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    6 Injury Severity Coding v2

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    Faizan
    This document discusses various injury severity scales used in accident analysis, including: 1) Early severity scales that classified injuries as live/dead, treated/not treated, etc. 2) Department of Transport scales that classified injuries as fatal, serious, or slight based on outcomes like death within 30 days. 3) The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), developed in the 1960s, that assigns 7-digit codes to classify individual injuries based on body region, type, structure, level, and severity on a scale of 1-6. 4) Derived measures from AIS like Maximum AIS (MAIS), which considers the most severe injury, and Injury Severity Score

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    6 Injury Severity Coding v2

    Uploaded by

    Faizan
    122 views31 pages
    This document discusses various injury severity scales used in accident analysis, including: 1) Early severity scales that classified injuries as live/dead, treated/not treated, etc. 2) Department of Transport scales that classified injuries as fatal, serious, or slight based on outcomes like death within 30 days. 3) The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), developed in the 1960s, that assigns 7-digit codes to classify individual injuries based on body region, type, structure, level, and severity on a scale of 1-6. 4) Derived measures from AIS like Maximum AIS (MAIS), which considers the most severe injury, and Injury Severity Score

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    This document discusses various injury severity scales used in accident analysis, including: 1) Early severity scales that classified injuries as live/dead, treated/not treated, etc. 2) Department of Transport scales that classified injuries as fatal, serious, or slight based on outcomes like death within 30 days. 3) The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), developed in the 1960s, that assigns 7-digit codes to classify individual injuries based on body region, type, structure, level, and severity on a scale of 1-6. 4) Derived measures from AIS like Maximum AIS (MAIS), which considers the most severe injury, and Injury Severity Score

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    122 views31 pages

    6 Injury Severity Coding v2

    Uploaded by

    Faizan
    This document discusses various injury severity scales used in accident analysis, including: 1) Early severity scales that classified injuries as live/dead, treated/not treated, etc. 2) Department of Transport scales that classified injuries as fatal, serious, or slight based on outcomes like death within 30 days. 3) The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), developed in the 1960s, that assigns 7-digit codes to classify individual injuries based on body region, type, structure, level, and severity on a scale of 1-6. 4) Derived measures from AIS like Maximum AIS (MAIS), which considers the most severe injury, and Injury Severity Score

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    of 31

    Accident

    Injury Severity
    Accident Severity

    Collision severity

    Injury severity
    Early Severity Scales
    Burden of injury – live or dead
    Live - bleeding or not bleeding
    Injured – treated or not treated
    Treated – physician, doctor’s office
    emergency room
    released or admitted
    Injury Severity
    Department of Transport
    Fatal Injury - injuries which caused death in
    less than 30 days after the accident.
    Serious Injury - inpatient or fracture,
    concussion, internal injuries, crushings,
    severe cuts, severe shock type of injury or
    death after 30 days.
    Slight Injury - minor sprain, bruise, cut, or
    requiring only roadside attention
    WORKING DEFINITIONS OF
    A FATALITY
    Greece, Portugal, Spain use within 24
    hours.
    France uses within 6 days.
    Italy uses within 7 days.
    Most other states use within 30 days.

    Correction Factors applied to get 30 day


    equivalent, range from 1.3 (Spain) to
    1.078 (Italy).
    Serious & Slight
    Prone to error
    severity assessed and
    assigned by police at the
    scene

    Correct in ≈ 60% of cases


    Therefore a better scale is
    needed which could be
    used by non medics and
    the scale that is
    anatomically based
    Abbreviated Injury Scale

    Developed in the 1960’s by a group of 75


    specialists from around the world.

    Introduced in 1971

    Revised in 1980, 1985, 1990,1998 & 2005


    Abbreviated Injury Scale

    Probability of threat to
    life scale based on
    individual injury
    7 digit code
    used to classify an injury.
    123456.7
    The code describes
    type of injury
    location of injury
    severity of injury
    Abbreviated Injury Scale
    123456.7

    1 Body Region
    2 Type of Anatomical Structure
    3/4 Specific Anatomical Structure
    5/6 Level
    7 Severity Score
    1 Body Region
    123456.7

    1 Head 6 Spine
    2 Face 7 Upper Extremity
    3 Neck 8 Lower Extremity
    4 Thorax 9 Unspecified
    5 Abdomen
    2 Type of Anatomic Structure
    123456.7
    1 Whole Area
    2 Vessels
    3 Nerves
    4 Organs (inc. muscles/ligaments)
    5 Skeletal (inc. joints)
    6 Loss of Consciousness (head only)
    3/4 Specific Anatomic Structure
    123456.7
    Whole Area Head - Loss of Consciousness (LOC)
    02 Skin Abrasion 02 Length of LOC
    04 Contusion 04-08 Level of Consciousness
    06 Laceration 10 Concussion
    08 Avulsion
    10 Amputation Spine
    20 Burn 02 Cervical
    30 Crush 04 Thoracic
    40 Degloving 06 Lumbar
    50 Injury - NFS
    60 Penetrating Vessels, Nerves, Organs, Bones, Joints
    These are all assigned consecutive
    two digit numbers beginning with 02
    5/6 Level
    123456.7

    Specific Injuries are assigned


    consecutive two-digit numbers
    beginning with 02
    Fractures, rupture, laceration, etc
    Injury Severity
    Abbreviated Injury Score
    1 Minor
    2 Moderate
    3 Serious
    4 Severe
    5 Critical
    6 Maximum
    AIS
    AIS Example
    1 superficial laceration
    2 fractured sternum
    3 open fracture of humerus
    4 perforated trachea
    5 ruptured liver with tissue loss
    6 total severance of aorta
    AIS – Threat to life
    AIS % prob. of death
    1 0
    2 1–2
    3 8 – 10
    4-5 50 – 50
    6 100
    Organ injuries
    Skeletal injuries
    Measures of Injury Severity
    • Maximum Abbreviated Injury Score (MAIS)
    - Maximum AIS for an occupant or body region
    - Frequently used for assessing overall severity
    - Non-linear relationship with the probability of death

    Body region AIS MAIS


    Head 4
    Neck 2
    Thorax 5 5
    Abdomen 1
    Lower limb 3
    Injury Severity Score (ISS)
    Gives a better fit between overall severity &
    probability of survival than MAIS

    The ISS is the sum of the squares of the


    highest AIS code in each of the three most
    severely injured ISS body regions.

    There six ISS body regions.


    Six ISS body regions
    Head or Neck
    Face
    Thorax
    Abdominal or Pelvic content
    Extremities or Pelvic Girdle
    External
    Injury Severity Score (ISS)
    Body region AIS MAIS
    Head 4
    Neck 2
    Thorax 5 5
    Abdomen 1
    Lower limb 3
    ISS = (5x5)+(4x4)+(3x3) = 50
    ISS range 0 – 75
    Proviso : AIS 6 = ISS 75
    Linear scale 0 - 75
    Examples

    Uses
    of
    Injury Severity Data
    • Eppinger et al (1999) (NHTSA)
    • Foret-bruno et al (1998) 42nd STAPP
    • Mertz
    (1971??)

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