NOTES ON THE BHÄGAVATA

By Bhaktivinoda Öhäkura

PART I - Introducing The Subject

The Fruitless Reader & The Shallow Critic
1. Most readers are mere repositories of facts and statements made by other people. But
this is not study. The student is to read the facts with a view to create, and not with the
object of fruitless retention.
2. Students like satellites should reflect whatever light they they receive from authors and
not imprison the facts and thoughts.... Thought is progressive. The author's thought must
have progress in the reader in the shape of correction or development. He is the best critic
who can show the further development of an old thought; but a mere denouncer is the
enemy of progress and consequently of Nature.
3. "Begin anew," says the critic, because the old masonry does not answer at present. Let
the old author be buried because his time is gone. These are shallow expressions. Progress
is certainly the law of nature and there must be corrections and developments with the
progress of time. But progress means going further or rising higher.
4. Now, if we are to follow our foolish critic, we are to go back to our former terminus and
make a new race, and when we have run half the race, another critic of his stamp will cry
out: "Begin anew because the wrong road has been taken. In this way our stupid critics
will never allow us to go over the whole road and see what is in the other terminus. Thus
the shallow critic and the fruitless reader are the two great enemies of progress. We must
shun them.
The True Critic & The Useful Reader
1. The true critic, on the other hand, advises us to preserve what we have already obtained,
and to adjust our race from that point where we have arrived in the heat of our progress.
He will never advise us to go back to the point whence we started as he fully knows that
in that case there will be a fruitless loss of our valuable time and labor. He will direct the
adjustment of the angle of the race at the point where we are.
2. This is also the characteristic of the useful student. He will read an old author and will
find out his exact position in the progress of thought. He will never propose to burn the
book on the ground that it contains thoughts which are useless. No thought is useless.
Thoughts are means by which we attain our objects. The reader who denounces a bad
thought does not know that a bad road is even capable of improvement and conversion
into a good one.
3. Thoughts will necessarily continue to be an endless series of means and objects in the
progress of humanity. The great reformers will always assert that they have come out not
to destroy the old law, but to fulfill it. Valmiki, Vyäsa, Plato, Jesus, Mohamed, Confucius
and Caitanya Mahäprabhu assert the fact either expressly or by their conduct.

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 The Bhägavata Misunderstood
1. The Bhägavata like all religious works and philosophical performances and writings of
great men has suffered from the imprudent conduct of useless readers and stupid critics....
Men of brilliant thoughts have passed by the work in quest of truth and philosophy, but
the prejudice which they imbibed from its useless readers and their conduct (i.e.,
sahajiyas), prevented them from making a candid investigation.
2. Truth does not belong exclusively to any individual man or to any nation or particular
race. It belongs to God, and man whether in the Poles or on the Equator, has a right to
claim it as the property of his Father.
3. The Bhägavata has suffered alike from shallow critics both Indian and foreign. That
book has been accursed and denounced by a great number of our young countrymen who
have scarcely read its contents and pondered over the philosophy on which it is founded.
It is owing mostly to their imbibing an unfounded prejudice against it when they were in
school [under the British]. The Bhägavata, as a matter of course, has been held in derision
by those teachers who are generally of an inferior mind and intellect.... Oh! What a
trouble to get rid of prejudices gathered in unripe years!
4. As far as we can understand, no enemy of Vaiñëavism will find any beauty in the
Bhägavat. The true critic is a generous judge, devoid of prejudices and party-spirit.... The
critic, in other words, should be of the same disposition of mind as that of the author
whose merits he is required to judge. Thoughts have different ways.... Both the Christian
and the Vaiñëava [may for instance] utter the same sentiment, but they will never stop
fighting with each other [simply] because they have arrived at their common conclusion
by different ways of thought.
5. Subjects of philosophy and theology are like the peaks of large towering and inaccessible
mountains standing in the midst of our planet inviting attention and investigation.
Thinkers and men of deep speculation take their observations through the instruments of
reason and consciousness. But they take different points when they carry on their work.
These points are positions chalked out by the circumstances of their social and
philosophical life, different as they are in different parts of the world.
6. Plato looked at the peak of the spiritual question from the West and Vyäsa made the
observation from the East; so Confucius did it from further East, and Schlegel, Spinoza,
Kant and Goethe from further West. These observations were made at different times and
by different means, but the conclusion is all the same in as much as the object of
observation was one and the same. They all hunted after the Great Spirit, the
unconditioned Soul of the Universe..., the absolute religion....
7. It requires a candid, generous, pious and holy heart to feel the beauties of their
conclusions. Party-spirit, that great enemy of truth, will always baffle the attempt of the
inquirer who tries to gather truth from religious works of other nations, and will make
him believe that absolute truth is nowhere except in his own religious book.... The critic,
therefore, should have a comprehensive, good, generous, candid, impartial and
sympathetic soul.
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 What Is the Bhägavat?
1. [The traveling companion of a European Gentleman newly arrived in India] will tell
him with a serene look, that the Bhägavat is a book which his Oriya bearer daily reads in
the evening to a number of hearers. It contains a jargon of unintelligible and savage
literature of those men who paint their noses with some sort of earth or sandal, and wear
beads all over their bodies in order to procure salvation for themselves.
2. Another of his companions, who has travelled a little in the interior, would immediately
contradict him and say that the Bhägavat is a Sanskrit work claimed by a sect of men, the
Gosvamis, who give Mantras, like the Popes of Italy, to the common people of Bengal, and
pardon their sins on payment of gold enough to defray their social expenses.
3. A young Bengali, chained up in English thoughts and ideas, and wholly ignorant of the
Pre-Mohammedan history of his own country, will add one more explanation by saying
that the Bhägavat is a book containing an account of the life of Kåñëa, who was an
ambitious and immoral man! This is all that he could gather from his grandmother while
yet he did not go to school!
4. Thus the great Bhägavat ever remains unknown to the foreigners like the elephant of
the six blind who caught hold of the several parts of the body of the beast! But truth is
eternal and is never injured but for a while by ignorance.

