B l o o m ' s Ta xo n o m y : T h e A f fe c t i v e

Domain

The affective domain is one of

three domains in Bloom's
Taxonomy, with the other two
being
the cognitive and psychomotor (Bl
oom, et al., 1956). For an
overview of the three domains,
see the introduction.

The affective domain (Krathwohl,

Bloom, Masia, 1973) includes the
manner in which we deal with
things emotionally, such as
feelings, values, appreciation,
enthusiasms, motivations,
and attitudes. The five major categories are listed from the simplest
behavior to the most complex:

Category Example and Key Words (verbs)

Examples: Listen to others with respect.

Listen for and remember the name of
newly introduced people.
Receiving Phenomena: Awareness, willingness to
hear, selected attention.
Key Words: acknowledge, asks, attentive,
courteous, dutiful, follows, gives, listens,
understands

Examples: Participates in class

discussions. Gives a presentation.
Responds to Phenomena: Active participation on Questions new ideals, concepts, models,
the part of the learners. Attend and react to a etc. in order to fully understand them.
particular phenomenon. Learning outcomes may Know the safety rules and practice them.
emphasize compliance in responding, willingness to
respond, or satisfaction in responding (motivation). Key Words: answers, assists, aids,
complies, conforms, discusses, greets,
helps, labels, performs, presents, tells

Examples: Demonstrates belief in the

democratic process. Is sensitive towards
individual and cultural differences (value
Valuing: The worth or value a person attaches to a
diversity). Shows the ability to solve
particular object, phenomenon, or behavior. This
problems. Proposes a plan to social
ranges from simple acceptance to the more complex
improvement and follows through with
state of commitment. Valuing is based on the
commitment. Informs management on
internalization of a set of specified values, while
matters that one feels strongly about.
clues to these values are expressed in the learner's
overt behavior and are often identifiable.
Key Words: appreciates, cherish,
treasure, demonstrates, initiates, invites,
joins, justifies, proposes, respect, shares

Examples: Recognizes the need for

balance between freedom and responsible
behavior. Explains the role of systematic
planning in solving problems. Accepts
Organization: Organizes values into priorities by
professional ethical standards. Creates a
contrasting different values, resolving conflicts
life plan in harmony with abilities,
between them, and creating an unique value system.
interests, and beliefs. Prioritizes time
The emphasis is on comparing, relating, and
effectively to meet the needs of the
synthesizing values.
organization, family, and self.

Key Words: compares, relates,

synthesizes
 Examples: Shows self-reliance when
working independently. Cooperates in
group activities (displays teamwork). Uses
an objective approach in problem solving.
Internalizes Values (characterization): Has a value
Displays a professional commitment to
system that controls their behavior. The behavior is
ethical practice on a daily basis. Revises
pervasive, consistent, predictable, and most
judgments and changes behavior in light
important characteristic of the learner. Instructional
of new evidence. Values people for what
objectives are concerned with the student's general
they are, not how they look.
patterns of adjustment (personal, social, emotional).

Key Words: acts, discriminates, displays,

influences, modifies, performs, qualifies,
questions, revises, serves, solves, verifies

Next Steps
o Introduction
o The Three Domains of Learning
o Revised Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain
o Original Cognitive Domain
o Cognitive Process and Levels of Knowledge Matrix
o SOLO Taxonomy
o Affective Domain
o Psychomotor Domain
o Learning Strategies: Using Bloom's Taxonomy

References
Bloom, B.S. (Ed.). Engelhart, M.D., Furst, E.J., Hill, W.H., Krathwohl,
D.R. (1956). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I: The
Cognitive Domain. New York: David McKay Co Inc.

Krathwohl, D.R., Bloom, B.S., Masia, B.B. (1973). Taxonomy of

Educational Objectives, the Classification of Educational Goals.
Handbook II: Affective Domain. New York: David McKay Co., Inc.

B l o o m ' s Ta xo n o m y : T h e P s yc h o m o t o r
Domain
The psychomotor domain
(Simpson, 1972) includes
physical movement, coordination,
and use of the motor-skill areas.
Development of these skills
requires practice and is
measured in terms of speed,
precision, distance, procedures,
or techniques in execution. Thus,
psychomotor skills rage from
manual tasks, such as digging a
ditch or washing a car, to more
complex tasks, such as operating
a complex piece of machinery or dancing.

The seven major categories are listed from the simplest behavior to the
most complex:

Category Example and Key Words (verbs)

 Examples: Detects non-verbal communication
cues. Estimate where a ball will land after it is
thrown and then moving to the correct location to
catch the ball. Adjusts heat of stove to correct
Perception (awareness): The ability to use
temperature by smell and taste of food. Adjusts
sensory cues to guide motor activity. This
the height of the forks on a forklift by comparing
ranges from sensory stimulation, through cue
where the forks are in relation to the pallet.
selection, to translation.

