2

Theoretical Background

This study is anchored in the Social Control Theory of Travis Hirschi,

together with the theories of General Theory of crime by Michael Gottfredson

and Differential Association Theory of Edwin H. Sutherland. The Social

Control Theory considers wrongdoing to be an aftereffect of social

foundations losing power over people. Hirschi developed this hypothesis, with

the possibility that individual with low restraint will probably wind up

criminal. Frail foundations, for example, certain kinds of families, the

breakdown of neighborhood networks, and the breakdown of trust in the

administration and the police are altogether connected to higher wrongdoing

rates. For groups of low financial status, a factor that recognizes families with

reprobate youngsters from individuals who are not reprobate is the control

applied by Parents chaperonage. Travis Hirschi contended that criminal

movement happens when a person's connection to society is debilitated. This

connection relies upon the quality of social bonds that hold individuals to

society. As indicated by Hirschi there are four social bonds that dilemma us

together, (1) Attachment to other people; (2) Belief in the good legitimacy of

standards (3) Commitment to accomplishment ;(4) Involvement in traditional

exercises. The more a man includes those attributes, the less are the odds that
 3

he/she winds up freak/criminal. Then again, of those variables are absent in a

man, it is more probable that he/she may become criminal.

As indicated by this hypothesis, one would foresee the "normal

reprobate" to be youthful, single, jobless and most likely male. On the other

hand, the individuals who are hitched and in work are more averse to carry

out wrongdoing – the individuals who are included and part of social

foundations are less inclined to wander off. Politician of all influences tends

to talk as far as social control hypothesis. Jack Straw from the labor party has

contended that 'chaps require fathers' and David Cameron has made late talks

about the significance of the family and the issues related with missing dads.

These perspectives are additionally prevalent with the conservative press,

which regularly reminds their (white collar class, family unit) peruses that

'70% of youthful guilty parties originate from solitary parent families;

youngsters from broken homes'.

The general hypothesis of wrongdoing has a place with the most

referred to and hypothetically and additionally exactly tried criminological

methodologies. Most examinations that have tried the suspicions of the

general hypothesis of wrongdoing put their primary spotlight on the

connection between poise and reprobate conduct. In this part,

 4

notwithstanding, the subject of the development of poise is stressed. All things

considered, the section does not raise the case to portray the general

hypothesis of wrongdoing in that capacity. In the following, simply those

features of the hypothesis that are pertinent for noting the inquiries of the

current investigation are emphasized.

In 1990, Michael R. Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi distributed the

general hypothesis of wrongdoing, an all-inclusive hypothesis of wrongdoing

that professes to have the capacity to clarify "all wrongdoing, consistently"

(Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990: 117). The focal develops of this hypothesis

are poise and criminal conduct; low restraint is the most vital indicator for

reprobate conduct. This hypothesis is a control hypothesis, and it professes to

have the capacity to clarify an extensive variety of criminal acts and

"undifferentiated from" conduct (for instance, separations or mischances)

with low discretion. Both for the improvement of discretion and for a

clarification of reprobate conduct, the family is the most critical foundation.

Different foundations, for example, schools or neighborhoods, assume just an

auxiliary job or no job by any stretch of the imagination.

The differential association theory created by Edwin Sutherland

recommending that through cooperation with others, people take in the

qualities, mentalities, procedures, and thought processes in criminal conduct.

 5

Learning Theory is firmly identified with the Interactions point of view;

in any case, it isn't considered so in light of the fact that Interactions centers

around the development of limits in the public arena and people's impression

of them. Learning Theory is viewed as a positivist methodology since it

centers around particular acts, restricted to the more emotional position of

social impacts on one's character, and how those may force to act. They figure

out how to carry out criminal acts, they learn thought processes, drives,

justifications, and demeanors. It becomes socially simpler for the people to

carry out a wrongdoing. Their motivation is the procedures of social

transmission and development. Sutherland had built up the possibility of

"oneself" as a social guild, as when a man's mental self-view is consistently

being recreated particularly while communicating with other individuals.

Phenomenology and ethnic procedure additionally urged individuals to

discuss the assurance of learning and to understand their ordinary encounters

utilizing indexicality techniques. Individuals characterize their lives by

reference to their encounters, and after that sum up those definitions to give a

structure of reference to choosing a future activity. From a specialist's point

of view, a subject will see the world contrastingly whenever utilized instead

of jobless, if in a strong family or mishandled by guardians or those near the

person. Be that as it may, people may react to a similar circumstance diversely

 6

relying upon how their experience inclines them to characterize their present

environment.

Differential association predicts that an individual will pick the

criminal way when the parity of definitions for law-infringing upon surpasses

those for honest. This propensity will be fortified if social affiliation gives

dynamic individuals in a man's life. Prior in life, the individual goes under the

impact of those of high status inside that gathering, the more probable the

person to emulate their example. This does not deny that there might be down

to earth intentions in wrongdoing. On the off chance that a man is ravenous

however no cash there has is an impulse to take. Be that as it may, the

utilization of "requirements" and "qualities" is obscure. To a more prominent

or lesser degree, both non-criminal and criminal people are inspired by the

requirement for cash and social gain.

Republic Act No. 9851. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of

Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled:This Act shall be

known as the “Philippine Act on Crimes Against International Humanitarian

Law, Genocide, and Other Crimes Against Humanity”.

The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy,

adopts the generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law
 7

of the land and adheres to a policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom,

cooperation and amity with all nations; The State values the dignity of every

human person and guarantees full respect for human rights, including the

rights of indigenous cultural communities and other vulnerable groups, such

as women and children;It shall be the responsibility of the State and all other

sectors concerned to resolve armed conflict in order to promote the goal of

“Children as Zones of Peace”;

The State adopts the generally accepted principles of international law,

including the Hague Conventions of 1907, the Geneva Convention’s on the

protection of victims of war and international humanitarian law, as part of the

law of our nation; The most serious crimes of concern to the international

community as a whole must not go unpunished and their effective prosecution

must be ensured by taking measures at the national level, in order to put an

end to impunity for the perpetrators of these crimes and thus contribute to the

prevention of such crimes, it being the duty of every State to exercise its

criminal jurisdiction over those responsible for international crimes;

The State shall guarantee persons suspected or accused of having

committed grave crimes under international law all rights necessary to ensure

that their trial will be fair and prompt in strict accordance with national and

international law and standards for fair trial. It shall also protect victims,
 8

witnesses and their families, and provide appropriate redress to victims and

their families. It shall ensure that the legal systems in place provide accessible

and gender-sensitive avenues of redress for victims of armed conflict; and The

State recognizes that the application of the provisions of this Act shall not

affect the legal status of the parties to a conflict, nor give an implied

recognition of the status of belligerency.

 9

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This study delved into the views of the legal practitioners on the rising

toll of killings in Cebu City.

Specifically, this study sought answers to the following questions:

1. What are the views of the informants on the occurrence of

killings in Cebu City?

2. What are the insights of the informants in the handling by the

police authorities of the investigation of murder and homicide incidents?

3. How does the state of killings affect the rule of law as viewed

by the informants?

4. What impact does the state of killings have on the lives of the

informants and of the members of the legal community?

Significance of the Study

The study was worthwhile because its result will benefit the following:
 10

Private Practitioners. The Private Practitioners will profit this

examination since they will know later on what occurred over the most recent

couple of years.

Integrated Bar. The Integrated Bar will profit this examination since

they will know the laws being damaged in the organization of the President.

Prosecution Services. The Prosecution Services will profit this

examination since they will know how to legitimately arraign and judge the

wrongdoer.

Future Researches. It can profit the future researchers about this can

fill in as their reference in leading their examination.

 11

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The study employed a qualitative research using phenomenological

approach using an interview guide in delving into the Murders and Homicides

in the minds of Legal Practitioners in Cebu City.

Phenomenology has its underlying foundations in a twentieth-century

philosophical development dependent on crafted by the thinker Edmund

Husserl. As research device, phenomenology depends on the scholastic

controls of rationality and brain research and has turned into a broadly

acknowledged technique for depicting human encounters. Phenomenology is

a subjective research strategy that is utilized to depict how individuals

encounter a specific marvel, it endeavors to set aside inclinations and biased

presumptions about human encounters, sentiments, and reactions to a specific

circumstance. It enables the specialist to dig into the observations, points of

view, understandings, and sentiments of those individuals who have really

experienced or experienced the marvel or circumstance of intrigue. Along

these lines, it very well may be characterized as the immediate examination

and depiction of wonders as intentionally experienced by individuals living

those encounters. Phenomenological explore is ordinarily led using inside and

out meetings of little examples of members. By concentrate the points of view

 12

of different members, a specialist can start to make speculations with respect

to what it resembles to encounter a specific wonder from the viewpoint of

those that have experienced the experience.

Research Environment

This study conducted in Cebu City North District. The researcher is

conducting the research in the Legal Practitioners.

Research Informant

There will be ten (10) informants, which is five (5) public lawyers and

five (5) private lawyers in the located area. The survey questionnaire will be

distributed to some Lawyers in Cebu City.

Research Instruments

This research consisted of an individual discussion. The instruments

that would be use are interview guide and recorder. The interview guide serves

as a pattern of the researcher and serves as primary basis for extracting

information from the participant of the study while the recorder will serve as

secondary tool if in case that the researcher can’t write all the information that

will be given to him by the participant. (refer to Appendix A)

The interview guide is a semi-structured guide and which was

examined, reviewed, corrected, validated and approved by the members of

 13

panel. It consists of open-ended questions as major guides in the interview.

(refer to Appendix B).