The Bhägavat Explains Itself

1. It is the fruit of the tree of thought (Vedas) mixed with the nectar of the speech of
Çukadeva. It is the temple of spiritual love. It is composed of 18,000 Çlokas. It contains
the best part of the Vedas and Vedanta.
2. The Bhägavata is pre-eminently "the Book" in India. Once enter into it, and you are
transplanted, as it were, into the spiritual world where gross matter has no existence. The
true follower of the Bhägavat is a spiritual man who has already cut his temporary
connection with phenomenal nature, and has made himself the inhabitant of that region
where God eternally exists and loves. This mighty work is founded upon inspiration and
its superstructure is upon reflection. To the common reader it has no charms and is full
of difficulty. We are, therefore, obliged to study it deeply through the assistance of such
great commentators as Çrédhara Svämé and Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu and His
contemporary followers.
3. Now Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu, the great preacher of Nadia, who has been Deified by
His talented followers, tells us that the Bhägavat is founded upon the four verses which
Vyäsa received from Närada, the most learned of the created beings. He tells us further
that Brahmä pierced through the whole universe of matter for years and years in quest of
the final cause of the world, but when he failed to find it abroad, he looked into the
construction of his own spiritual nature, and there he heard the Universal Spirit speaking
unto him:

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4. "...I was in the beginning before all spiritual and temporal things were created, and after
they have been created I am in them all in the shape of their existence and truthfulness,
and when they will be all gone I shall remain full as I was and as I am. Whatever appears
to be true without being a real fact itself, and whatever is not perceived though it is true
in itself are subjects of my illusory energy of creation, such as light and darkness in the
material world."
5. [Like Brahmä, Vyäsa also] fell back into his own self and searched his own spiritual
nature and then it was that the above truth was communicated to him for his own good
and the good of the world. The sage immediately perceived that his former works required
supercession in as much as they did not contain the whole truth and nothing but the truth.
In his new idea he obtained the development of his former idea of religion. He commenced
the Bhägavat in pursuance of this change.

Sambandha, Abhidheya, Prayojana

1. The whole of this incomparable work teaches us, according to our Great Caitanya, the
three great truths which compose the absolute religion of man. Our Nadia preacher calls
them Sambandha, Abhidheya and Prayojana, i.e., the relation between the creator and the
created, the duty of man to God, and the prospects of humanity.
2. In these three words is summed up the whole ocean of human knowledge as far as it
has been explored up to this era of human progress. These are the cardinal points of
religion and the whole Bhägavat is, as we are taught by Çré Caitanya, an explanation, both
by precepts and examples, of these three great points.

Sambandha
1. [Throughout] the Bhägavat teaches us that there is only one God without a second,
Who is full in Himself and is and will remain the same. Time and space, which prescribe
conditions to created objects are much below His supreme spiritual nature, which is
unconditioned and absolute....
2. Mäyä intervenes between us and God as long as we are not spiritual, and when we are
able to break off her bonds, we, even in this mortal frame, learn to commune in our
spiritual nature with the unconditioned and absolute. No, Mäyä does not mean a false
thing only, but it means concealment of eternal truth as well.
3. The creation is not Mäyä itself but is subject to that principle.... The true idealist must
be a dualist also. He must believe all that he perceives as nature created by God full of
spiritual essence and relations, but he must not believe that the outward appearance is the
truth. The Bhägavat teaches that all that we healthily perceive is true, but its material
appearance is transient and illusory....
4. Nature is eternally spiritual but the intervention of Mäyä makes her gross and material.
Man, in his progress, attempts to shake off this gross idea, childish and foolish in its nature,
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and by subduing the intervening principle of Mäyä, lives in continual union with God in
his spiritual nature. The Bhägavat teaches us this relation between man and God. This is
called Sambandha-jïäna of the Bhägavat, or in other words, the knowledge of the relations
between the conditioned and the Absolute.

Abhidheya
1. The second great principle inculcated by the Bhägavat is the principle of duty. Man
must spiritually worship his God. There are three ways in which the Creator is worshiped
by the created... according to the constitution of their mind: [As brahman, paramätmä,
and bhagavän.].
2. Those who worship God as infinitely great in the principle of admiration call Him by
the name of Brahman. This mode is called jïäna or knowledge. Those who worship God
as the Universal Soul in the principle of spiritual union with him give Him the name of
Paramätmä. This is yoga. And those who worship God as all in all with all their heart,
body and strength style Him as Bhagavän. This last principle is bhakti. The book that
prescribes the relation and worship of Bhagavän, procures for itself the name Bhägavat and
the worshiper is also called by the same name.
3. The superiority of the Bhägavat consists in the uniting of all sorts of theistic worship
into one excellent principle in human nature, which passes by the name of Bhakti. This
word has no equivalent in the English language. Piety, devotion, resignation and spiritual
love unalloyed with any sort of petition except in the way of repentance, compose the
highest principle of Bhakti. The Bhägavat tells us to worship God in that great and
invaluable principle, which is infinitely superior to human knowledge and the principle
of yoga.
4. The principle of Bhakti passes [through] five distinct stages in the course of its
development into its highest and purest form. Then again when it reaches the last form,
it is susceptible of further progress from the stage of prema (love) to that of Mahäbhäva
which is in fact a complete transition into the spiritual universe where God alone is the
bride-groom of our soul. The voluminous Bhägavat is nothing more than a full illustration
of this principle of continual development and progress of the soul from gross matter to
the All-Perfect Universal Spirit who is distinguished as personal, eternal, absolutely free,
all powerful and all intelligent.
_______________________________________________________
(Matter As a Dictionary of Spirit):
5. In the Bhägavat comparisons have been made with the material world, which cannot
help but convince the ignorant and the impractical. Material examples are absolutely
necessary for the explanation of spiritual ideas. The Bhägavat believes that the spirit of
nature is the truth in nature and is the only practical part of it.
6. The phenomenal appearance of nature is truly theoretical, although it has had the
greatest claim upon our belief from the days of infancy. The outward appearance of nature

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is nothing more than a sure index of its spiritual face. Comparisons are therefore
necessary. Nature, as it is before our eyes, must explain the spirit, or else the truth will
ever remain concealed, and man will never rise from his boyhood though his wiskers and
beard grow white as the snows of the Himalayas.
7. The whole intellectual and moral philosophy is explained by matter itself.... All spiritual
ideas are... pictures from the material world, because matter is a dictionary of spirit, and
material pictures are but the shadows of the spiritual affairs which our material eye carries
back to our spiritual perception.
8. God in His infinite goodness and kindness has established this unfailing connection
between the truth and the shadow in order to impress upon us the eternal truth which he
has reserved for us. The clock explains the time, the alphabet points to the gathered store
of knowledge, the beautiful song of a harmonium gives the idea of eternal harmony in the
spirit world, today and tomorrow and the day after tomorrow, [and thus] thrust[s] into us
the ungrasped idea of eternity. ...[S]imilarly, material pictures impress upon our spiritual
nature the truly spiritual idea of religion.
9. It is on these reasonable grounds that Vyäsa adopted the mode of explaining our
spiritual worship with some sorts of material phenomena, which correspond with the
spiritual truth.
_____________________________________________________
10. In the Bhägavat we have been advised first of all, to convert ourselves into most grateful
servants of God as regards our relation to our fellow brethren. Our nature has been
described as bearing three different phases: goodness, passion and ignorance. Goodness
is that property in our nature which is purely good as far as it can be pure in our present
state. Passion is neither good nor bad. Ignorance is evil. ...[I]t is our object to train up
[our] affections and tendencies to the standard of Goodness....
11. We are then to look to all living beings in the same light in which we look to ourselves,
i.e., we must convert our selfishness into all possible disinterested activity towards all
around us. Love, charity, good deeds and devotion to God will be our only aim. We then
become the servants of God by obeying His high and holy wishes. Here we begin to be
Bhaktas. All this is covered by the term Abhidheya, the second cardinal point in the
supreme religion.
Prayojana
1. What is the object of our spiritual development, our prayer, our devotion and our union
with God? The Bhägavat tells us that the object is not enjoyment or sorrow, but continual
progress in spiritual holiness and harmony.
2. In the common-place books of the Hindu religion.... we have descriptions of a local
heaven and a local hell; the Heaven as beautiful as anything on earth and the Hell a ghastly
as any picture of evil. Besides this Heaven we have many more places where good souls
are sent up in the way of promotion! There are 84 divisions of the Hell itself, some more
dreadful than the one Milton has described in his "Paradise Lost."

