ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

As a part of our degree course in engineering I underwent practical training from 15/05/2019 to
03/07/2019 at 132kV GSS, Taranagar. I am extremely grateful to Mr. Deepesh Bagoria, A.En,
for giving me this opportunity to undergo the industrial training at reputed premises.
I also pay thanks to my project (Operation and Maintenance) guide Mr. Subhash Chandra, J.En
for his guidance, supervision and criticism throughout my training.

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 PREFACE

I am JATIN KUMAR VERMA student of 4th year ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING have

completed practical training at 132kV GSS, Taranagar, for 45 days.
As I am a student of electrical engineering, so the training has been particularly beneficial for me.
I have tried to get acquainted with overall plant functioning and concepts involved therein.

JATIN KUMAR VERMA

4TH YEAR
ELECTRICAL ENGG.
AIET, JAIPUR

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 INDEX

S. No. Contents Page no.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1
PREFACE 2
INDEX 3
FIGURE INDEX 4

1. INTRODUCTION 5

2. POWER TRANSFORMER 9

3. CURRENT TRANSFORMER 13

4. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER 15

5. CONTROL ROOM 17

6. CIRCUIT BREAKER 19

7. PROTECTIVE RELAYS 23

8. BUS BARS 25

9. ISOLATORS 27

10. LIGHTING ARRESTER 29

CONCLUSION 30

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 FIGURE INDEX

S. No. Name of Figure Page No.

1. 132 kV GSS 6
2. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM 7
3. POWER TRANSFORMER IN 132kV GSS 9
4. RADIATOR WITH FAN 8
5. BUCHHOLZ REALAY 9
6. MICRO SWITCH TYPE WINDING AND
OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR 9
7. SILICA GEL 10
8. CURRENT TRANSFORMER IN GSS 11
9. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER 13
10. CONTROL ROOM 132kV GSS15
11. SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER 18
12. CIRCUIT BREAKER IN WORKING MODEL
OF 132 kV GSS 20
13. RELAYS 21
14. RELAY (12V) 22
15. BUS BAR USE IN WORKING MODEL 26
16. ISOLATOR IN 132kV GSS 28
17. LIGHTNING ARRESTER 29

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 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION OF GRID SUB-STATION

Electrical power is generated, transmitted in the form of alternating current. The electric
power produced at the power stations is delivered to the consumers through a large network
of transmission & distribution. The transmission network is inevitable long and high power
line are necessary to maintain a huge block of power source of generation to the load
centers to inter connected. Power house for increased reliability of supply greater.
The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. voltage, ac to dc,
frequency, power factor etc.) of electric supply keeping the power constant is called a
substation.
An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission
and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using
transformers. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating
plant and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps.
Other Definition “A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and
distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or
perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating station and
consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels.
A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels
between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the
interconnection of two different transmission voltages.”

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 Fig.1: – 132 KV GSS

 Substations have switching, protection and control equipment and one or more
transformers. In a large substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any short-circuits
or overload currents that may occur on the network.
 Depending on the constructional feature, the high voltage substation may be further
subdivided:

a) Outdoor substation
b) Indoor substation
c) Base or underound substation

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 Fig2: -SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM 132 KV GSS

1. TIE FEEDERS
2. RADIAL FEEDERS

 132KV GSS is an outdoor type primary substation and distribution as well it a substation
comprises to:

1. Choice of bus bar arrangement layout.

2. Selection of rating of isolator.
3. Selection of rating of instrument transformer.
4. Selection of rating of C.B.
5. Selection of lighting arrester[LA]
6. Selection of rating of power transformer.
7. Selection of protective relaying scheme, control and relay boards.
8. Selection of voltage regulator equipment.
9. Design a layout of earthing grids and protection against lightening stockes

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 Rajasthan rajya vidyut prasaran nigam limited(RVPN) a company under the companies
Act,1956 and registered with Registrar of companies as “RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT
PRASARAN NIGAM LIMITED” vide no. 17-016485 of 2000-2001 with its registered
office at VIDYUT BHAWAN, MALPURA has been established on 19 jul, 2000 by govt.
of Rajasthan under the provisions of the rajasthan power sector reform act 1999 as the
successor company of RSEB. The RERC has granted RVPN a license for transmission and
bulk supply vide RERC/Transmission and bulk supply License 4/2001 dated 30.