Research Procedures

The procedures of this study would carried out through asking

permission to the participants and ask them to sign the Informed Consent for

an approval of the participants to be interviewed. And the researchers as will

used a voice recorder but before the interview, the respondent informed the

participants and at the same time the researchers also used a diary and sign by

the participants.

Gathering of Data. We collected the data from and an interview with

the use of a voice recorder. Before the interview, we gave the interviewee an

informed consent form to explain the purpose and confidentiality of the

interview. The researchers personally administered the distribution and

retrieval of the consent forms from the respondent. The gathered data were

processed and transcribed into texts

Data Analysis. The data will be gathered during the in-depth interview

guide will be subject to the hermeneutical interpretation. The hermeneutical

 14

interpretation moves forward and backward starting from the present through

the rigorous interaction and understanding of the phenomena is uncovered.

Ethical Considerations. In compliance with the research ethics

protocol, we obtained an Informed Consent from the informants stipulating

their awareness to the purposes of the study, their agreement to participate as

informants, their freedom not to answer if they feel uncomfortable with the

questions, the welfare which may receive from the study and the

confidentiality.

Trustworthiness of the Research. In the research the issues of

trustworthiness involved in the following, reliability, dependability,

conformity and transferability of the research. The initial stage of the

interview was knowing each other and explaining the main purpose and

process of the study and also sharing about their general experiences in

dealing with people. Then, the researchers proceed immediately with the

process of conducting the interview of the informants. When asking the

informants. We asked questions of which I can get informative data from the

informants.
 15

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Some terms used in the study are either taken from references which

include books in communication, dictionaries, Social media sites and related

works from previous research or operationally defined:

Views of Legal Practitioners on the State of Killings in the North

District Cebu. The Legal Practitioners will be able to give their views or

opinions about the killings in the Philippines.

Insight of the informants with handling by the police authority in

the investigation of criminal cases. It is the views of legal practitioners in

the handling of law enforcement in the investigation of criminal cases

Effect of the State of killing to the rule of law as viewed by the

informant. Killings that are rising and uncontrolled in our age.

Impact of the state of killing to the lives of the informant and the

members of the legal community. This talks about the impact of

extrajudicial killing in the lives of legal community especially those handling

criminal and drug cases.

 16

CHAPTER 2

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter consists of the presentation of the data and their analysis.

Presentation of Data

As the researchers, we conscientiously delved into the relevant aspects

of the sub-problems from which the research data intended to answer. We read

all the transcriptions multiple times in order for us to acquire a feeling on the

description of views of the informants. Following the Control Theory of

Travis Hirschi, together with the theories of General Theory of crime by

Michael Gottfredson and Differential Association Theory of Edwin H.

Sutherland, we painstakingly extracted significant statements and logically

arranged them for better understanding. We formulated meaning outs from

the significant statements to form the core meanings and further analyzed

them, and which, after a thorough study, arranged them into cluster themes.

We then re-grouped the cluster themes and which evolved into emergent

themes the results were elucidated into a rich and exhaustive description of

the lived experiences of the informants.

 17

There were 7 emergent themes which comprehensively described the

informants' responses to provide answers to the questions that this research

intended to be delved into. They are as follows:

I. Views of the informants on the occurrence of killings in

Cebu City

1. Speculative and Opinionated

2. Protecting their Personality

II. Insights of the informants in the handling by the police

authorities of the investigation of murder and homicide incidents

1. Investigative Factors

2. Competent in the Job

III. State of killing affect the rule of law as viewed by the

informants

1. Disrespect the law

IV. Impact of state of killings have on the lives of the

informants and of the members of the legal community

1. Security at Risk
 18

2. Afraid to handle cases.

I. What are the views of the informants on the occurrence of killings

in Cebu City?

1. Speculative and Opinionated. In this theme it comes from the

answer of the informants which is more on speculation and opinions.

BEBS IINSERT NI SA KADA PARAGRAPH, KADA NAA LAHI NGA INFORMANT,

ITALICIZE ONLY THE BISAYA WORDS SA STATEMENT SA IMONG INFORMANTS (

According to informant 9, he state that: )

As a legal practitioner, we cannot speculate some killings

were motivated by seasons; some killings are motivated by
some factors. We cannot attribute to the President so we
cannot speculate on that matter. These killings are still under
investigation and we cannot speculate as to the results of
investigation. We will let the Police answer that (IDI3).

BEBS IINSERT NI SA KADA PARAGRAPH, KADA NAA LAHI NGA INFORMANT,

ITALICIZE ONLY THE BISAYA WORDS SA STATEMENT SA IMONG INFORMANTS

(This statement is affirmed by Informant 8 saying: )

Speculative, we never really know. I don't think we will even

get to the bottom of all this. These are the kinds of crimes that
do not get solved (IDI-1).

2. Protecting their Personality. In this Theme it comes from the

answer of the informants which is more in protecting or hiding their real

impression or thoughts about the topic.

 19

BEBS IINSERT NI SA KADA PARAGRAPH, KADA NAA LAHI NGA INFORMANT,

ITALICIZE ONLY THE BISAYA WORDS SA STATEMENT SA IMONG INFORMANTS (

According to informant 9, he state that: )

This is a very sensitive question and inspired I have no

evidence to say one way or another. I have personal
conviction about the matters but I am afraid of being in the
government service will precludes me from really divulging
from what I have in mind in my heart (IDI-3).

BEBS IINSERT NI SA KADA PARAGRAPH, KADA NAA LAHI NGA INFORMANT,

ITALICIZE ONLY THE BISAYA WORDS SA STATEMENT SA IMONG INFORMANTS

(This statement is affirmed by Informant 8 saying: )

Well for one I have not really heard the President say or utter
his admission about this matter that his only sin is the
extrajudicial killings but assuming that he did say this by
extrajudicial killing is very broad matter. It is a very broad
statements It cannot really be direct at the link to killings of
drug personalities but as to whether the statement that
strengthened the public opinion about the relation of such
statements to the occurrence of drugs and of the killings of
drug personalities. I am in no position to state that I have not
really taken a poll on the public opinion, but if you ask me
about my own personal opinion on the matter.(IDI2) We can
say that with what is happening and with the statement of the
President it will also not be entirely baseless to link that one
(IDI-4).

II. What are the insights of the informants in the handling by the

police authorities of the investigation of murder and homicide

incidents?

1. Investigative Factors. This theme come from the answer of the

informant stated that the police authorities are doing their best but there are
 20

many investigative factors to be considered in the investigation especially in

evidence and witnesses

BEBS IINSERT NI SA KADA PARAGRAPH, KADA NAA LAHI NGA INFORMANT,

ITALICIZE ONLY THE BISAYA WORDS SA STATEMENT SA IMONG INFORMANTS (

According to informant 9, he state that: )

They are a lot of factors to be consider one of which is the

degree of participation of the citizen because they cannot do
their job through their own efforts but they have to rely as
well of the help of citizens as a whole specially those who
have actually witness the incident happened because the
usual scenario is that the police officers are not around when
the crime took place (IDI-6).

BEBS IINSERT NI SA KADA PARAGRAPH, KADA NAA LAHI NGA

INFORMANT, ITALICIZE ONLY THE BISAYA WORDS SA STATEMENT
SA IMONG INFORMANTS (This statement is affirmed by Informant
8 saying: )
Homicide and Murder filled in court there is already a
complainant and witness. Somebody has seen that A killed
B, so in terms of Murders and Homicide that have been filed
in court, they are efficient in the manner of when you say M
& H the Police personally didn't know what happen
because they’re not there. They have not witness to the
commission of crime. It's just that they're investigating and
there is a witness in which they are able to procure to sit
on the witness stand and able to say that he saw the killing.
On that aspect they're competent because it can't be filed in
court, if you don't have eye witness/competent witness. It can
establish probable cause (IDI-5).

2. Competent in the Job. This theme come from the answer of the

informants about their insights on how competent are the police in handling

investigation especially in the murders and homicide cases.

 21

BEBS IINSERT NI SA KADA PARAGRAPH, KADA NAA LAHI NGA INFORMANT,

ITALICIZE ONLY THE BISAYA WORDS SA STATEMENT SA IMONG INFORMANTS (

According to informant 9, he state that: )

Police are competent, but in most cases, it is the witness who

personal saw the crime who can effectively testify. Police
testimony is limited to the arrest of the accused after the
commission of the crime. As to their testimony they are
effective (IDI-4).

III. How does the state of killing affect the rule of law as viewed by

the informants?

1. Disrespect the law. Its treats the rule of law without respect

and disregarding its purpose because it disregards the due process of the law.

We come up with this theme as to the answers of the informants in which they

answered us it is a disrespect of the law because the one who is being killed

without any justice is a big insult to the rule of law.

BEBS IINSERT NI SA KADA PARAGRAPH, KADA NAA LAHI NGA INFORMANT,

ITALICIZE ONLY THE BISAYA WORDS SA STATEMENT SA IMONG INFORMANTS (

According to informant 9, he state that: )

I strongly believe that it has a huge invocation as to the

strength of the rule of law. It has deteriorated because it only
goes to show that people now days cannot feel safety
anymore our law is overtime specially the punitive nature of
the law who have committed kind of murder & homicide.
The lack of respect for it shows that there is deterioration in
the rule of law in our country (IDI-2).
 22

BEBS IINSERT NI SA KADA PARAGRAPH, KADA NAA LAHI NGA INFORMANT,

ITALICIZE ONLY THE BISAYA WORDS SA STATEMENT SA IMONG INFORMANTS

(This statement is affirmed by Informant 8 saying: )

Basically, these killings trampled upon the rule of law

because what I have said earlier there should be trial every
suspect or every accused must be given the opportunity to be
heard and in fact we have no death penalty but because of
these killings those rights that are under our constitution are
eventually stepped down due to this EJK so it appears you
have no right to be heard anymore because you are
immediately being killed (IDI-5).