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______________________________________________________
(Controversial Passages Concerning Descriptions of Hell, etc.):
3. These are certainly poetical and were originally created by the rulers of the country in
order to check evil deed of the ignorant people, who are not able to understand the
conclusions of philosophy. The religion of the Bhägavat is free from such a poetry.
Indeed, in some of the chapters we meet with descriptions of these hells and heavens,
and accounts of curious tales, but we have been warned somewhere in the book not to
accept them as real facts, but as inventions to overawe the wicked and to improve the
simple and the ignorant.
4. The Bhägavat certainly tells us of a state of reward and punishment in the future
according to deeds [performed] in our present situation. All poetic inventions, besides
this spiritual fact, have been described as statements borrowed from other works in the
way of preservation of old traditions in the book which superseded them and put an
end to the necessity of their storage.
5. If the whole stock of Hindu Theological works which preceded the Bhägavat were burnt
like the Alexandrian Library and the sacred Bhägavat [alone was] preserved as it is, not a
part of the philosophy of the Hindus, except that of the atheistic sects, would be lost. The
Bhägavat therefore may be styled both as a religious work and [as] a compendium of all
Hindu history and philosophy.
_______________________________________________________
6. The Bhägavat does not allow its followers to ask anything from God except eternal love
towards Him. The kingdom of the world, the beauties of the local Heavens, and the
sovereignty over the material world are never the subjects of Vaiñëava prayer.
7. The Vaiñëava meekly and humbly says, "Father, Master, God, Friend and Husband of
my soul! Hallowed by thy name! I do not approach You for anything which You have
already given me. I have sinned against You and I now repent and solicit Your pardon.
Let thy holiness touch my soul and make me free from grossness. Let my spirit be devoted
meekly to Your Holy service in absolute love towards Thee."
8. "I have called You my God, and let my soul be wrapped up in admiration at Your
greatness! I have addressed You as my Master and let my soul be strongly devoted to Your
service. I have called You my Friend, and let my soul be in reverential love towards You
and not in dread or fear! I have called you my Husband and let my spiritual nature be in
eternal union with You, forever loving and never dreading, or feeling disgust. Father, let
me have strength enough to go up to You as the consort of my soul, so that we may be one
in eternal love! Peace to the world."
9. The Vaiñëava does not expect to be the king of a certain part of the universe after his
death, nor does he dread a local fiery and turbulent hell. Nor is his idea of salvation (the
total annihilation of personal existence). The Vaiñëava is the meekest of all creatures,
devoid of all ambition. He wants to serve God spiritually after death, as he has served Him

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both in spirit and matter while here. His constitution is spiritual and his highest object of
life is divine and holy love.
10. The Bhägavat affirms that the Vaiñëava soul when freed from gross matter will
distinctly exist not in time and space but spiritually in the eternal kingdom of God where
love is life, and hope and charity and continual ecstacy without change are its various
manifestations.
11. In considering the essence of God, two great errors stare before us and frighten us back
to ignorance and its satisfaction. One of them is the idea that God is above all attributes
both material and spiritual and is consequently above all conception. This is a noble idea
but useless. If God is above conception and without any sympathy with the world, how
[explain] this creation, this universe composed of properties, the distinctions and phases
of existence, the differences of value, etc.
12. The other error is that God is all attribute, i.e., intelligence, truth, goodness and power.
This is also a ludicrous idea. Scattered properties can never constitute a Being. It is more
impossible in the case of [opposing] principles such as Justice and Mercy and Fullness and
Creative Power.
13. The truth, as stated in the Bhägavat, is that properties, though many may be belligerent,
are united in a Spiritual Being where they have full sympathy and harmony. Certainly this
is beyond our comprehension. It is so owing to our nature being finite and God being
infinite. This is a glimpse of truth and we must regard it as Truth itself. Often, says
Emmerson, a glimpse of truth is better than an arranged system and he is right.
14. The Bhägavat has, therefore, a personal, all-intelligent, active, absolutely free, holy,
good, all-powerful, omnipresent, just and merciful and supremely Spiritual Deity without
a second--creating [and] preserving all that is in the Universe. The highest object of the
Vaiñëava is to serve that Infinite Being for ever spiritually in the activity of Absolute Love.

Criticisms of the Shallow Critic Regarding the Deity

1. The shallow critic summarily rejects Vyäsa as a man-worshiper. He would go so far as
to scandalize him as a teacher of material love and lust and the injurious principles of
exclusive asceticism.
2. Such a shallow critics mind will undoubtedly be changed if he but reflects upon one
great point, i.e., how is it possible that a spiritualist of the School of Vyäsa, teaching the
best principles of Theism [throughout] the Bhägavata, and making the four texts quoted
in the beginning the foundation of his mighty work, could have forced upon the belief of
men the notion that the sensual connection between a man with certain females is the
highest object of worship?
3. This is impossible dear critic! Vyäsa could not have taught the common Vairägi to set
up a place of worship with a number of females! Vyäsa, who could teach us repeatedly in
the whole of Bhägavata that sensual pleasures are momentary like the pleasures of rubbing

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the itching hand, and that man's highest duty is to have spiritual love with God, could
never have prescribed the worship of sensual pleasures. His descriptions are spiritual and
you must not connect matter with [them].
4. Yes dear critic, you nobly point to the immoral deeds of the common Vyragis, who call
themselves the followers of the Bhägavata and the great Caitanya. You nobly tell us that
Vyäsa, unless purely explained, may lead thousands of men into great trouble in time to
come. But dear critic! Study the history of ages and countries! Where have you found
the philosopher and the reformer fully understood by the people?
5. Whether you give the Absolute Religion in figures, or simple expressions, or teach it by
means of books or oral speeches, the ignorant and the thoughtless must degrade it. "Truth
is good," is an elemental truth which is easily grasped by the common people. But if you
tell a common patient that God is infinitely intelligent and powerful in His spiritual nature,
he will conceive a different idea from what you entertain of the expression. All higher
truths, though intuitive, require previous education in the simpler ones.