 Interstate transmission of electricity through Intra-State Transmission System.

 Now RVPN is “An ISO 9001:2000 Certified Company”

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 CHAPTER-2

POWER TRANSFORMER

Power transformers are called auto transformers.

1. Windings:
Winding shall be of electrolytic grade copper free from scales & burrs. Windings shall be
made in dust proof and conditioned atmosphere. Coils shall be insulated that impulse and
power frequency voltage stresses are minimum. Coils assembly shall be suitably supported
between adjacent sections by insulating spacers and barriers. Bracing and other insulation
used in assembly of the winding shall be arranged to ensure a free circulation of the oil and
to reduce the hot spot of the winding. All windings of the transformers having voltage less
than 66 kV shall be fully insulated. Tapping shall be so arranged as to preserve the magnetic
balance of the transformer at all voltage ratio. All leads from the windings to the terminal
board and bushing shall be rigidly supported to prevent injury from vibration short circuit
stresses.

Fig3: -Power Transformer in 132kv GSS

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2. Tanks and fittings:
Tank shall be of welded construction & fabricated from tested quality low carbon steel of
adequate thickness. After completion of welding, all joints shall be subjected to dye
penetration testing.
At least two adequately sized inspection openings one at each end of the tank shall be
provide for easy access to bushing & earth connections. Turrets & other parts surrounding
the conductor of individual phase shall be non-magnetic. The main tank body including tap
changing compartment, radiators shall be capable of withstanding full vacuum.

3. Cooling Equipment:
Cooling equipment shall confirm to the requirement stipulated below.

(a.) Each radiator bank shall have its own cooling fans, shut off valves at the top and bottom
(80mm size) lifting lugs, top and bottom oil filling valves, air release plug at the top, a
drain and sampling valve and thermometer pocket fitted with captive screw cap on the inlet
and outlet.

(b.) Cooling fans shall not be directly mounted on radiator bank which may
cause undue vibration.These shall be located so as to prevent ingress of rain water. Each
fan shall be suitably protected by galvanized wire guard.

Fig4: -Radiator with fan

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4. Buchholz Relay:
This has two Floats, one of them with surge catching baffle and gas collecting space at top.
This is mounted in the connecting pipe line between conservator and main tank. This is the
most dependable protection for a given transformer.
Gas evolution at a slow rate that is associated with minor faults inside the transformers
gives rise to the operation or top float whose contacts are wired for alarm.

Fig5:- Buchholz Relay

5. Temperature Indicators:
Most of the transformer (small transformers have only OTI) are provided with indicators
that displace oil temperature and winding temperature. There are thermometers pockets
provided in the tank top cover which hold the sensing bulls in them.
This is done by adding the temperature rise due to the heat produced in a heater coil (known
as image coil) when a current proportional to that flowing in windings is passed in it to that
or top oil. For proper functioning or OTI & WTI it is essential to keep the thermometers
pocket clean and filled with oil.

Fig6:-Micro switch type Winding and oil temperature indicator.

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6. Silica Gel Breather:
Both transformer oil and cellulosic paper are highly hygroscopic. Paper being more
hygroscopic than the mineral oil The moisture, if not excluded from the oil surface in
conservator, thus will find its way finally into the paper insulation and causes reduction
insulation strength of transformer. To minimize this conservator is allowed to breathe only
through the silica gel column, which absorbs the moisture in air before it enters the
conservator air surface.

Fig7:- silica Gel

7. Conservator:
With the variation of temperature there is corresponding variation in the oil volume. To
account for this, an expansion vessel called conservator is added to the transformer with a
connecting pipe to the main tank. In smaller transformers this vessel is open to atmosphere
through dehydrating breathers (to keep the air dry). In larger transformers, an air bag is
mounted inside the conservator with the inside of bag open to atmosphere through the
breathers and the outside surface of the bag in contact with the oil surface.

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 CHAPTER-3

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

 As you all know this is the device which provides the pre-decoded fraction of the primary
current passing through the line/bus main circuit. Now a day mostly separate current
transformer units are used instead of bushing mounting CT’s on leveled structure they
should be for oil level indication and base should be earthed properly. Care should be taken
so that there should be no strain as the terminals. When connecting the jumpers, mostly
secondary connections is taken to three unction boxes where star delta formation is
connected for three phase and final leads taken to protection metering scheme.