IV. Impact of the state of killings on the lives of the informants and

of the members of the legal community.

1. Security at Risk. It creates a negative effect in the profession

of the informants and to their personal security because they don't know who

their enemies are especially if they are handling drug cases. Negative effects

in the cause of avoiding those cases involving drugs to get away from danger,

this theme were created based on the informants answer.

BEBS IINSERT NI SA KADA PARAGRAPH, KADA NAA LAHI NGA INFORMANT,

ITALICIZE ONLY THE BISAYA WORDS SA STATEMENT SA IMONG INFORMANTS (

According to informant 9, he state that: )

It has certainly affected the legal practice, as most

practitioners are now hesitant in accepting high profile or
drug related cases. But it is not the case with us PAO lawyers
as we have no choice but to represent accused who have no
lawyers. If the accused do not have any lawyer, the court will
appoint us to represent them (IDI-1).
 23

BEBS IINSERT NI SA KADA PARAGRAPH, KADA NAA LAHI NGA INFORMANT,

ITALICIZE ONLY THE BISAYA WORDS SA STATEMENT SA IMONG INFORMANTS

(This statement is affirmed by Informant 8 saying: )

It has an impact in some way because I think you also heard

in the news that there are numbers of legal practitioners
whose lives has been lost as in live of their duty. As
defendants of the accused or prosecutors of those who
committed the offenses. So yes, it has an impact in us legal
practitioners (IDI-2).

BEBS IINSERT NI SA KADA PARAGRAPH, KADA NAA LAHI NGA INFORMANT,

ITALICIZE ONLY THE BISAYA WORDS SA STATEMENT SA IMONG INFORMANTS
(With Informant 8, he further said that: )

Some of us were even or some of the lawyers were even

afraid of this EJK because we don't know or we don't know
the basis or their target is of course you can be also
considered or maybe damaged maybe become collateral
damage because for example we go to court and we are
representing this drug suspect and this suspect is for example
the target and we are with them so maybe some of us will be
targeted as a protector or a cuddles of drug suspect (IDI-5).

BEBS IINSERT NI SA KADA PARAGRAPH, KADA NAA LAHI NGA

INFORMANT, ITALICIZE ONLY THE BISAYA WORDS SA STATEMENT
SA IMONG INFORMANTS ( This was also agreed by Informant 8
stating, )

It tremendously affects our life in a way of kind of scared

that anytime this people might kill you. You never knew
who you've been dealing to. In general, as a lawyer it's really
scaring because security sense is not there (IDI-7).

2. Afraid to handle cases. The informants are afraid to handle

cases because of the incident involving other legal practitioners to be

 24

assassinated which allegedly involved in drug cases. we come up with this

theme based on the informants answers.

BEBS IINSERT NI SA KADA PARAGRAPH, KADA NAA LAHI NGA INFORMANT,

ITALICIZE ONLY THE BISAYA WORDS SA STATEMENT SA IMONG INFORMANTS (

According to informant 9, he state that: )

As I can say, we lawyers are just doing our job we are just
enduring that the accused must be given the chance to be
heard to be represented in court but because of this EJK some
of us are afraid that we may tagged or considered as
protectors of those Person's that are involved in illegal drugs
so (*Hadlok sad mi uy*) there was a point that after the
ambush of the late Attorney Ungab even me I am very much
vigilant of my surroundings especially when I ride home and
some motorcycles who are riden by two persons will pass by
me or stop beside the car (*mura sag naay trauma ba, di ba
kaha ni sila kuan riding in tandem basig maapil ta ani*) I
have fear (*maapil palan ta, wa biya mi choice because as a
Public Attorney we cannot choose our cases so if this person
will go to you and asked for your help then you cannot deny
them especially in this criminal cases involving illegal drugs
but fortunately our cases only involve those minor players
not those drug lords so (*makafeel ra gihapon mi nga safe
gihapon mi kay dili mani dinagko amoa cases kana ramang
street level pushers (IDI-5).

BEBS IINSERT NI SA KADA PARAGRAPH, KADA NAA LAHI NGA INFORMANT,

ITALICIZE ONLY THE BISAYA WORDS SA STATEMENT SA IMONG INFORMANTS

(This statement is affirmed by Informant 8 saying: )

Yes, I've heard that there are some lawyers will not handle
drug cases and it's really true, like there is one prominent
lawyer before he handle drug cases but when Atty. Ungab he
disposed all drug cases but we are still handling drug cases
but not the bid one's, so of course we are affected in other
parties they reduced their cases but our cases are being added
if they don't handle drug cases other attorneys will be added
more cases (IDI-10).
 25

Analysis of Data

Guided by the research design, this study used Colaizzi’s method on

analyzing the data gathered by the researchers. The analysis was pursued on

the gathered data where significant statements were extracted, core meanings

were formulated, cluster themes were developed and themes were categorized

into emergent themes. Each theme is expounded on the basis of the description

of the informants on their perspectives or may be on their experiences in

regards to the murders and homicide cases in Cebu City. The elucidation of

each theme us related to anchor the supporting theories utilized in this study.

This study is mainly anchored on the following theories namely: Social

Control Theory by Travis Hirschi (1969), General Crime Theory by Michael

Gottfredson (1990), and Differential Association Theory by Edwin Sutherland

(1939). The Social Control Theory by Travis Hirschi states that this control

approach to a apprehending crime is one the three significant sociological

perspectives in contemporary criminology. Social control theory assumes that

people knows the advantages of crime and have the abilities of inventing and

executing all types of criminal acts on the spot-without special incentive or

prior training. It assumes that the urge to commit crime is withstanded because

of the caused associated with such behavior it assumes progress taht a primary
 26

caused of crime is the disapprovation of the people about whom the potential

offender cares.

This is further supported by General Crime Theory by Michael

Gottfredson, he emphasized the importance of "indirect control" which allows

parents to have a "psychological presence" when youths are not under their

surveillance, additionally, this theory contained four elements of control:

attachment, commitment, involvement, and beliefs. They offer self-control

theory as a generalized theory that explains all individual differences in the

"propensity" to refrain from or to commit crime, which they point out includes

all acts of crime and deviance at all ages, and circumstances.

This is further supported by Differential Association Theory by Edwin

Sutherland, the theory which would have the same characteristics as other

scientific theories, namely, that "the conditions which are said to cause crime

should be present when crime is present, and they should be absent when

crime is absent. "Sutherland recognized that while some types of crime are

more prevalent in minority communities, many individuals in those

communities are law-abiding. The current statement of the theory of

differential association holds, in essence, that "criminal behavior is learned in

interaction with persons in a pattern of communication," and that the specific

direction of motives, criminality- is learned from persons who defined the

 27

codes as rules to be observe and from persons whose attitudes are favorable

to violation of legal codes.

I. Views of the informants on the occurrence of killings in Cebu

City

1. Speculative and Opinionated. (one or two paragraph

explanation bebs based sa answers)

2. Protecting their Personality. (one or two paragraph

explanation bebs based sa answers)

II. Insights of the informants in the handling by the police

authorities of the investigation of murder and homicide incidents

1. Investigative Factors. (one or two paragraph explanation bebs

based sa answers)

2. Competent in the Job. (one or two paragraph explanation bebs

based sa answers)
 28

III. State of killing affect the rule of law as viewed by the

informants

1. Disrespect the law. (one or two paragraph explanation bebs

based sa answers)

IV. Impact of state of killings have on the lives of the informants

and of the members of the legal community

1. Security at Risk. (one or two paragraph explanation bebs based

sa answers)

2. Afraid to handle cases. (one or two paragraph explanation

bebs based sa answers)

 29

CHAPTER 3

SUMMARY, FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS

This chapter presents the summary, finding and implications. The

summary is composed of the main problem and sub-problem and

methodology while the findings present the results derived from raw

information. The implications extricate the recommendations for practice and

future studies.

Summary

The study delved into the views of the legal practitioners on the rising

toll of killings in Cebu City.

Specifically, this study sought answers to the following sub-questions:

1. What are the views of the informants on the occurrence of killings in

Cebu City?

2. What are the insights of the informants in the handling by the police

authorities of the investigation of murder and homicide incidents?

3. How does the state of killings affect the rule of law as viewed by the

informants?
 30

4. What impact does the state of killings have on the lives of the

informants and of the members of the legal community?

The study employed a qualitative research using phenomenological

approach using an interview guide in delving into the Murders and Homicides

in the minds of Legal Practitioners in Cebu City.

This study will be conducted in Cebu City North District. The

researcher is conducting the research in the Legal Practitioners.

There will be ten (10) participants, which is five (5) public lawyers and

five (5) private lawyers in the located area. The survey questionnaire will be

distributed to some Lawyers in Cebu City.

This research will consist of an individual discussion. The instruments

that will be use are interview guide and recorder. The interview guide serves

as a pattern of the researcher and serves as primary basis for extracting

information from the participant of the study while the recorder will serve as

secondary tool if in case that the researcher can’t write all the information that

will be given to him by the participant.

The procedures of this study will be carried out through asking

permission to the participants and ask them to sign the Informed Consent for

an approval of the participants to be interviewed. And the researchers as will

used a voice recorder but before the interview, the respondent informed the
 31

participants and at the same time the researchers also used a diary and sign by

the participants.

We collected the data from and an interview with the use of a voice

recorder. Before the interview, we gave the interviewee an informed consent

form to explain the purpose and confidentiality of the interview. The

researchers personally administered the distribution and retrieval of the

consent forms from the respondent. The gathered data were processed and

transcribed into texts.