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 PART II - The Teaching of Çrémad-Bhägavatam:
The Great Divisions: Relationship, Function & Fruit
1. The teaching of Çrémad-Bhägavatam falls into three distinct parts according as it treats
of: 1) Sambandha or Relationship; 2) Abhidheya or the Function or Activity that pertains
to the Relationship; and, 3) Prayojana or the Object or Fruit of such Activity.
2. In the compilation of Vedanta-sutra, the aphorisms of the Upaniñads, which contain the
highest teaching of the Vedic literature, are presented in the form of a systematic body of
knowledge under the headings of Sambandha, Abhidheya and Prayojana. In his Ñat-
sandarbha, Çré Jéva Gosvämé has applied the same method of treatment to the contents of
the Çrémad-Bhägavatam, which is admitted to be the only authentic bhasya or exposition
of the Vedanta-sutra.
3.The first of the "Six Sandarbhas," the Tattva-sandarbha, applies itself to the elucidation
of the epistemology of transcendental knowledge.... It has made possible the comparative
study of religion on the only admissible and scientific basis.

Transcendental Epistemology - A Summary of the Tattva-sandarbha:

Lord Çré Kåñëa and His Three Principle Energies

1. Çré Kåñëa, the Ultimate Reality, is One without a second. [He] is distinct from His
energy.... Çré Kåñëa is the predominating Absolute. His energy is the predominated
Absolute in the three positions of antaranga [internal], tatastha [marginal], and bahiranga
[external] respectively.
2. Antaranga is that which pertains to the proper Entity of the Absolute Person.... The
literal meaning of the word is "that which belongs to the inner body." And the word çäkti
is rendered as "power."
3. Tatastha means literally, "that which is on the border-line as between land and water."
This intermediate power does not belong to any definable region of the Person of Çré Kåñëa.
It manifests itself on the border-line between the inner and the outer body of the Absolute.
4. The power that manifests itself on the outer body is bahiranga-çäkti. As there is no
difference between the Body and the Entity of the Absolute Person, the distinctions as
between the inner, outer and marginal positions of His Body are in terms of the realization
of the individual soul.
5. Although Çré Kåñëa is One without a second, He has His own multiple Forms
corresponding to the degree and variety of His subjective manifestations. The subjective
entity of Çré Kåñëa is not liable to any transformation. His different forms are, therefore,
aspects of the One Form manifesting Themselves to the different aptitudes of His servitors.
6. But the power of Çré Kåñëa is transformable by the will of Çré Kåñëa. These
transformations of power in the cases of the internal and marginal energies are eternal
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processes. In the case of the external energy the transformations of power are temporary
manifestations.
7. The phenomenal world is the product of the external power of Çré Kåñëa. The Absolute
Realm is the transformation of the inner power. Individual souls are the transformations
of the marginal power. [These jévas] are the eternal infinitesimal emanations of the
marginal power, capable of subserviency to the inner power, but also susceptible to
dissociation from the workings of the inner power.
Methods of Approaching the Absolute
8. Çré Kåñëa is advaya-jïäna, or absolute knowledge. Absolute knowledge cannot be
challenged. He can only be approached by the method of complete self-surrender, by the
reciprocal, otherwise ineligible, cognition of individual souls.
9. Transcendental epistemology is differentiated from empiric epistemology with respect
to relationship (sambandha), function (abhidheya), and object (prayojana), for the reason
that it refers to entities that are located beyond the [limited] range of the assertive cognitive
endeavor normally practiced by the deluded people of this world for their temporary
purposes.
10. By the peculiarities of their infinitesimality, essentially spiritual nature, and marginal
position, all individual souls have the constitutional option of choice between complete
subservience and active or passive hostility to Çré Kåñëa. These opposed aptitudes lead
them to the adoption of correspondingly different methods for the realization of the
respective ends.
The Methods of Active & Passive Hostility:
1. Those methods that are adopted for the practice of active hostility to the Absolute are
termed pratyakña (direct individual sense perception) and parokña (associated collective
sense perception by many persons past and present)....
2. The aparokña method (the method of cessation from individual and collective sense
perception) leads to the position of neutrality.
3. The pratyakña and parokña methods are diametrically opposed to the methods approved
by the Bhägavata for the search of the Truth.
4. The aparokña method also tends to an unwholesome and negative result if it seeks to
stand on the mere rejection of the pratyakña and parokña methods without trying to
progress towards the positive transcendence. Such inactive policy would indeed be
tantamount to the practice of passive hostility to the Absolute and as such is even more
condemnable than open hostility.
5. No method can be recognized as suitable for the quest of the Truth that is actuated more
or less by the purpose of opposing the Absolute Supremacy of Çré Kåñëa. In other words,
individual souls cannot realize the subjective nature of the Absolute except by the exercise
of their fullest subservience to Çré Kåñëa and His inner power [internal energy].

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6. The failure of the individual souls to find the Truth is brought about by their own innate
perversity. They possess perfect freedom of choice as between complete subservience to
Çré Kåñëa and the practice of active or passive hostility to Him. There is no other
alternative open to them. If they chose to refuse to serve they have to practice hostility or
indifference towards the Absolute.
7. The perverse individual soul is not obstructed in the active exercise of his freedom of
choice. He is enabled to exercise the functions of hostility and indifference within
consistent deterring limits, by the wonderful contrivance of the deluding power of Çré
Kåñëa.
8. The continued deliberate exercise of such hostility and indifference towards the
Absolute by the perverse individual soul results necessarily in the suicidal abdication of
all activities by the deliberate offender.

The Methods of Active & Passive Subservience:

1. The methods that are adopted for practicing active and complete subservience to the
Absolute are termed respectively as adhokñaja (the external or reverential method of
serving the Transcendental Object of worship) and aprakåta (the internal or confidential
method of service of the Absolute).
2. Çrémad-Bhägavatam inculcates and divulges the search of the Absolute by the adhokñaja
and aprakåta methods. It condemns the pratyakña and parokña methods, but recognizes
the proper use of the aparokña method [styled as passive subservience].