 It can be used to supply information for measuring power flows and the electrical inputs
for the operation of protective relays associated with the transmission and distribution
circuit or for power transformer. These current transformers have the primary winding
connected in series with the conductor carrying the current to be measured or controlled.
The secondary winding is thus insulated from the high voltage and can then be connected
to low voltage metering circuits.

Fig8: -current transformer in GSS

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 Current transformers are also used for street lighting circuits. Street lighting requires a
constant current to prevent flickering lights and a current transformer is used to provide
that constant current. In this case the current transformer utilizes a moving secondary coil
to vary the output so that a constant current is obtained.

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 CHAPTER-4

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

A potential transformer (PT) is used to transform the high voltage of a power line to a lower
value, which is in the range of an ac voltmeter or the potential coil of an ac voltmeter. The
voltage transformers are classified as under:

• Capacitive voltage transformer or capacitive type

• Electromagnetic type.
• Capacitive voltage transformer is being used more and more for voltage measurement in
high voltage transmission network, particularly for systems voltage of 132KV and above
where it becomes increasingly more economical. It enables measurement of the line to
earth voltage to be made with simultaneous provision for carrier frequency coupling, which
has reached wide application in modern high voltage network for tale-metering remote
control and telephone communication purpose.
The capacitance type voltage transformers are of two type:
• Coupling Capacitor type
• Pushing Type

Fig9:-potential transformer

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The performance of CVT is affected by the supply frequency switching transient and
magnitude of connected Burdon. The CVT is more economical than an electromagnetic
voltage transformer when the nominal supply voltage increases above 66KV.The carrier
current equipment can be connected via the capacitor of the CVT.

There by there is no need of separate coupling capacitor. The capacitor connected in series
act like potential dividers, provided, the current taken by burden is negligible compared
with current passing through the series connected capacitor.

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 CHAPTER-5

CONTROL ROOM

Control panel contain meters, control switches and recorders located in the control
building, also called the dog house. These are used to control the substation equipment to
send power from one circuit to another or to open or to shut down circuits when needed.

Fig10:- control room 132kv GSS

Measuring Instrument Used:

(1) Energy Meter: - To measure the energy transmitted energy meters are fitted to the panel
to different feeders the energy transmitted is recorded after one hour regularly for it MWHr,
meter is provided.

(2) Wattmeter’s: - It is attached to each feeder to record the power exported from GSS.

(3) Frequency Meter: - To measure the frequency at each feeder there is the provision of analog
or digital frequency meter.

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(4) Voltmeter: - It is provided to measure the phase to phase voltage. It is also available in both
the analog and digital frequency meter.

(5) Ammeter: - It is provided to measure the line current. It is also available in both the forms
analog as well as digital.

(6) Maximum Demand Indicator: -There are also mounted the control panel to record the
average power over successive predetermined period.

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 CHAPTER-6

CIRCUIT BREAKER

The function of relays and circuit breakers in the operation of a power system. Prevent or
limit damage during faults or overloads, and to minimize their effect on the remainder of
the system. This is accomplished by dividing the system into protective zones separated by
circuit breakers. During a fault, the zone which includes the faulted apparatus is de-
energized and disconnected from the system. In addition to its protective function, a circuit
breaker is also used for circuit switching under normal conditions.

Each having its protective relays for determining the existence of a fault in that zone and
having circuit breakers for disconnecting that zone from the system. It is desirable to
restrict the amount of system disconnected by a given fault; as for example to a single
transformer, line section, machine, or bus section. However, economic considerations
frequently limit the number of circuit breakers to those required for normal operation and
some compromises result in the relay protection.

Circuit breakers at 132/110V side: -

C.B. at the side No. of circuit breakers
110V 7
Various types of circuit breakers:-
(1) SF6 Circuit Breaker
(2) Air Blast Circuit Breaker
(3) Oil Circuit Breaker
(4) Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker
(5) Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker (MOCB)

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(1) SF6 Circuit Breaker: -
Sulphur hexafluoride has proved its-self as an excellent insulating and arc quenching
medium. It has been extensively used during the last 30 years in circuit breakers, gas-
insulated switchgear (GIS), high voltage capacitors, bushings, and gas insulated
transmission lines. In SF6 breakers the contacts are surrounded by low pressure SF6 gas.
At the moment the contacts are opened, a small amount of gas is compressed and forced
through the arc to extinguish.