The data will be gathered during the in-depth interview guide will be

subject to the hermeneutical interpretation. The hermeneutical interpretation

moves forward and backward starting from the present through the rigorous

interaction and understanding of the phenomena is uncovered.

In compliance with the research ethics protocol, we obtained an

Informed Consent from the informants stipulating their awareness to the

purposes of the study, their agreement to participate as informants, their

freedom not to answer if they feel uncomfortable with the questions, the

welfare which may receive from the study and the confidentiality.
 32

Findings

After meticulously scrutinizing and analyzing the responses of the

informants, we have created themes that addressed the sub-problems.

BASEHI AND PRESENTATION OF DATA NINYO BEBS (SAYOP

NI SYA, PLEASE EDIT) For experience of the informants, We created two

categories namely; Negative experience and Positive experience. For the

Negative experience, we created seven themes, namely; Negative Insights,

Inefficient in the Job, Factors relating to investigations, Lack of evidences,

Disrespect the Law, Negativity of Mindsets, Afraid to handle cases. For the

Positive experience, we created four themes, namely; Speculating of Event,

Awareness to Incidents, Unsure of Justification, Strengthening the Opinions.

Implication of the Study

Implications for Practice

This study has gathered ample data from the actual interview within the

views of the Legal Practitioners about Murders and Homicides in Cebu City.

From the salient points of interest, I have come up some vital suggestions and

recommendation to the concerned individuals or entities.

First, there shall be a seminar on how to deal with laws nowadays. This

would be initiated by the Department of Justice to be coordinated by the PNP,

 33

and DILG. The objective of the program is to encourage cooperation of the

community to know much more about the laws in our country. They need to

show cooperation by attending forums and awareness program initiated by the

government and other concerned agencies of the government.

In addition, there is a need to address Law Enforcer’s behavior through

more effective law enforcement and through legal, social and economic

reforms that will cause them to reassess the economic benefits of pursuing this

strategy.

Second, as the primary department tasked to arrest the violators, the

Philippine National Police, should take in revising policy strategies in

handling hot pursuit persons properly. Highly trained Law Enforcers should

concentrate on the arrest of drug suspects.

Third, there should be a comprehensive evaluation and revision of the

existing programs of the government or people's organization in dealing with

victims of killings in our country. Each department of the government that

offers support program for the victims and their families must assess the

effectiveness of their programs as regards support to the victims. The revision,

if warranted, should carry allocations to sustain the programs.

Implications for Future Studies

 34

To fill some gaps and areas that are now covered by this research, I

hereby recommend the following topics for future topics for future researches:

First, we recommend that an in-depth study be conducted on the impact

of cultural competency of the law enforcers in Cebu City or in other places as

one important quality in the enforcement of extra judicial killings in Cebu

City. This may unravel how cultural competency plays a role in the

enforcement of extra judicial killings and other allied laws.

Second, we recommend that a study be made on the lived experience

of law enforcers engaged in implementing the law against eMurders and

Homicides in person will supplement the present study. This study may

unlock some of the areas that are needed in the proper support and protection

of the victims of Murders and Homicides because the data will be first hand

data coming from the victims of Murders and Homicides. In addition, this

future study may unravel some issues in the detection and investigation of

extra judicial killings cases.

Third, we recommend that the topic or subject about Murders and

Homicides or related topics about Murders and Homicides will be discussed

and be explained in every education attainment and shall be part of the

research topics.
35
 36

REFERENCES

BOOKS

Miller F. P. (2010), MS Crim, Ed.D., Jesster P. Eduardo, MS Crim.

First Edition: Essentials of Criminology

Electronic Sources

Hirschi T. : Social Control Theory retrieved from https://bit.ly/2B4w0ih

Marx K. : Conflict Theory retrieved from https://bit.ly/2MHNMcn

Russell Margaret M.: Progressive Legal Theory and Practice

Sutherland, E. H.: Differential Association Theory retrieved from

https://bit.ly/2MF67Hl

Journals

CNN Philippines : Human Rights Groups urges Pres. Duterte to stop killing”
retrieved from https://bit.ly/2vMTcfV

Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990): A general theory of crime.

Stanford: Stanford UniversityPress.

Hirschi, T., & Gottfredson, M. R. (2008). Critiquing the critics: The authors
respond. In E. Goode(Ed.), Out of control: Assessing the general
theory of crime (pp. 217–231). Stanford: StanfordUniversity Press.

Philstar Global: Human Rights Advocates urge Duterte to stop EJK”

retrieved from https://bit.ly/2vLBpFQ

Philstar Global: Human Rights Advocates urge Duterte to stop EJK”

retrieved from https://bit.ly/2vLBpFQ

Sunstar : Probes 89 EJK retrieved from: https://bit.ly/20wJR7a

 37

Testing the core empirical implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general

theory of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency,30, 5–
29.Hirschi, T., & Gottfredson, M. R. (1986). The distinction between
crime and criminality. In T.F. Hartnagel & R. A. Silverman (Eds.),
Critique and explanation: Essays in honor Of Gwynne
 38

University of Cebu Research Office

(032) 255 – 7777 local 183

Appendix A

INFORMED CONSENT FORM

This informed consent form is for the Legal Practitioners. We are inviting

them to participate in research entitled “Cebu City Murders and Homicides

in the Minds of Legal Practitioners”

Principal Investigator : Jian B. Rio

Jane T. Gabutero

Milbeth Rikka C. Sayson

Name of University of Cebu – Main

Organization

: College of Criminal Justice

Adviser : Atty. Rhyan John Pagaran

 39

Part I: Information Sheet

Introduction

We are student researchers from the College of Criminal Justice of the

University of Cebu-Main. We are doing research on the topic of Cebu City

Murders and Homicides in the Minds of Legal Practitioners. We are going to

give you information and invite you to be part of this research. You do not

have to decide today whether or not you will participate in the research. Before

you decide, you can talk to anyone you feel comfortable with about the

research.

This consent from may contain words that you do not understand.

Please ask me to stop as we go through the information and I will take the

time to explain. If you have questions later, you can ask them of me or another

researcher.

Purpose of the research

To gain more knowledge about the killings in the Cebu City.

Type of Research Intervention

 40

This research will involve your participation in an interview that will

take about take only a few minutes.

Participant Selection

You are being invited to take part in this research because you are a

person that can contribute much to our understanding and knowledge of our

study.

Voluntary Participation

Your participation in this research is entirely voluntary. It is your choice

whether to participate or not. If you choose not to participate, we will

respectfully honor it.

Procedures

You will be asked some questions and you will answer it. We will be

pleased if you answer the questions and we will guarantee you that your

answer will be confidential.

Duration

The interview may only take a few minutes and we will be pleasured to

know your side.

 41

Risks

The interview may be too sensitive and may have some sensitive

questions and answers.

Benefits

The benefits are for the people in the community asking questions about

the killings happening in Cebu City North District.

Reimbursements

The gain knowledge of each interviewee and will send the message for

the good of all.

Confidentiality

The research and interviewee’s answer will be confidential and will

only be presented to the panels.

Part II: Certificate of Consent

I have been invited you to participate in research about inCebu City

Murders and Homicides in the Minds of Legal Practitioners. You need to read

the foregoing information, or it has been read to me. I have the opportunity to
 42

ask questions about it and any questions I have been asked have been

answered to my satisfaction. I consent voluntarily to participate in this study.

Participant’s Signature:

Date:
 43

Appendix B

University of Cebu

Cebu City

INTERVIEW GUIDE& VALIDATION OF INTERVIEW

“MURDERS AND HOMICIDE IN THE MINDS

OF THE LEGAL PRACTITIONERS”

Introduction:

We are the student researchers from the College of Criminal Justice of

the University of Cebu-Main. We are doing research on the views of legal

practitioners on the murders and homicides that are allegedly purported state

killings in the Philippines, particularly in Cebu City. We would be truly

grateful if you would consent in the participation of this research as an

informant. The purpose of this is to get your views as a legal practitioner. You

do not have to decide today whether or not you will participate in the research.

Before you decide, you can talk to anyone you feel comfortable with about

the research.
 44

Preliminary questions:

1. How long have you been in the legal profession?

2. Are you in the active practice of law?

PART I: Views of the informants on the occurrence of killings in Cebu City?

1. Can you state how aware are you with the series of killings in Cebu

City?

2. What can you say about these series of killings that happened in

Cebu City?

3. In your personal belief, based from what you have observed and

learned, do you think that these series of killings were inspired by

the President Duterte’s previous statements that he will kill those

who are involved in drugs?

4. Based from your observation, will you express your thoughts if the

war on drugs has something to do or has connection to the series of

killings that happened in Cebu City?

5. The recent statement of President Duterte that his only sin is “the

extra-judicial killings”, can you explain whether such statement has

 45

fortified or strengthened the public opinion that the occurrence of

killings of drugs personalities anywhere in the Philippine,

particularly in Cebu City, is state-initiated?

PART II: Insights of the informants in the handling by the police authorities

of the investigation of murder and homicide incidents?

1. There is a report from the media that in Cebu City, there are many

deaths that were reported to be drug-related but were not solved by

the police, meaning, the investigation did not lead to identification

of suspects. As a legal practitioner, what can say about how efficient

the police handle the investigation of deaths in Cebu City?

2. As you observed and probably experienced when you handle cases,

can you describe the competence of the police in handling the

murders and homicide incidents in Cebu City?

3. Can you elucidate/explain from your point of view as a legal

practitioner what factors highly affect the police handling in the

investigation of deaths in Cebu City?

PART III: Effect of the state of killings on the rule of law as viewed by the

informants?
 46

1. The series of killings in Cebu City from 2016 until at present is

rising, will you please describe the effects of this state of killings to

the rule of law?