The Ascending and Descending Processes:

1. The pratyakña, parokña and the [improper] passive aparokña methods are collectively
called the aroha or ascending process. The proper aparokña, adhokñaja and aprakåti
methods constitute the avaroha or descending process.
2. By adoption of the ascending process the perverse individual soul strives to realize his
suicidal end by the positive and negative perverse manipulation of mundane experience
gained through direct and indirect sense perception.
3. By the descending process the soul is enabled to strive for the realization of the
unalloyed service of the Absolute by the honest exercise of his unreserved receptive
aptitude to the Initiative of the Absolute when He is pleased to come down to the plane of
his tiny perverse cognition.

The Fruits or Objectives of the Different Methods

1. The fruits that are realizable by the different methods of endeavor correspond to the
particular method that is followed.

12
2. The pratyakña and parokña methods aim at dharma (virtue), artha (utility) and kama
(sensuous gratification).
3. The wrong aparokña method aims at pseudo-mokña (annihilation).
4. The right aparokña method aims at positive transcendence.
5. The adhokñaja method aims at bhakti or reverential transcendental service of the
Absolute.
6. The aprakåti method has in view thhe realization of prema or Divine Love.

The Dawning of Pure Theism As Opposed to Hostility

1. Pure Theism begins with the first appearance of the positive desire for the service of the
Absolute, who is located beyond the range of our sensuous activity. It involves the clear
perception of the fact that all empiric activity is the deliberate practice of perverse hostility
against the Absolute supremacy of Çré Kåñëa.
2. The word adhokñaja which is applied in Çrémad-Bhägavatam to the Object of worship
refers to the fact that Çré Kåñëa has reserved the right of not being exposed to human
senses.
3. The theistic methods alone thus apply to the proper Entity of the Absolute. Those who
are in rebellion against the supremacy of Çré Kåñëa by the adoption of sensuous activity
are prevented from all access to His presence by the operation of [the Lord's] deluding
power [external energy].
4. The individual soul is always suseptible to being thus deluded by mäyä, the limiting or
measuring potency. The conditions for the practice of sensuous activities in this realm of
finite existence are provided by Mäyä for the correction of the suicidal perversity of the
rebellious souls.
5. It is in this manner that a person who is averse to the service of Çré Kåñëa is made to
proceed along the tracks of karma and jïäna by the ascending process, [so that he will
gain] the bitter experience of the practice of perverse hostility to Çré Kåñëa and [to] his
own self.
6. This world is inhabited by persons who are deliberately addicted to this suicidal course.
They are unconditionally committed to the ascending process for sojourning in this realm
of nescience. The method is further characterized by the hypocritical assumption of the
validity of experience derived through the senses for providing progressive guidance in
the quest [for] a state of perfect felicity.
7. The method of quest in which the Truth Himself takes the Initiative is termed the
avaroha or descending process. The individual soul can have no access to the Absolute by
reason of his infinitesimality, dissociable marginal position, and his own nature as an
emanation of power. He can, however, have a view of the Truth if the Absolute is pleased
to manifest His descent to the plane of his tiny cognition.
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8. Real theism cannot begin till the individual soul is enabled by the descent of the
Absolute to have the opportunity for His service. The Absolute manifests His descent in
the Form of the Name or the Transcendental Divine Sound on the lips of His pure
devotees.
9. Dikña, or the communication of the knowledge of the Transcendental in the Form of
the Sound to the submissive receptive cognition of the individual soul by authoized agents
of the Absolute, is the Vedic mode of initiation into Transcendental Knowledge.
10. The Name is the Object of worship of all pure souls. The transcendental service of the
Name, or bhakti, is the proper function of all souls and the only mode of quest of the
Truth. The pursuit of this right method of quest leads to a growing perfection of bhakti
and progressive realization of the subjective nature of the Object of worship.
Brahman, Paramätmä & Bhagavän
1. The Ultimate Reality is termed... as brahman, paramätmä and bhagavän. The Brahman
conception stresses the necessity of excluding the deluded, concrete, limited experience
of the followers of apparent truth. The conception of Paramätmä seeks to establish a
tangible connection between this temporal world and the Ultimate Reality. Both of these
conceptions present not only an imperfect, but also a grossly misleading view of the
Absolute.
2. The conception of Bhavagän as Transcendental Personality who is approachable by
çuddha-bhakti or unalloyed devotion of the soul, corresponds to the complete realization
of the Absolute which necessarily also accomadates and supplements thhe rival concepts
of Brahman and Paramätmä.
3. The Brahman conception is misunderstood by exclusive monists (kevalädvaita of the
Çaìkara school) who quite disingeniously assume that the conception denied the
Transcendental Personality and Figure of the Absolute.
4. The root of the error lies in the fear of the impersonalists that if concreteness in the
Absolute is admitted, such an admission would lead to the importation of the undesireable
features of apparent truth (experienced by the methods of sensuous perception) into the
transcendental conception of the Absolute Reality favored by the scriptures.
5. The method of çuddha-bhakti, while recognizing fully the necessity of admitting the
Transcendental Nature of the Ultimate Reality, does not deny the immanent
transcendental connection of the Absolute with manifest mundane existence (which idea
is found in the Yogi's conception of Paramätmä, but in a wrong and offensive formulation).
6. The conception of Bhagavän, realized by the process of çuddha-bhakti, harmonizes these
respective requirements as secondary features of the Proper Transcendental Personality of
the Absolute. The adhokñaja and aprakåta methods of quest, alone tend to such realization.