Fig11:-Sf6 circuit breaker

(2) Air Blast Circuit Breaker: -

The principle of arc interruption in air blast circuit breakers is to direct a blast of air, at
high pressure and velocity, to the arc. Fresh and dry air of the air blast will replace the
ionized hot gases within the arc zone and the arc length is considerably increased.
Consequently the arc may be interrupted at the first natural current zero.
In this type of breaker, the contacts are surrounded by compressed air. When the contacts
are opened the compressed air is released in forced blast through the arc to the atmosphere
extinguishing the arc in the process.

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 (3) Oil Circuit Breaker: -
Circuit breaking in oil has been adopted since the early stages of circuit breakers
manufacture. The oil in oil-filled breakers serves the purpose of insulating the live parts
from the earthed ones and provides an excellent medium for arc interruption.
Oil circuit breakers of the various types are used in almost all voltage ranges and ratings.
However, they are commonly used at voltages below 115KV leaving the higher voltages
for air blast and SF6 breakers.
The advantages of using oil as an arc quenching medium are:

1. It absorbs the arc energy to decompose the oil into gases, which have excellent
cooling properties.

2. It acts as an insulator and permits smaller clearance between live conductors and
earthed components.
The disadvantages of oil as an arc quenching medium are:
1. Its inflammable and there is risk of fire
2. It may form an explosive mixture with air.

(4) Bulk oil Circuit breaker: -

Bulk oil circuit breakers are widely used in power systems from the lowest voltages up
to115KV. However, they are still used in systems having voltages up to 230KV.The
contacts of bulk oil breakers may be of the plain- break type, where the arc is freely
interrupted in oil, or enclose within arc controllers.

(5) Minimum oil Circuit Breaker: -

Bulk oil circuit breakers have the disadvantage of using large quantity of oil. With frequent
breaking and making heavy currents the oil will deteriorate and may lead to circuit breaker
failure. This has led to the design of minimum oil circuit breakers working on the same
principles of arc control as those used in bulk oil breakers. In this type of breakers the
interrupter chamber is separated from the other parts and arcing is confined to a small
volume of oil.

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Advantages: -
An air blast circuit breaker has the following advantages oil circuit breaker:
• The risk of fire is eliminated
• The arcing products are completely removed by the blast whereas the oil.

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 CHAPTER-7
PROTECTIVE RELAYS

Relays must be able to evaluate a wide variety of parameters to establish that corrective
action is required. Obviously, a relay cannot prevent the fault. Its primary purpose is to
detect the fault and take the necessary action to minimize the damage to the equipment or
to the system.
The most common parameters which reflect the presence of a fault are the voltages and
currents at the terminals of the protected apparatus or at the appropriate zone boundaries.
The fundamental problem in power system protection is to define the quantities that can
differentiate between normal and abnormal conditions.
This problem is compounded by the fact that “normal” in the present sense means outside
the zone of protection. This aspect, which is of the greatest significance in designing a
secure relaying system, dominates the design of all protection systems.

Fig13: -Relays

Fig14:-relay (12v)

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(7.1) Distance Relays: -

Distance relays respond to the voltage and current, i.e., the impedance, at the relay location.
The impedance per mile is fairly constant so these relays respond to the distance between
the relay location and the fault location. As the power systems become more complex and
the fault current varies with changes in generation and system configuration, directional
over current relays become difficult to apply and to set for all contingencies, whereas the
distance relay setting is constant for a wide variety of changes external to the protected
line.

(7.2) Types of Distance Relay: -

(7.2.1) Impedance Relay: -

The impedance relay has a circular characteristic centered. It is non directional
and is used primarily as a fault detector.

(7.2.2) Admittance Relay: -

The admittance relay is the most commonly used distance relay. It is the tripping relay in
pilot schemes and as the backup relay in step distance schemes.
In the electromechanical design it is circular, and in the solid state design, it can be shaped
to correspond to the transmission line impedance.