2. In your experience as legal practitioner, do you consider these series

of killings as an insult/affront to the rule of law?

PART IV: Impact of the state of killings on the lives of the informants and of

the members of the legal community?

1. As a legal practitioners, can you describe how this state of killings

in Cebu City affect your life as legal practitioners or the lives of

other legal practitioners?

2. In so far as your practice or your being a lawyer, do you believe that

the state of killings has affected your practice or those others who

are actively in the legal practice?

47
48
 49

APPENDIX C
 50

LOCATION MAP

MAP OF THE RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT

(Public Attorney’s Office, Osmeña Blvd. Cebu City)

 51

MAP OF THE RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT

(Cebu Provincial, Capitol, Cebu City)

 52

MAP OF THE RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT

(Keppel Tower, Ayala, Cebu City)

 53

APPENDIX D

SAMPLE VERIFICATION FORM OF TRANSCRIPT

Interview Guide Questioners

University of Cebu Research Office

(032) 255 - 7777 local 183

Informant # 7- IDI

Introductory questions for the informants:

Preliminary questions:

How long have you been in the legal profession?

Answer:

12 years

Are you in the active practice of law?

Answer:

Yes
 54

PART I: Views of the informants on the occurrence of killings in Cebu City?

1. Can you state how aware are you with the series of killings in Cebu

City?

Answer:

Very aware

2. What can you say about these series of killings that happened in Cebu

City?

Answer:

In what aspect/manner. The question is general. The killings in

Cebu is so sad and so frustrating and heart breaking.

3. In your personal belief, based from what you have observed and

learned, do you think that these series of killings were inspired by the

President Duterte’s previous statements that he will kill those who are

involved in drugs?

Answer:

Maybe, maybe not. But you know coming out from the mouth of the

President it must be believable otherwise if you will, again give the media

interview or telling the media is taking in that manner we can say it's not
 55

serious about it otherwise in my personally opinion the way be delivers it.

Maybe, I don't know. I cannot definitely say cause were not there when it

happens.

4. Based from your observation, will you express your thoughts if the war

on drugs has something to do or has connection to the series of killings

that happened in Cebu City?

Answer:

Express in what manner? Should I be vocal about it? Maybe vocal

about it? It depends who is asking. As a prosecutor whatever you will say it

would be used against you. We should be responsible enough to preserve the

integrity of the office. The integrity of ourselves and also to preserve our

neutrality as a government officer. So it's just like that complicated.

5. The recent statement of President Duterte that his only sin is “the extra-

judicial killings”, can you explain whether such statement has fortified

or strengthened the public opinion that the occurrence of killings of

drugs personalities anywhere in the Philippine, particularly in Cebu

City, is state-initiated?
 56

Answer:

I think it has fortified and it has strengthened because as a President

you are not there to joke about specially EJK it is something we can't joke.

This is something that. we should just took it over with a cup of coffee. This is

a series situation. It deals with lives. So for me it is being fortified a

strengthened the doubt of people that Duterte has something to do with the

killings, cause otherwise why would he say that on public and in the eyes of

international media and then later on you will withdraw or you will say that

you're just joking and it should not be taken seriously you're occupying the

seat of the President and you think you can just say that don't take me

seriously.

PART II: Insights of the informants in the handling by the police authorities

of the investigation of murder and homicide incidents?

1. There is a report from the media that in Cebu City, there are many

deaths that were reported to be drug-related but were not solved by the

police, meaning, the investigation did not lead to identification of

 57

suspects. As a legal practitioner, what can say about how efficient the

police handle the investigation of deaths in Cebu City?

Answer:

Deaths pertaining to the alleged EJK how efficient are they. Nothing is

being served. Was they? Was there one? There's no one. They will just say

"UNIDENTIFIED VICTIM" So how efficient? Rate 1-10, I can't say 1

because nothing has been solved.

2. As you observed and probably experienced when you handle cases, can

you describe the competence of the police in handling the murders and

homicide incidents in Cebu City?

Answer:

Homicide and Murder filled in court there is already a complainant

and witness. Somebody has seen that A killed B, so in terms of Muders and

Homicide that have been filed in court, they are efficient in the manner of

when you say M & H the Police personally didn't know what happen because

they're not there. They have not witness to the commission of crime. It's just

that they're investigating and there is a witness in which they are able to

procure to sit on the witness stand and able to say that he saw the killing. On
 58

that aspect they're competent because it can't be filed in court, if you don't

have eye witness/competent witness. It can establish probable cause.

3. Can you elucidate/explain from your point of view as a legal

practitioner what factors highly affect the police handling in the

investigation of deaths in Cebu City?

Answer:

None cooperation of the witnesses. The witnesses themselves are afraid

to tell what they have been seen. The police can't just invent stories just to

close the case.

PART III: Effect of the state of killings on the rule of law as viewed by the

informants?

1. The series of killings in Cebu City from 2016 until at present is rising,

will you please describe the effects of this state of killings to the rule of

law?

Answer:

They are putting the law on their hands, so when you say rule of law?

Its not there anymore.

 59

2. In your experience as legal practitioner, do you consider these series of

killings as an insult/affront to the rule of law?

Answer:

Of course, it is an insult. Was there an any initial stage pertaining to

investigations. The only case I knew was resolved is about the Japanese killed

in Mambaling. Other than that? Nothing.

PART IV: Impact of the state of killings on the lives of the informants and of

the members of the legal community?

1. As a legal practitioners, can you describe how this state of killings

in Cebu City affect your life as legal practitioners or the lives of

other legal practitioners?

Answer:

It tremendously affect our life in a way of kinda scared that

anytime this people might kill you. You never knew who you've been
 60

dealing to. In general, as a lawyer it's really scaring because

security sense is not there.

2. In so far as your practice or your being a lawyer, do you believe that

the state of killings has affected your practice or those others who

are actively in the legal practice?

Answer:

Affected? We have no choice. This is our job or "SINUMPAANG

TUNGKULIN" so we have to move on and live a normal life. We can't do

anything just pray at night because when we over react it would cause us

anxiety and in state of being scared of the things or case we handle.

 61

APPENDIX E

FORMULATION OF CORE MEANINGS

Formulated Meaning
Part I. Views of the informants on the occurrence of killings in Cebu City?
1.1 Can you state how aware are you with the series of killings in Cebu City?

Only heard about them in the news. (IDI1) The informant just heard it on the news. (FM1)

I am not really that familiar of the exalt statistics The informant was not that familiar of the exact
but I know that there are killing incidents going statistics that there is rising of killings in the city
on. (IDI2) but He knows that there are killing incidents
happens.(FM2)
I am aware because I am reading it in the news
everyday so there are lot of killings starting last The informant is aware of the state of killings in
July or I mean last February Atty. Ungab, Atty. Cebu City because he read it on newspapers and
Solima then the PDEA Agents, one was saw it on TV and they are afraid of being
ambushed near in Capitol the other one is in branded also as Drug Personalities or Protectors
Carcar and then several other people in Talisay like Atty. Ungab and Atty. Solima. (FM3)
and also in Lapu-Lapu were killed last week
during the one time big time operation and The informant says that the knowledge of
yesterday at 3AM there are 5 new person killed killings is inspired by President Duterte is
in Brgy. Ermita.(IDI3) limited to newspaper and third person’s gossip.
(FM4)
Knowledge is limited to newspaper and third
person's gossip.(IDI4) The informant is aware of the killings through
reading of daily issued newspapers. (FM5)
I am aware through the news paper.(IDI9)
1.2 What can you say about these series of killings that happened in Cebu City?

Like I said, it is alarming because it shows a lack The informant is quite scared of people
of respect in the rule of law and the nowadays disrespect the justice of law. (FM1)
government.(IDI2)
The informant says Cebu would be a dangerous
Well, it make Cebu a dangerous place to live, place to live in the near future. People will be
because of the killings. People will have a scared and in fear of going out for the fear of
chillin effect and people will not anymore go out being branded as Drug Personality.(FM2)
of their residence and fly for fear of being
branded as a Drug Personality etc.(IDI3) The informant says that killings nowadays are
much rampant today than the last few years.
More rampant than previous year.(IDI4) (FM3)

In what aspect/manner. The question is general. The informant says that the killings in Cebu
The killing’s in Cebu is so sad and so frustrating nowadays is very frustrating and heart breaking
and heart breaking. (IDI7) because not only those offenders who will get
killed but also the innocent ones. (FM4)
 62

All I can say is that the killings in Cebu City is The informant is very frustrate because of the
(*mura siyag nagka daghan everyday*) like the numbers of killings in Cebu is rising.(FM5)
numbers are filling up. (IDI10)
1.3In your personal belief, based from what you have observed and learned, do you think that
these series of killings were inspired by the President Duterte’s previous statements that he
will kill those who are involved in drugs?

Speculative, we never really know. I don't think The informant says that the accusations are just
we will even get to the bottom of all this. These speculative and opinionated. (FM1)
are the kinds of crimes that do not get
solved.(IDI1) The informant can’t say comment to the question
that the killings’ happening today is inspired by
I cannot make any comment on that. I invoke President Duterte. (FM2)
my right again self incrimination.(IDI2)

As a legal practitioner, we cannot speculate The informant says they can’t speculate that the
some killings were motivated by seasons, some killings are motivated by President Duterte’s
killings are motivated by some factors. We Administrations, some killings are motivated in
cannot attribute to the President so we cannot some factors and we can’t blame it to the
speculate on that matter. This killings are still President.(FM3)
under investigation and we cannot speculate as
to the results of investigation. We will let the
Police answer that. (IDI3)

There is no evidence to link it with the President.