14
 Sambandha, Abhidheya, and Prayojana Defined In Terms of the Bhägavata
1. Sambandha, or relationship, implies a numerical reference. The Ultimate Reality is One
without a second, though the aspects of the Absolute may prove different in different eyes.
The unity of the Ultimate Reality carries a similarity to the integer of mathematical
conception, denoting Himself as the Object of worship (Çré Kåñëa), and connoting His
çakté in her three aspects and her transformations and products.
2. Under "relationship," therefore, come all those parts of the teaching of the Bhägavata
that reveal the knowledge of the subjective nature of Çré Kåñëa, the subjective nature of
His çakté, or power, in all her three aspects, and the subjective nature of the activities of
thhe different aspects of power.
3. Under abhidheya, or function, are included all those parts of the teaching of Çrémad-
Bhägavatam which reveal the nature of transcendental worship and, negatively, of the
activity of aversion to Çré Kåñëa.
4. Under prayojana, or fruit, are included those portions of the teaching of Çrémad-
Bhägavatam that deal with prema, or spiritual love and, negatively, with dharma (virtue),
artha (material utility), käma (lust), and mokña (merging in the Absolute).
Sambandha or Relationship
1. The worship of Çré Kåñëa is the only full-fledged, unadulterated function of all souls--
the only complete theistic worship. All other forms of worship represent the infinity of
gradations of approach towards this complete [form of] worship.
2. Pure theism, involving the active reciprocal relationship of the soul with the Divinity,
does not begin until there is actual realization of the Transcendental Personality of
Bhagavän Çré Kåñëa. The degree of this realization corresponds to that of the loving
aptitude of His worshiper.
(Lord Çré Kåñëa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead)
3. The Proper Figure of Çré Kåñëa (Svayam-rüpa) is identical with the Entity of Kåñëa, and
is One without a second. There is an infinity of Aspects of the Divine Figure that emanate
from the Figure-in-Himself (Svayam-rüpa). These plural aspects of the Divine Figure are
of the nature of Identities, Manifestations, Expansions, Plenary Parts, Plenary Parts of
Parts, Descending Divinities (avatäras), etc. These Divine Aspects, Who are part and
parcel of the Divinity in His fulness, are worshiped by the corresponding aptitudes of love
of Their respective worshipers.
4. Just as a relationship of service subsists between Çré Kåñëa and His power (çakté) in all
her aspects and transformations, [similarly] [t]he infinite Aspects of the Divine Personality
Himself, emanating from the Figure-in-Himself (Svayam-rüpa), are related to Çré Kåñëa as
Servitor-Divinities Who are possessors of power.
5. These Divine Persons show an order of classification into the categories of Svayam-
prakäña (Manifestation-in-Himself), Tadekätma-rüpa (Essentially Identical Figure), and
Aveña-rüpa (The Figure of Divine Super-imposition). Of these, Svayam-prakäña is, as it
15
were, the other self of Svayam-rüpa, and is also One without a second. Tadekätma-rüpa
and Aveña-rüpa are multifarious.
6. Each of these Divine Persons possesses His own absolute realm (Vaikuëöha) where He
is served by the infinity of His servitors. These Vaikuëöhas transcend the countless worlds
of finite existence constituting the realm of the deluding power.
7. Çré Kåñëa is possessed of 64 Divine Excellences. Çré Näräyaëa, the Supreme Object of
reverential worship, possesses 60 of the full perfections of Divine Excellence. Brahmä and
Rudra, who wield the delegated powers of mundane creation and destruction, possess 55
Excellences, but not in their full divine measure. Individual souls (jévas) possess 50 of the
Excellences of Kåñëa in an infinitesimal measure.
8. The clue to the Supreme Excellence of the Personality of Çré Kåñëa is supplied by the
principle of Rasa which is defined by Çré Rüpa as "that ecstatic principle of concentrated
deliciousness that is tasted by Çré Kåñëa and in sequel reciprocated by the serving
individual soul on the plane that transcends mundane thought." Çré Kåñëa is the Figure-
in-Himself of the whole compass of the nectarine principle of Rasa. The Figure of Kåñëa
excels all His other Aspects of His Divine Personality by being the Supreme Repository of
all the Rasas.
(The Principle of Rädhä-Kåñëa):
9. The Supreme Possessor of power, Çré Kåñëa, is inseparably coupled with His antaranga-
çakté, or power inhering in His Own proper Figure. Çrémad-Bhägavatam refers to the
service of one particular gopé (lit., one who is fully eligible for the service of Çré Kåñëa)
being preferred by Çré Kåñëa above all the other gopés.
10. In other words, antaranga-çakté is one and all-perfect. She is the "predominated
Absolute." She has her own specific figure, viz., that of Çré Rädhikä. The two aspects of
the antarangä- or svarupa-çakté, namely, tatañthä-çakté and mäyä- or bahirangä-çakté, reveal
themselves in the intermediate and outer regions of the Divine Figure.
(The Individual Jéva Soul):
11. Jévas or individual souls are detachable, infinitesimal emanations of the tatañthä-çakté,
sharing the essence of the plenary spiritual power. [They] appear on the border-line
between the inner and outer zones of divine power. They have no locus standi in their
nascent or tatañthä state. They are eternally exposed to the opposite attractions of svarupa-
çakté and mäyä-çakté at the two poles.
12. Their proper affinity is with svarupa-çakté, but they are susceptible to be overpowered
by mäyä-çakté, at their option. If they choose to be the subservients of mäyä-çakté, they
are subjected to ignorance of their proper nature which results in confirmed aversion to
the service of Çré Kåñëa. In this manner is brought about the deluded condition of
individual souls who sojourn in the realm of mäyä.
13. The constitutions of individual souls in their nascent state, and the realm of mäyä are
comparable to the outer penumbral and the shadowy zones respectively of the sun, while

16
the position of antarangä-çakté is like the inner ball of light which is the proper abode of
the Sun-god, who corresponds to Çré Kåñëa [in this analogy].
14. Individual souls are detachable, infinitesimal emanations of the marginal power
located on the border-line and exposed to the opposite pulls of the internal and external
energies. They are distinct from the plenary emanations, manifestations and multiples of
the internal energy on the one hand, and from the products of the external energy on the
other.
15. The individual soul, in his nascent marginal position, is confronted with the alternative
of choice between subservience to the plenary power on the one hand and apparent
domination over the deluding power on the other. When he chooses the latter alternative,
he forgets his relationship of subservience to the inner power and his subservience to Çré
Kåñëa through such subservience.
16. It is never possible for the conditioned soul to understand the nature of the service of
Çré Kåñëa that is rendered by His inner power. There is, therefore, a categorical distinction
between the function of individual souls and that of the inner power, even on the plane of
service.
17. In the works of the followers of Çré Caitanya Mahäprabhu who propounded the school
of acintya-bhedäbheda-tattva (simultaneous oneness and difference) the subject of the
working of the inner power and individual souls has been treated in all its details. The
clue to the comparative study of the working of power on the transcendental plane is
supplied by the account of the räsa dance in Çrémad-Bhägavatam.
18. When the individual soul chooses unreserved subservience to the inner power, he has
access to the service of the untampered Personality of the Absolute. The kaivalya state,
mentioned in Çrémad-Bhägavatam, is the state of unalloyed devotion to the untampered
Personality of the Absolute.
(How the Monists Misunderstand Kåñëa-lélä):
19. Exclusive monists imagine that the figure of the object of worship exists only in the
mundane world and that in the final position there is also no activity of worship. In other
words, they deny the possibility of the lélä, or the eternal transcendental activities of Çré
Kåñëa.
20. Çrémad-Bhägavatam flatly denies this groundless contention in the most explicit terms.
There is total absence of all mundane reference in the transcendental activity of çuddha-
bhakti.
21. The word activity is not expressive of lélä. It corresponds to kriyä or mundane activity.
Transcendental activitiy has neither beginning or end. There is, of course, relativity in
lélä, but it is not the unwholesome relativity of mundane activity or kriyä. The notion that
lilä can have an end or termination is due to ignorant confusion between the conceptions
of lélä and kriyä.

