
glass ambient  20 W (per meter length)
solar gain

Now we assume the surface temperature of the glass cover to be 33C. We will check this assumption later on, and repeat
calculations with a better assumption, if necessary.
The characteristic length for the outer diameter of the glass cover Lc = Do =0.07 m. Then,
g (Ts  T ) Do3 (9.81 m/s 2 )( 0.003284 K -1 )(33  30 K)(0.07 m) 3
Ra  Pr  (0.7278)  91,700
2 (1.622 10 5 m 2 /s) 2
2 2
   0.387(91,700)1 / 6 
 0.387 Ra 1 / 6   
Nu  0.6  8 / 27 
   8 / 27 
 7.626
   
0.6

 1  0.559 / Pr9 / 16 
 
 1  0.559 / 0.72789 / 16 

As  Do L   (0.07 m)(1 m)  0.2199 m 2
k 0.02599 W/m.C
h Nu  (7.626)  2.832 W/m2 .C
Do 0.07 m
and,
Q conv  hAs (Ts  T )  (2.832 W/m2 .C)(0.2199 m 2 )(Tglass  30)C
The radiation heat loss is

Q rad  As  (Ts 4  Tsurr 4 )  (1)(0.2199 m 2 )(5.67 10 8 W/m2 .K 4 ) (Tglass  273 K) 4  (20  273 K) 4 
The expression for the total rate of heat transfer is
Q  Q
total  Q
conv rad

20 W = (2.832 W/m2 .C)( 0.2199 m 2 )(T glass  30)C


 (1)( 0.2199 m 2 )(5.67 10 8 W/m2 .K 4 ) (T glass  273 K) 4  (20  273 K ) 4 
Its solution is
Tglass  33.34C
which is sufficiently close to the assumed value of 33C. Therefore, there is no need to repeat the calculations.
Now we will calculate heat transfer through the air layer between aluminum tube and glass cover. We will assume
the aluminum tube temperature to be 45C based on the problem statement and evaluate properties at the average temperature
of (Ti+To)/2 = (45+33.34)/2 = 39.17C are (Table A-15)

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 13-81

13-93 Two thin radiation shields are placed between two large parallel plates that are maintained at uniform temperatures.
The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the plates with and without the shields, and the temperatures of radiation
shields are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3 Convection heat transfer is
not considered.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be 1 = 0.6, 2 = 0.7, 3 = 0.10, and 4 = 0.15.
Analysis The net rate of radiation heat transfer without the shields per unit
area of the plates is
 (T1 4  T2 4 )
Q 12,no shield 
1 1
 1 T1 = 600 K
1 2 1 = 0.6
(5.67  10 8 W/m2  K 4 )[( 600 K ) 4  (300 K ) 4 ]

1 1
 1
0.6 0.7 3 = 0.10
 3288 W/m 2

The net rate of radiation heat transfer with two thin radiation shields per 4 = 0.15
unit area of the plates is
T2 = 300 K
 (T1 4  T2 4 ) 2 = 0.7
Q 12,two shields 
 1 1   1 1   1 1 
   1     1     1
 1  2   3 3  4 4 
(5.67  10 8 W/m2  K 4 )[( 600 K ) 4  (300 K ) 4 ]

 1 1   1 1   1 1 
   1     1     1
 0.6 0.7   0.10 0.10   0.15 0.15 
 206 W/m 2
The equilibrium temperatures of the radiation shields are determined from
 (T1 4  T3 4 ) (5.67 10 8 W/m2  K 4 )[( 600 K ) 4  T3 4 ]
Q 13  
 206 W/m2  
 T3  549 K
 1 1   1 1 
   1    1

 1 3   0.6 0.10 

 (T4 4  T2 4 ) (5.67 10 8 W/m2  K 4 )[T4 4  (300 K) 4 ]

Q 42  
 206 W/m2  
 T4  429 K
 1 1   1 1 
   1    1

 4  2   0.15 0.7 

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.