(IDI4)
The informant says that they have no evidence to
I cannot say that President has a hand in this link that the killings are inspired by President
killings but to some extent especially the law Duterte. (FM4)
enforcement officers where backed by the
president as according to him he would protect
any of those law enforcers who might as may The informant can’t say that the President is the
able to kill in their operations so to some extent
master mind of all killings happening in our
there is an influence but there is no directing to
country today. But some law enforcers are being
the President. (IDI5) protected by the President to do and is
authorized to kill person with the help of our
Laws. (FM5)
1.4 . Based from your observation, will you express your thoughts if the war on drugs has
something to do or has connection to the series of killings that happened in Cebu City?

The one of the programs of the President before The informant says that one of the programs of
or platform before he was as a President is the the President during his Political Campaign is
curving of illegal drugs so I think this that he will kill those who uses drugs, so the
extrajudicial killings is somewhat as the result of killings today may be the result of the said
those or part of the program of our campaign of President Duterte. (FM1)
President.(IDI5)

Well, What I know of is from the news reports

that there are killings that have been admitted by
the police authorities to have transpired in
 63

relation to operations pertaining the drug war so The informant says that some Law enforcers
yes. The answer would be yes.(IDI6) admitted that they have the rights to kill person
due to the order of the President. (FM2)
Yes thats what I told you a while ago the war on
drugs provoked the killings, but it cannot be
ascertain as to who's side it was really initiated The informant says that the killings nowadays
but it's more on the government side.(IDI8) are inspired by the War on Drugs of President
Duterte and it is not just a simple killing but
Probably.(IDI9) more on the government side.. (FM3)

Yes, drugs? Yes.(IDI10) The informant says Probably to the question that
the killings were inspired by President Duterte.
(FM4)

The informant says that the killings were being

inspired on the War on Drugs. (FM5)
1.5 The recent statement of President Duterte that his only sin is “the extra-judicial killings”, can
you explain whether such statement has fortified or strengthened the public opinion that the
occurrence of killings of drugs personalities anywhere in the Philippine, particularly in Cebu City,
is state-initiated?

Could be, but we can only speculate.(IDI1) The informant says that it could be or it could be
not. It’s just a mere speculation that President
I would not want to comment on that. (IDI2) Duterte is the master mind of all killings. (FM1)

The informant didn’t say anything. (FM2)

It could be, it could be not. So The informant says it’s just a mere speculation.
speculative.(IDI3) (FM3)

The informant says that he/she has no personal

I have no personal knowledge as to the opinion knowledge of the killings is state initiated.
of the public, but if I were to be ask if I share the (FM4)
same opinion. I don't think it is state initiated as
there is no proof that it is.(IDI4)

Part II. Insights of the informants in the handling by the police authorities of the investigation of
murder and homicide incidents?
2.1. There is a report from the media that in Cebu City, there are many deaths that were
reported to be drug-related but were not solved by the police, meaning, the investigation did
not lead to identification of suspects. As a legal practitioner, what can say about how efficient
the police handle the investigation of deaths in Cebu City?

First of all the Police were actually the one who The informant says that the Law Enforcers are
task by the President to curve the illegal drugs so the one who is tasked by the President to kill
if there are EJK involving illegal drugs I think persons involving drugs but we can’t say it’s
that the Police Officers who also investigating bias because the Law Enforcers has their own
the killings has no I could say or the ( *mura investigation towards that certain person that is
ganig kanang di ta maka ingon nga murag naay one of their hot pursuit..(FM1)
 64

bias ba* ) because in the first place they are the

one's who are in forcing the mandate of the
President to curve the illegal drugs and at the
same time they are also the one's who are
conducting the investigation of this killings.
(IDI5)

Deaths pertaining to the alleged EJK

(extrajudicial killings) how efficient are they.
Nothing is being served. Was they? Was there The informant says that the deaths by the alleged
one? There's no one. They will just say Extra Judicial Killings are not efficient because
"UNIDENTIFIED VICTIM" So how efficient? nothing is being served. The Law Enforcers just
Rate 1-10, I can't say 1 because nothing has been mark them an UNIDENTIFIED VICTIMS.
solved. (IDI7) She/He says he can’t rate it also because even in
the Rate of 1 He /She can’t give because again
This is a kind of inefficiency in their behalf nothing is being served. (FM2)
considering that there are so many cases that the
police unsolved in fact the suspects were not The informant says that it is one of inefficiency
brought to Justice. (IDI8) of the Law Enforcers to think that there are so
many cases unsolved. (FM3)

So, I know that the police are efficient but were

only as good as our evidence so if there is no The informant says that the Law Enforcers are
evidence then that’s it, we cannot create the efficient but only when they filed the cases on
evidence. The evidence are can be gathered but court with lots of evidence but other than that is
we cannot create. (IDI10) they’re inefficient. (FM4)
2.2 As you observed and probably experienced when you handle cases, can you describe the
competence of the police in handling the murders and homicide incidents in Cebu City?

Usually the Police Officers participation is only The informant says that usually the Law
the arrest of suspected persons but they don't Enforcer’s participation is only during the arrest
have any personal knowledge as to who are the of suspected persons but they don’t have the
real culprits behind it so they have to rely on the personal knowledge about who is the real culprit.
presence and absence of eye witnesses to this (FM1)
incidents. So if an eye witness suffices then it
would have solved the case but if no witness
appears before them that would be a difficult
task of the Police Officer to solve the killing
incidents.(IDI2)

Well to be honest, some of the police officer's

are not competent in testifying in court they The informant says that the Law Enforcers are
would have the habit of writing affidavit of not competent in testifying in court as to they’re
arrest which are not true or not base on truth. So bad habit of writing affidavit of arrest which is
that would lead to the dismissal of cases the basis of judgment. (FM2)
specially during cross examination. They were
caught within the lie.(IDI3)

Police are competent, but in most cases, it is the The informant was saying that the Law
witness who personal saw the crime who can Enforcers are competent on handling cases as for
 65

effectively testify. Police testimony is limited to they saw it. Law Enforcer’s testimony is limited
the arrest of the accused after the commission of to the arrest of the accused.(FM3)
the crime. As to their testimony they are
effective.(IDI4)

Police Officers we know that they are trained, The informant says that the Police Officers are
they have seminars and even during the time of well trained and they had gone through a lot of
their college they have training in the conducting seminars and for that they are competent and
of investigation but unfortunately someone is because they are dictated by the higher of them
somewhat dictating them what to do or they became incompetent. (FM4)
influencing them. (IDI5)
2.3 Can you elucidate/explain from your point of view as a legal practitioner what factors
highly affect the police handling in the investigation of deaths in Cebu City?

Only the police can answer this what The informant is saying that the Law Enforcers
factor.(IDI3) can answer with the factors affecting the killings.
(FM1)

I don't have personal knowledge on how the The informant says he/she has no personal
police officer conduct their investigation in knowledge on how the Law Enforcer’s conduct
actual setting. And I don't have any knowledge their own investigations. (FM2)
as to what factors that may affect their
investigation. (IDI4)

Again they influenced by some Officer's or The informant says that the incompetency of the
Official's that are higher than them, I think that Law Enforcers is being influenced by their some
it greatly affect their investigation involving this higher officers. It can greatly affect the
EJK.(IDI5) investigation involving EJK.(FM3)

Accountability and knowledge about of what

they are supposed to be function as police or law The informant says that the knowledge and
enforcers. (IDI6) accountability about of what they are supposed
to be functions. (FM4)
None cooperation of the witnesses. The
witnesses themselves are afraid to tell what they The informant says the cooperation of witnesses
have been seen. The police can't just invent is the incompetency of the Law enforcers
stories just to close the case. (IDI7) handling criminal cases. (FM5)
Part III. Effect of the state of killings on the rule of law as viewed by the informants?

3.1 The series of killings in Cebu City from 2016 until at present is rising, will you please
describe the effects of this state of killings to the rule of law?
It will send a chilling effect in the people of the The informant says that the rising of killings in
public specially the lawyer's the ordinary citizens our city will put the person living here a chilling
and it degrades the rule of law. (IDI3) effect. (FM1)

Basically, these killings trampled upon the rule

of law because what I have said earlier there The informant says that the killings trampled
should be trial every suspect or every accused upon the rule of law because what I have said
must be given the opportunity to be heard and in earlier there should be trial every suspect or
fact we have no death penalty but because of every accused must be given the opportunity to
these killings those rights that are under our be heard. (FM2)
 66

constitution are eventually stepped down due to

this EJK so it appears you have no right to be
heard anymore because you are immediately
being killed. (IDI5)

The ways on how the killings are carried out

would mean that somehow there would be The informant that the ways on how the killings
erosions. (IDI6) are carried out would mean that somehow there
would be erosions. (FM3)
This has a chilling in the part of people this will
infact affect the kind of government that is being
administered in our country it's not a good The informant says that the rising of killings
picture as can we see in the world, although it is would put a chilling effect on the part of people
a good act or purpose to eliminate drug use but this will put a bad record for the world. (FM4)
to neglect the value of human lives is somehow
unforgivable. (IDI8)

It destroys the rule of law, the state of killings

destroys the rule of law (there should be no
killings) unless in self defense. (IDI9) The informant says that the rising of killings will
destroy the rule of law. (FM5)
The rule of law will not be applicable anymore
because the rule of law will decide if you will be
convicted or acquitted. So if killings, the rule of The informant says that the rule of law today is
law is pointless, it’s pointless because that's why not applicable because the rule of law will
there is the rule of law so that there are hearing decide if you will convict of acquitted. So if the
and then there's are rules that you follow so that killings, the rule of law is pointless because no
you can say that you are guilty but EJK the one one is using it nowadays. The law is in the hands
who will decide is the killer’s but the killer’s of the people. (FM6)
they don't observe the rule of law which they are
just only ask for their job. (IDI10)
3.2 In your experience as legal practitioner, do you consider these series of killings as an
insult/affront to the rule of law?