17
22. Çuddha-bhakti belongs to the category of lélä. In Våndävana the gopés serve Çré Kåñëa
by unconventional amorous love. The super-excellence of this service cannot be admitted
if the absolutely wholesome nature of all unalloyed activity on the plane of Vraja is
disbelieved, on principle, by one's ignorant perverse judgement.
(The Transcendental Purpose of Varëäçrama):
23. The function of conditioned souls is of two kinds. The function that is provided by
the varëäçrama system for conditioned souls is not opposed to çuddha-bhakti. Çrémad-
Bhägavatam has treated the varëäçrama system from the point of view of unalloyed
devotion. Thereby it has provided an intelligent way of viewing the situation of
conditioned souls during their sojourn to the mundane world.
24. The spiritual value of the varëäçrama system is due to the fact that it admits the
possibility of the activity of conditioned souls being endowed with reflected spiritual
quality by being directed towards the unalloyed service of the Absolute on the
transcendental plane.
25. It is the purpose of the varëäçrama regulation to impart this direction to the activity
of the conditioned souls. The crucial nature of this theistic purpose of the varëäçrama
arrangement is fully treated in Çrémad-Bhägavatam. It is not explicitly treated in any other
çästric work.

Abhidheya or Function:
(Unalloyed, Varëäçrama and Ignorant Functions of the Soul):
1. Çuddha-bhakti is the only proper function of all unalloyed individual souls and is located
on the plane of transcendence. But all animate life forms are potentially eligible for the
transcendental service of the Absolute.
2. Varëäçrama life is not the unalloyed spiritual life that is led by fully liberated souls. It
is the stage preparatory to such life. Neither is it on a par with the life of unmixed
sensuousness that is led by people outside the varëäçrama society.
3. Every form of activity of conditioned souls outside the varëäçrama system is inspired
by meaningless malicious hostility to the Absolute. All such activity is necessarily
atheistical. This mundane world is the congenial sphere for the practice of the deluded
dominating activity that is coveted by conditioned souls for practicing active aversion
towards the Absolute. The conditions for such activity are supplied by the deluding
power. They constitute the realm of nescience, spiritual ignorance or acit.
4. But as soon as the activity of cit, or uneclipsed cognition is aroused in the spiritual
essence of the misguided soul, it dissipates by its appearance such wrong addiction to the
ignorant activities of this world and also the susceptibility of being tempted by the
deluding power.

18
5. There is no common ground between the unalloyed spiritual function and the activity
of conditioned souls in the grip of nescience. The one does not dove-tail into the other.
It is for this reason that the unalloyed spiritual function can never be understood by the
resources of the archaeologists, historians, allegorists, philosophers, etc., of this world.
6. Such empiric speculations tamper with the transcendental Personality of the Absolute.
They belong to the realm of nescience and constitute the active denial of the Entity of the
Absolute. By indulging in such speculations our spiritual nature is deprived of its proper
function.
7. Conduct enjoined by the varëäçrama system is calculated to counteract the inherent
atheistical trend of all worldly activities which are unavoidable in the conditioned state.
8. Activities that are prompted by the urge for sensuous enjoyment create the discordant
diversity of this world. One who is addicted to worldly enjoyment has a deluded way of
looking at everything. When such a person is established in the proper activity of his
unalloyed spiritual nature towards his Transcendental Master, the only Recipient of all
willing service in the eternal world, the true view of everything is revealed to his serving
vision. There can be no ignorance and misery if the world is viewed aright.
9. The urge for sensuous enjoyment expresses itself in the institutions of family and society
of worldly-minded persons. They are traps of the deluding energy. But these very traps
are used as instruments of service to the ABsolute by the awakened soul.
10. The hymns of the Bhägavata always reveal the eternal service of the Absolute on the
highest plane, identical with the Personality of Çré Gaurasundara, to the enlightened soul.
The language of Çrémad-Bhägavatam reveals its true meaning only to the enlightened soul.
That meaning is very different from what even the most renowned linguists may suppose
it to be in their blind empiric vanity.

(The Nature of Transcendental Vraja-lélä):

11. The Bhägavata gives the highest position to the service of Çré Kåñëa by the gopés of
Våndävana. In its account of the räsa dance, it gives the clue to the distinctive nature of
the services of Çré Rädhikä and the other milkmaids.
12. Çré Kåñëa is served by Çré Rädhikä by herself and simultaneously by her multiple bodily
forms in the shapes of the residents of Vraja. The services of the other milkmaids, of
Nanda and Yaçodä, of Çrédama and Sudama, and of all the associates and servitors of Kåñëa
in Vraja, are part and parcel of the service of Çré Rädhikä.
13. Çré Gurudeva belongs to this inner group of servitors. He is the divine manifested
entity for disclosing the forms and activities of all eternal servitors of Çré Kåñëa. The
function of Çré Gurudeva is a fundamental fact in the lélä of Vraja where Çré Kåñëa is served
as the emporium of all the räsas. The servitors of Vraja minister to the gratification of the
senses of Kåñëa in every way. Çré Gurudeva is the divine exciting agent of the serving
activity of Vraja.

19
14. The nature of Transcendental Vraja Lélä is liable to be misunderstood by the empiric
study of the Bhägavata. The limit of empiric inference is reached by the speculations of
the parokña method. By the abandonment of empiricism, represented by the aparokña
method, the Brahman and Paramätmä conceptions are realized. But these also are not
objects of worship.
15. We have already seen that the activity of service is possible only on the plane of
adhokñaja, which yields the realization of the Majestic Personality of the Absolute as Çré
Näräyaëa. Aprakåta-vraja-lélä, the central topic of the Bhägavata is the highest form of
adhokñaja realization.

(Transcendental and Mundane Sexuality):

16. The dalliances of Çré Kåñëa in Vraja have a close resemblance to unconventional
mundane amour. Sexuality, in all its forms, is an essentially repulsive affair on the
mundane plane. It is, therefore, impossible to understand how the corresponding
transcendental activity can be the most exquisitely wholesome service of the Absolute.
17. It is, however, possible to be reconciled, to some extent, to the truth of the narrative
of the Bhägavata if we are prepared to admit the reasonableness of the doctrine that the
mundane world is the unwholesome reflection of the realm of the Absolute, and that this
world appears in a scale of values that is the reverse of that which obtains in the reality of
which it happens to be the shadow.
18. In the form of the narrative of the Bhägavata, the Transcendental Vraja-lélä manifests
its descent to the plane of our mundane vision in symbolic shapes resembling those of the
corresponding mundane events.
19. If we are disposed, for any reason, to underestimate the transcendental symbolism of
the narrative of the Bhägavata, we are unable to avoid unfavorable and hasty conclusions
regarding the nature of the highest, the most perfect and the most charming form of the
loving service of the Divinity to which all other forms of His service are as the avenues of
approach.
20. Sexuality symbolizes the highest attraction and the acme of deliciousness in
transcendental service. In the amorous performances of Vraja, the secrets of the eternal
life are exhibited in their uncovered perfection in the activity of the love of unalloyed
souls.
21. We may notice, in passing, certain significant differences between Çré Kåñëa's amorous
dalliances and mundane sex activity which should prevent any hasty conclusions: 1) In
Vraja-lélä, Çré Kåñëa is under the age of eleven years; and, 2) The spiritual milkmaids never
conceive and bear children to Çré Kåñëa (the children born of Çré Kåñëa belong to the less
perfect lélä of Dvaraka).
22. To suppose the Divine lélä to be a product of anthropomorphic speculation is the
greatest offense. The Bhägavta declares that the realization of the true nature of the Vraja-