Key Words: chooses, describes, detects,

differentiates, distinguishes, identif ies, isolates,
relates, selects.

Examples: Knows and acts upon a sequence of

steps in a manufacturing process. Recognize
one's abilities and limitations. Shows desire to
Set: Readiness to act. It includes mental,
learn a new process (motivation). NOTE: This
physical, and emotional sets. These three sets
subdivision of Psychomotor is closely related
are dispositions that predetermine a person's
with the “Responding to phenomena” subdivision
response to different situations (sometimes
of the Affective domain.
called mindsets).

Key Words: begins, displays, explains, moves,

proceeds, reacts, shows, states, volunteers.

Examples: Performs a mathematical equation

as demonstrated. Follows instructions to build a
Guided Response: The early stages in
model. Responds hand-signals of instructor
learning a complex skill that includes imitation
while learning to operate a forklift.
and trial and error. Adequacy of performance
is achieved by practicing.
Key Words: copies, traces, follows, react,
reproduce, responds

Examples: Use a personal computer. Repair a

Mechanism (basic proficiency): This is the leaking faucet. Drive a car.
intermediate stage in learning a complex
skill. Learned responses have become Key Words: assembles, calibrates, constructs,
habitual and the movements can be performed dismantles, displays, fastens, fixes, grinds,
with some confidence and proficiency. heats, manipulates, measures, mends, mixes,
organizes, sketches.

Complex Overt Response (Expert): The Examples: Maneuvers a car into a tight parallel
skillful performance of motor acts that involve parking spot. Operates a computer quickly and
complex movement patterns. Proficiency is accurately. Displays competence while playing
indicated by a quick, accurate, and highly the piano.
coordinated performance, requiring a minimum
of energy. This category includes performing Key Words: assembles, builds, calibrates,
without hesitation, and automatic constructs, dismantles, displays, fastens, fixes,
performance. For example, players are often grinds, heats, manipulates, measures, mends,
utter sounds of satisfaction or expletives as mixes, organizes, sketches.
soon as they hit a tennis ball or throw a
football, because they can tell by the feel of NOTE: The Key W ords are the same as
the act what the result will produce. Mechanism, but will have adverbs or adjectives
that indicate that the performance is quicker,
better, more accurate, etc.

Examples: Responds effectively to unexpected

experiences. Modifies instruction to meet the
needs of the learners. Perform a task with a
Adaptation: Skills are well developed and the machine that it was not originally intended to do
individual can modify movement patterns to fit (machine is not damaged and there is no danger
special requirements. in performing the new task).

Key Words: adapts, alters, changes, rearranges,

reorganizes, revises, varies.

Examples: Constructs a new theory. Develops a

new and comprehensive training programming.
Origination: Creating new movement patterns
Creates a new gymnastic routine.
to fit a particular situation or specific problem.
Learning outcomes emphasize creativity
Key Words: arranges, builds, combines,
based upon highly developed skills.
composes, constructs, creates, designs, initiate,
makes, originates.

Other Psychomotor Domain Taxonomies

As mentioned earlier, the committee did not produce a compilation for
the psychomotor domain model, but others have. The one discussed
above is by Simpson (1972). There are two other popular versions by
Dave (1970) and Harrow (1972):

Dave (1975):

Category Example and Key Words (verbs)

Examples: Copying a work of art. Performing a skill while

Imitation — Observing and
observing a demonstrator.
patterning behavior after someone
else. Performance may be of low
Key Words: copy, follow, mimic, repeat, replicate,
quality.
reproduce, trace

Examples: Being able to perform a skill on one's own

Manipulation — Being able to after taking lessons or reading about it. Follows
perform certain actions by memory or instructions to build a model.
following instructions.
Key Words: act, build, execute, perform
 Examples: W orking and reworking something, so it will
be “just right.” Perform a skill or task without assistance.
Precision — Refining, becoming
Demonstrate a task to a beginner.
more exact. Performing a skill within
a high degree of precision
Key Words: calibrate, demonstrate, master,
perfectionism

Examples: Combining a series of skills to produce a

video that involves music, drama, color, sound, etc.
Articulation — Coordinating and
Combining a series of skills or activities to meet a novel
adapting a series of actions to
requirement.
achieve harmony and internal
consistency.
Key Words: adapt, constructs, combine, creates,
customize, modifies, formulate

Examples: Maneuvers a car into a tight parallel parking

spot. Operates a computer quickly and accurately.
Naturalization — Mastering a high Displays competence while playing the piano. Michael
level performance until it become Jordan playing basketball or Nancy Lopez hitting a golf
second-nature or natural, without ball.
needing to think much about it.
Key Words: create, design, develop, invent, manage,
naturally

Harrow (1972):

Category Example and Key Words (verbs)