Yes of course , First of all we don't have death The informant says that in our country we don’t
penalty and even if we have a death penalty you have any death penalty and even if we have
have the opportunity to be heard and after being death penalty it should not be killed right away.
heard the verdict will come in but in this case People has the right to defend themselves and be
there is no hearing there is a what we have now heard in court. (FM1)
is immediate execution. (IDI5)

Very much. (IDI6)

The informant says very much. (FM2)
Of course, it is an insult. Was there an any
initial stage pertaining to investigations. The
only case I knew was resolved is about the The informant says that the killings nowadays is
Japanese killed in Mambaling. Other than that? an insult to the rule of law. (FM3)
Nothing. (IDI7)

Yes, because we must have not to place the law The informant says that the law must not be put
in our own hands law enforcers must have to in the hands of the Law Enforcer’s they must
 67

observe the law, this drug users maybe coddlers, have to observe the law. The offender must not
pushers, sellers must not be killed immediately be killed right away they must be heard and
they must be arrested and bought to Justice. brought to justice. (FM4)
(IDI8)
The informant says Yes of course. (FM5)
Yes, of course.(IDI9)
The informant says it is an insult to the rule of
I can say insult but disregard rather, I can say law. (FM6)
disregard. (IDI10)
Part IV. Impact of the state of killings on the lives of the informants and of the members of the
legal community?
4.1 As a legal practitioners, can you describe how this state of killings in Cebu City affect your
life as legal practitioners or the lives of other legal practitioners?

It has an impact in some way because I think you The informant says that it has an impact that in
also heard in the news that there are numbers of some way because they think there are numbers
legal practitioners whose lives has been lost as in of legal practitioners.. (FM1)
live of their duty. As defendants of the accused
or prosecutors of those who committed the
offenses. So yes, it has an impact in us legal
practitioners. (IDI2)

Well being lawyers, we are prone to being

misunderstood by the police officers especially The informant says that being the lawyers, they
when we conduct cross examination or when we are prone to being misunderstood by the police
ask questions in court. So if this sometimes officers especially when we could cross
when we win in cases which means that the examination or when they ask questions in court.
accuse will be acquired they might think that we (FM2)
are drug protector when in fact we are just doing
our job.(IDI3)

Some of us were even or some of the lawyers

were even afraid of this EJK because we don't
know or we don't know the basis or their target
is of course you can be also considered or maybe
damaged maybe become collateral damage The informant says that some of them were
because for example we go to court and we are afraid of EJK or handling cases like EJK or
representing this drug suspect and this suspect is Drugs. They don’t know who will be the next
for example the target and we are with them so target. This suspect is for example the target and
maybe some of us will be targeted as a protector we are with them so maybe some of us will be
or a cuddles of drug suspect. (IDI5) targeted as a protector or a cuddles of drug
suspect.(FM3)
It tremendously affect our life in a way of kind a
scared that anytime this people might kill you.
You never knew who you've been dealing to. In
general, as a lawyer it's really scaring because
security sense is not there. (IDI7)

As a legal practitioners, I believe we bead to The informant says it tremendously affect their
inculcate I have to inculcate into the minds of life in a way that they are scare of anytime they
 68

the enforcers as a prosecutor that the best way to might be killed. You never know who will your
solve this one is not really to just kill people but dealing in be to. (FM4)
to really arrest in good faith those who really
violating the law especially the law on drugs
violation of RA 9165.
(IDI8) The informant says that a legal practitioners,
they believe that to bead inculcate into the minds
It discourages legal practitioners to defend drug of the Law Enforcers that the prosecutor is the
cases. (IDI9) best way to solve the cases not to kill. (FM5)

The informant says it will discourages the legal

practitioners to defend drug cases. (FM6)
4.2 In so far as your practice or your being a lawyer, do you believe that the state of killings
has affected your practice or those others who are actively in the legal practice?
It has certainly affected the legal practice, as The informant says that it will be affected the
most practitioners are now hesitant in accepting legal practice for as most of legal practitioners
high profile or drug related cases. But it is not are now hesistant in accepting high profile or
the case with us PAO lawyers as we have no drug related cases.. (FM1)
choice but to represent accused who have no
lawyers. If the accused do not have any lawyer,
the court will appoint us to represent them.
(IDI1)

It affected our practice because some private The informant says it would affect their practice
lawyer's are going to withdraw drug cases. Some because some private lawyers are going to
lawyer's would not anymore handle cases or withdraw d rug cases. Some private practitioners
other cases for fear of being branded as a drug will in fear of being branded as drug protectors.
protector.(IDI3) (FM2)

Affected? We have no choice. This is our job or

"SINUMPAANG TUNGKULIN" so we have to The informant says that being affected? They
move on and live a normal life. We can't do don’t have choice for it is their job or a
anything just pray at night because when we PROMISE DUTY. So they have to move on and
over react it would cause us anxiety and in state live a happy life. They won’t be sad they don’t
of being scared of the things or case we handle. over react and being confuse.(FM3)
(IDI7)

Yes, I've heard that there are some lawyers will The informant says they heard it to some of their
not handle drug cases and it's really true, like co lawyers that didn’t accept any more drug
there is one prominent lawyer before he handle cases for they are scared to be killed without a
drug cases but when Atty. Ungab he disposed valid reason because they just helped those
all drug cases but we are still handling drug person who needed their help.(FM4)
cases but not the bid one's, so of course we are
affected in other parties they reduced their cases
but our cases are being added if they don't
handle drug cases other attorneys will be added
more cases. (IDI10)
69
 70

APPENDIX F

DEVELOPMENT OF CLUSTER THEMES

Formulated meaning Cluster Theme

Part I. Views of the informants on the occurrence of killings in Cebu City?
1.1 Can you state how aware are you with the series of killings in Cebu City?

The informant just heard it on the news. (FM1) Awareness to Incidents

The informant was not that familiar of the exact

statistics that there is rising of killings in the Unsure of the Justification
city but He knows that there are killing
incidents happens.(FM2)

The informant is aware of the state of killings in

Cebu City because he read it on newspapers
and saw it on TV and they are afraid of being Negative Aspects
branded also as Drug Personalities or Protectors
like Atty. Ungab and Atty. Solima. (FM3)

The informant says that the knowledge of

killings is inspired by President Duterte is
limited to newspaper and third person’s gossip.
(FM4)
Speculating the Events
The informant is aware of the killings through
reading of daily issued newspapers. (FM5)

Strengthening the Opinions

1.2 What can you say about these series of killings that happened in Cebu City?
The informant is quite scared of people Awareness to Incidents
nowadays disrespect the justice of law. (FM1)

The informant says Cebu would be a dangerous

place to live in the near future. People will be Unsure of Justification
scared and in fear of going out for the fear of
being branded as Drug Personality.(FM2)

The informant says that killings nowadays are

much rampant today than the last few years.
(FM3) Negative Aspects

The informant says that the killings in Cebu

nowadays is very frustrating and heart breaking
Negative Aspects
 71

because not only those offenders who will get

killed but also the innocent ones. (FM4)

The informant is very frustrate because of the

numbers of killings in Cebu is rising.(FM5)
Negative Aspects
1.3In your personal belief, based from what you have observed and learned, do you think
that these series of killings were inspired by the President Duterte’s previous statements
that he will kill those who are involved in drugs?

The informant says that the accusations are just Speculating the Events
speculative and opinionated. (FM1)

The informant can’t say comment to the

question that the killings’ happening today is Unsure of Justification
inspired by President Duterte. (FM2)

The informant says they can’t speculate that the

killings are motivated by President Duterte’s
Administrations, some killings are motivated in Unsure of Justification
some factors and we can’t blame it to the
President.(FM3)

The informant says that they have no evidence

to link that the killings are inspired by President
Duterte. (FM4)
Unsure Justification

The informant can’t say that the President is the

master mind of all killings happening in our
country today. But some law enforcers are
being protected by the President to do and is Unsure Justification
authorized to kill person with the help of our
Laws. (FM5)
1.4.Based from your observation, will you express your thoughts if the war on drugs has
something to do or has connection to the series of killings that happened in Cebu City?

The informant says that one of the programs of Strengthening the Opinions
the President during his Political Campaign is
that he will kill those who uses drugs, so the
killings today may be the result of the said
campaign of President Duterte. (FM1)

The informant says that some Law enforcers

admitted that they have the rights to kill person Strengthening the Opinions
due to the order of the President. (FM2)
 72

The informant says that the killings nowadays

are inspired by the War on Drugs of President
Duterte and it is not just a simple killing but Speculating the Events
more on the government side.. (FM3)

The informant says Probably to the question

that the killings were inspired by President
Duterte. (FM4)
Strengthening the Opinions
The informant says that the killings were being
inspired on the War on Drugs. (FM5)

Speculating the Events

1.5 The recent statement of President Duterte that his only sin is “the extra-judicial killings”, can
you explain whether such statement has fortified or strengthened the public opinion that the
occurrence of killings of drugs personalities anywhere in the Philippine, particularly in Cebu City,
is state-initiated?

The informant says that it could be or it could Speculating the Events

be not. It’s just a mere speculation that
President Duterte is the master mind of all
killings. (FM1)

The informant didn’t say anything. (FM2) Unsure of Justification

The informant says it’s just a mere speculation.