20
lélä, in pursuance of the çrauta method, is the only remedy for all conditioned souls
afflicted with the disease of mundane sexuality.
23. The conventions of civilized society for the regulation of sexual relationships attain
their ethical perfection in the varëäçrama arrangement. Thus a person belonging to the
varëäçrama society can readily appreciate the transparent moral purity of life on the plane
of Vaikuëöha and Ayodhya, although he cannot understand their esoteric nature. In those
realms, the Godhead poses as the ideal monogamous husband.
24. The ethical restrictions of sex relationships that are imposed at Ayodhya by the form
of the monogamous marriage are relaxed at Dvaraka where the Absolute manifests His
fuller Personality and appears in the guise of the polygamous husband.
25. The conventions of marriage are abrogated altogether in Våndävana where the sanctity
of wedlock becomes secondary and a foil to the amorous exploits of Çré Kåñëa in His fullest
manifestation.
26. The spiritual function in its unalloyed form has a real correspondence to mundane
activity, with the distinction that its objective, mode of activity and instrumental are
unalloyed spirit. This makes the inconceivable difference between the spiritual function
and mundane activity. It also supplies a kind of explanation for the fact that those
activities in Vraja which correspond to the most wholesome performances on the mundane
plane, are comparatively speaking the least pleasing in the sight of Çré Kåñëa.

(The Plane of Mundane Enjoyment and the Plane of Spiritual Service):

27. The sole object of all spiritual activity is gratification of the senses of Çré Kåñëa. When
Çré Kåñëa is pleased, His servitors experience unmixed joy. This is the reverse of what
happens in this world. Activity that yields enjoyment to the person indulging in the same
alone possesses attraction on the mundane plane. But such selfish pleasure is never
coveted on the plane of spiritual service.
28. The plane of mundane sensuous enjoyment is thereby sharply differentiated from that
of spiritual service with respect to the quality and orientation of their respective activities.
Desire for mundane enjoyment is potentially, but uncongenially, inherent in the soul. And
it can be cultivated at his option. The practice of it, however, leads to the abeyance of his
truly natural serving function.
29. Modern civilization does not suspect its own degradation in seeking exclusively for
mundane enjoyment. The mind and body of man have a natural aptitude for sensuous
gratification, and all his ordinary mundane activities are practiced for its realization.
[Thus] few... can grasp [the fact that] the unalloyed essence of the soul has a natural
aptitude for the exclusive service of the Absolute which is utterly incompatible with
mundane sensuous living.
30. In the transcendental service of the Absolute the aptitude, form, as well as ingredients
are uncovered absolutely wholesome living reality. In this complete uncovering of the

21
proper nature of a person by the perfection of his serving function, he is enabled to realize
fully the abiding interests of his real entity [or self]. Such unconditional submissive
activity towards the Absolute is also necessarily identical with the realization of the perfect
freedom of the soul, which expresses itself in the highest forms of his serving activity.

Prayojana or Fruit
1. In the position of complete realization of the activity of the uncovered soul a person
becomes eligible for participation in the Transcendental pastimes or lélä of Çré Kåñëa....
The realization of this all-absorbing love for Çré Kåñëa is the FRUIT or prayojana of the
eternal spiritual activities of all pure souls.
2. Çré Kåñëa is directly served by His plenary inner power as His only consort. The
residents of Vraja, the plane of this inner service, are extensions of the figure of the plenary
Divine power. They are the divine participants in the divine pastimes, as all those entities
display the nature of the full servitorship of the Divinity.
3. Not so the souls of men, all of whom are susceptible to the temptations offered by the
deluding face of the plenary power for preventing the access of the non-residents of Vraja
to the arena of the Divine pastimes. We, the sojourners of this mundane plane, have been
thus kept out of the plane of Vraja by the deluding face of the Divine Power.
4. Individual souls who are not part and parcel of the inner plenary power have no
automatic access to the plane of Vraja. They are also lacking in spontaneous love for Çré
Kåñëa. It is possible for them to attain to the love of Çré Kåñëa only as accepted subservients
of the inhabitants of Vraja.
5. The first appearance of the spontaneous loving aptitude for Çré Kåñëa in an individual
soul elevates him to the condition of the madhyam-bhagavata as distinct from the condition
of the mahä-bhagavata who possesses love for Çré Kåñëa in the plenary measure which
makes him eligible for participating as a subservient of the servitors of Vraja, in the loving
activities of the highest sphere of service.
6. In proportion as the hesitant, reverential serving disposition of the madhyam-bhagavata
is gradually developed, by the practice of pure service, into one of subserviency to the
inhabitants of Vraja in their unconventional performances of the highest loving services
of Çré Kåñëa, such hesitation and distance are superseded by growing confidence and
proximity to the Object of one's highest love. Thereby the spiritual vision is perfected, in
conformity with the natural capacity of an individual, and he is enabled to realize the full
function of his specific spiritual self.
7. Goloka-Våndävana is realizable in the symbolic Våndävana that is open to our view in
this world by all persons whose love has been perfected by the mercy of the inhabitants of
Transcendental Vraja, and not otherwise.
8. The grossest misunderstanding of the subject of the Vraja-lélä of Çré Kåñëa is inevitable
if these considerations are not kept in view. All persons under the sinister influence of the

22
deluding power of Nescience are subject to such misunderstanding in one form or another.
They are fated to see nothing but a mundane tract of country in the terrestrial (Bhauma)
Våndävana, and the practice of the grossest forms of debauchery in the Vraja pastimes of
Çré Kåñëa.
9. But the true esoteric vision of the mahä-bhagavata is very different from the realization
of deluded humanity. It is described in Çré Caitanya-caritämåta, Madhya-lélä, 17-55:
"When Çré Kåñëa Caitanya catches sight of a wood, it appears to Him in the likeness of
Våndävana; and when He looks at a hill, He mistakes it for Govardhana."

***THE END***

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