(7.2.3) Reactance Relay: -

The reactance relay is a straight-line characteristic that responds only to the reactance of
the protected line. It is non directional and is used to supplement the admittance relay as a
tripping relay to make the overall protection independent of resistance.
It is particularly useful on short lines where the fault arc resistance is the same order of
magnitude as the line length.

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 CHAPTER-8

BUS BARS

Bus Bars are the common electrical component through which a large no of feeders
operating at same voltage have to be connected. If the bus bars are of rigid type (Aluminum
types) the structure height are low and minimum clearance is required. While in case of
strain type of bus bars suitable ACSR conductor are strung/tensioned by tension insulators
discs according to system voltages. In the widely used strain type bus bars stringing tension
is about 500-900 Kg depending upon the size of conductor use Here proper clearance
would be achieved only if require tension is achieved.
Loose bus bars would affect the clearances when it swings while over tensioning may
damage insulators. Clamps or even effect the supporting structures in low temperature
conditions. The clamping should be proper, as loose clamp would spark under in full load
condition damaging the bus bars itself.

Bus Bar arrangement may be of following type which is being adopted by RVPNL:-

(6.1) Single bus bar arrangement

(6.2) Double bus bar arrangement
(a) Main bus with transformer
(b) Main Bus-I with main bus-II
(6.3) Double bus bar arrangement with auxiliary bus.

(6.1) Single bus Bar Arrangement: -

This arrangement is simplest and cheapest. It suffers, however, from major defects.

1. Maintenance without interruption is not possible.

2. Extension of the substation without a shutdown is not possible

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(6.2) Double Bus Bar Arrangement: -
1. The load circuit may be divided in to two separate groups if needed Operational
consideration. Two supplies from different sources can be put.

2. Either bus bar may be taken out from maintenance of insulators.

The normal bus selection insulators cannot be used for breaking load currents.

The arrangement does not permit breaker maintenance without causing stoppage of
supply.

(6.3) Double Bus Bar Arrangements Contains Main Bus With Auxiliary Bus: -
The double bus bar arrangement provides facility to change over to either bus to carry out
maintenance on the other but provide no facility to carry over breaker maintenance. The
main and transfer bus works the other way round.

It provides facility for carrying out breaker maintenance but does not permit bus
maintenance. Whenever maintenance is required on any breaker the circuit is changed over
to the transfer bus and is controlled through bus coupler breaker.

Fig.15: -Bus-bar use in working model

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 CHAPTER-9
ISOLATOR

“Isolator" is one, which can break and make an electric circuit in no load condition. These
are normally used in various circuits for the purposes of Isolation of a certain portion when
required for maintenance etc. Isolation of a certain portion when required for maintenance
etc. "Switching Isolators" are capable of

• Interrupting transformer magnetized currents

• Interrupting line charging current
• Load transfer switching

Its main application is in connection with transformer feeder as this unit makes it possible
to switch out one transformer, while the other is still on load. The most common type of
isolators is the rotating center pots type in which each phase has three insulator post, with
the outer posts carrying fixed contacts and connections while the center post having contact
arm which is arranged to move through 90` on its axis. The following interlocks are
provided with isolator:
(a) Bus 1 and2 isolators cannot be closed simultaneously.
(b) Isolator cannot operate unless the breaker is open.
(c) Only one bay can be taken on bypass bus.
(d) No isolator can operate corresponding earth switch is on breaker.

 Now then decided by the relay. Because in this working model fully relay control based.
Now then the relay control circuit is control to voltage limit and current limit to flow in
working model of GSS.

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Fig16:-Isolator in 132 kV GSS

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 CHAPTER-10
LIGHTING ARRESTER

 A Lightning arrester is a device connected b/w line & earth

 Ex: -HV Equipment In overhead line etc.
 It is provide to safety transmission &distribution line.

Fig17:-Lightning arrester

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 CONCLUSION

An Engineer need to have not just theoretical but practical as well as and so every student
is supposed to undergo a practical training, session after 3rd year where I have impaired
the knowledge about transmission ,distribution .during the 45 days training session. We
have acquainted with the repairing of a transformer and testing of transformer. At last is
would like to say that practical training taken at 132kV GSS has broadened my knowledge
and widened my thinking as a professional.

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