Examples: instinctive response

Reflex Movements — Reactions that are
not learned, such as a involuntary reaction
Key Words: react, respond

Examples: perform a simple task

Fundamental Movements — Basic
movements such as walking, or grasping.
Key Words: grasp an object, throw a ball, walk

Examples: track a moving object, recognize a

Perceptual Abilities — Response to stimuli
pattern
such as visual, auditory, kinesthetic, or
tactile discrimination.
Key Words: catch a ball, draw or write

Physical Abilities (fitness) — Stamina that Examples: gain strength, run a marathon
must be developed for further deve lopment
such as strength and agility. Key Words: agility, endurance, strength
 Examples: Using an advanced series of
Skilled movements — Advanced learned integrated movements, perform a role in a stage
movements as one would find in sports or play or play in a set of series in a sports game.
acting.
Key Words: adapt, constructs, creates, modifies

Examples: Express one's self by using

Nondiscursive communication — Use
movements and gestures
effective body language, such as gestures
and facial expressions.
Key Words: arrange, compose, interpretation

Next Steps
L e a r n i n g S t ra t e g i e s o r
I n s t r u c t i o n a l S t ra t e g i e s
Learning or instructional strategies determine the approach for
achieving the learning objectives and are included in the pre-
instructional activities, information presentation, learner activities,
testing, and follow-through. The strategies are usually tied to the needs
and interests of students to enhance learning and are based on many
types of learning styles (Ekwensi, Moranski, &Townsend-Sweet, 2006).

Thus the learning objectives point you towards the instructional

strategies, while the instructional strategies will point you to the
medium that will actually deliver the instruction, such as elearning, self-
study, classroom, or OJT. However, do not fall into the trap of using
only one medium when designing your course. . . use a blended
approach.

Although some people use the terms interchangeably, objectives,

strategies, and media, all have separate meanings. For example, your
learning objective might be "Pull the correct items for a customer
order;" the instructional strategies are a demonstration, have a question
and answer period, and then receive hands-on practice by actually
performing the job, while the media might be a combination of elearning
and OJT.

The Instructional Strategy Selection Chart shown below is a general

guideline for selecting the learning strategy. It is based on Bloom's
Taxonomy (Learning Domains). The matrix generally runs from the
passive learning methods (top rows) to the more active participation
methods (bottom rows. Bloom's Taxonomy (the right three columns)
runs from top to bottom, with the lower level behaviors being on top and
the higher behaviors being on the bottom. That is, there is a direct
correlation in learning:

o Lower levels of performance can normally be taught using the more passive
learning methods.
o Higher levels of performance usually require some sort of action or
involvement by the learners.

Instructional Strategy Selection Chart

Instructional Strategy Cognitive Domain Affective Domain Psychomotor Domai
(Bloom, 1956) (Krathwohl, Bloom, & (Simpson, 1972)
Masia, 1973)

Lecture, reading, audio/visual, 1. Knowledge 1. Receiving 1. Perception

demonstration, or guided phenomena
observations, question and
2. Set
answer period

Discussions, multimedia CBT, 2. Comprehension 2. Responding to 3. Guided response

Socratic didactic method, phenomena
reflection. Activities such as 3. Application 4. Mechanism
surveys, role playing, case
studies, fishbowls, etc.

On-the-Job-Training (OJT), 4. Analysis 3. Valuing 5. Complex response

practice by doing (some
direction or coaching is
required), simulated job
settings (to include CBT
simulations)

Use in real situations. Also 5. Synthesis 4. Organize values 6. Adaptation

may be trained by using into priorities
several high level activities
coupled with OJT.

Normally developed on own 6. Evaluation 5. Internalizing values 7. Origination

(informal learning) through
self-study or learning through
mistakes, but mentoring and
coaching can speed the
process.
The chart does not cover all possibilities, but most activities should fit
in. For example, self-study could fall under reading, audio visual, and/or
activities, depending upon the type of program you design.

Next Step
Media, Strategies, & Methods

Reference
Bloom B. S. (1956). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I:
The Cognitive Domain. New York: David McKay Co Inc.

Ekwensi, F., Moranski, J., & Townsend-Sweet, M., (2006). E-Learning

Concepts and Techniques. Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania's
Department of Instructional Technology. 5.1 Instructional Strategies for
Online Learning. Retrieved November 8,
2008: http://iit.bloomu.edu/Spring2006_eBook_files/ebook_spring2006.
pdf

Krathwohl, D. R., Bloom, B. S., & Masia, B. B. (1973). Taxonomy of

Educational Objectives, the Classification of Educational Goals.
Handbook II: Affective Domain. New York: David McKay Co., Inc.

Simpson E. J. (1972). The Classification of Educational Objectives in

the Psychomotor Domain. Washington, DC: Gryphon House.