(FM3) Speculating the Events

The informant says that he/she has no personal

knowledge of the killings is state initiated. Unsure of Justification
(FM4)
Part II. Insights of the informants in the handling by the police authorities of the investigation
of murder and homicide incidents?
2.1. There is a report from the media that in Cebu City, there are many deaths that were
reported to be drug-related but were not solved by the police, meaning, the investigation
did not lead to identification of suspects. As a legal practitioner, what can say about how
efficient the police handle the investigation of deaths in Cebu City?

The informant says that the Law Enforcers are Strengthening the Opinions
the one who is tasked by the President to kill
persons involving drugs but we can’t say it’s
bias because the Law Enforcers has their own
investigation towards that certain person that is
one of their hot pursuit. (FM1)

The informant says that the deaths by the

alleged Extra Judicial Killings are not efficient
because nothing is being served. The Law Strengthening the Opinions
Enforcers just mark them an UNIDENTIFIED
 73

VICTIMS. She/He says he can’t rate it also

because even in the Rate of 1 He /She can’t
give because again nothing is being served.
(FM2)

The informant says that it is one of inefficiency

of the Law Enforcers to think that there are so
many cases unsolved. (FM3)
Negative Aspects

The informant says that the Law Enforcers are

efficient but only when they filed the cases on
court with lots of evidence but other than that is
they’re inefficient. (FM4)
Unsure of Justification

2.2 As you observed and probably experienced when you handle cases, can you describe the
competence of the police in handling the murders and homicide incidents in Cebu City?

The informant says that usually the Law

Enforcer’s participation is only during the arrest Factors relating to investigation
of suspected persons but they don’t have the
personal knowledge about who is the real
culprit. (FM1)

The informant says that the Law Enforcers are

not competent in testifying in court as to they’re Inefficiency in the Job
bad habit of writing affidavit of arrest which is
the basis of judgment. (FM2)

The informant was saying that the Law

Enforcers are competent on handling cases as
for they saw it. Law Enforcer’s testimony is
limited to the arrest of the accused.(FM3) Factors relating to investigations

The informant says that the Police Officers are

well trained and they had gone through a lot of
seminars and for that they are competent and
 74

because they are dictated by the higher of them Lack of evidences

they became incompetent. (FM4)

2.3 Can you elucidate/explain from your point of view as a legal practitioner what factors
highly affect the police handling in the investigation of deaths in Cebu City?

The informant is saying that the Law Enforcers Factors relating to investigation
can answer with the factors affecting the
killings. (FM1)

The informant says he/she has no personal Factors relating to investigation

knowledge on how the Law Enforcer’s conduct
their own investigations. (FM2)

The informant says that the incompetency of

the Law Enforcers is being influenced by their Factors relating to investigation
some higher officers. It can greatly affect the
investigation involving EJK.(FM3)

The informant says that the knowledge and

accountability about of what they are supposed
to be functions. (FM4) Inefficient in the Job

The informant says the cooperation of

witnesses is the incompetency of the Law
enforcers handling criminal cases. (FM5)
Inefficient in the Job

Part III. Effect of the state of killings on the rule of law as viewed by the informants?
3.1 The series of killings in Cebu City from 2016 until at present is rising, will you please
describe the effects of this state of killings to the rule of law?

The informant says that the rising of killings in Disrespect to the Law
our city will put the person living here a
chilling effect. (FM1)

Disrespect to the Law

 75

The informant says that the killings trampled

upon the rule of law because what I have said
earlier there should be trial every suspect or
every accused must be given the opportunity to
be heard. (FM2)

The informant that the ways on how the killings Negative Aspects
are carried out would mean that somehow there
would be erosions. (FM3)

The informant says that the rising of killings

would put a chilling effect on the part of people Disrespect to the Law
this will put a bad record for the world. (FM4)

The informant says that the rising of killings

will destroy the rule of law. (FM5)
Disrespect to the Law

The informant says that the rule of law today is

not applicable because the rule of law will
decide if you will convict of acquitted. So if the
killings, the rule of law are pointless because no Disrespect to the Law
one is using it nowadays. The law is in the
hands of the people. (FM6)

3.2 In your experience as legal practitioner, do you consider these series of killings as an
insult/affront to the rule of law?

The informant says that in our country we don’t Disrespect to the Law
have any death penalty and even if we have
death penalty it should not be killed right away.
People has the right to defend themselves and
be heard in court. (FM1)

The informant says very much. (FM2)

 76

Disrespect to the Law

The informant says that the killings nowadays
is an insult to the rule of law. (FM3)

Disrespect to the Law

The informant says that the law must not be put
in the hands of the Law Enforcer’s they must
have to observe the law. The offender must not
be killed right away they must be heard and
brought to justice. (FM4) Disrespect to the Law

The informant says Yes of course. (FM5)

The informant says it is an insult to the rule of

law. (FM6)

Disrespect to the Law

Disrespect to the Law

Part IV. Impact of the state of killings on the lives of the informants and of the members of the
legal community?
4.1 As a legal practitioners, can you describe how this state of killings in Cebu City affect
your life as legal practitioners or the lives of other legal practitioners?

The informant says that it has an impact that in Negativity of Mindset

some way because they think there are numbers
of legal practitioners.. (FM1)

The informant says that being the lawyers, they

are prone to being misunderstood by the police Afraid to handle cases
officers especially when we could cross
examination or when they ask questions in
court. (FM2)

The informant says that some of them were

afraid of EJK or handling cases like EJK or
Drugs. They don’t know who will be the next Afraid to handle cases
target. This suspect is for example the target
and we are with them so maybe some of us will
be targeted as a protector or a cuddles of drug
suspect.(FM3)

The informant says it tremendously affect their

life in a way that they are scare of anytime they
might be killed. You never know who will your
dealing in be to. (FM4) Afraid to handle cases
 77

The informant says that a legal practitioners,

they believe that to bead inculcate into the
minds of the Law Enforcers that the prosecutor
is the best way to solve the cases not to
kill.(FM5) Negativity of Mindsets

The informant says it will discourages the legal

practitioners to defend drug cases. (FM6)

Afraid to handle cases

4.2 In so far as your practice or your being a lawyer, do you believe that the state of killings
has affected your practice or those others who are actively in the legal practice?

The informant says that it will be affected the Afraid to handle cases
legal practice for as most of legal practitioners
are now hesistant in accepting high profile or
drug related cases.. (FM1)

The informant says it would affect their practice

because some private lawyers are going to Afraid to handle cases
withdraw d rug cases. Some private
practitioners will in fear of being branded as
drug protectors. (FM2)

The informant says that being affected? They

don’t have choice for it is their job or a
PROMISE DUTY. So they have to move on Negativity of Mindsets
and live a happy life. They won’t be sad they
don’t over react and being confuse.(FM3)

The informant says they heard it to some of

their co lawyers that didn’t accept any more
drug cases for they are scared to be killed
without a valid reason because they just helped
those person who needed their help.(FM4) Afraid to handle cases
 78

APPENDIX G

DEVELOPMENT OF EMERGENT THEMES

Cluster Theme Emergent Theme

I. Experiences of the informants

IA. Positive Experiences

Awareness to Incidents Speculating the Events

Strengthening the Opinions
IB. Negative Experiences

Unsure of Justification Negative Insights

Inefficient in the Job
Factors relating to Investigation
Lack of Evidences
Disrespect the Law
Negativity of Mindsets
Afraid to handle Cases
 79

APPENDIX G-1

DIAGRAM OF COMMON THEMES

Cebu City Murders

and Homicides in
the Minds of Legal
Practitioners

Views of the Insights of the State of killing Impact of state of

informants on informants in the affect the rule killings have on
the occurrence handling by the of law as the lives of the
police authorities informants and of
of killings in of the
viewed by the the members of
Cebu City investigation of informants the legal
murder and community
homicide

Speculated Investigative Disrespect Security at

and factors the law risk
opinionated

Protecting Competent Afraid to

their in the job handle cases
personality
 80

CURICULUM VITAE

Rio, Jian B.
Cotcoton Sta. Filomena, Alegria, Cebu
09068530466

PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth : July 6, 1998
Age : 19
Place of birth :Kabankalan City, Negros Occidental
Height : 5’7
Father : Jose Binbo Rio
Mother : Angelita Rio
Parents address : Cotcoton Sta. Filomena, Alegria, Cebu
Religion : Roman Catholic
Sex : Male
Civil status : Single
Language/ dialect spoken : Cebuano, English, Tagalog

SKILLS AND INTEREST

*Love to learn Martial Arts
*Playing Video Games
*Good In Physical Activities

TERTIARY Bachelor of Science in Criminology

University of Cebu
Fourth year student at present
SECONDARY
St. Peter Academy of Alegria Inc.
Alegria, Cebu
PRIMARY
Alegria Central School
Alegria Cebu
 81

CURRICULUM VITAE

Gabutero, Jane T.
06 Mountainview Village VillageBasakQuiotPardo, Cebu City
Contact Number: 09994719065

PERSONAL DATA
Date of birth : October 20, 1998
Age : 19
Place of Birth : Chong Hua Hospital, Cebu City
Height : 5’2
Father : Mr. Fernando A. Gabutero
Mother : Mrs. Miriam T. Gabutero
Parent’s Address : #6 Mountainview Village QuiotPardo, Cebu City
Religion : Roman Catholic
Sex : Female
Civil Status : Single
Language/ Dialect Spoken : Cebuano, Tagalog, English

SKILL AND INTEREST

*Loves to sing
*Good in disarming techniques
*Fond in reading and writing

TERTIARY: Bachelor of Science in Criminology

University of Cebu
Cebu City
Fourth Year Student at Present
SECONDARY:
Abellana National School
Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
PRIMARY:
City Central School
 82

CURRICULUM VITAE

Sayson, Milbeth Rikka C.

Sta. Cruz, Ronda, Cebu
09354812676

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth: August 30, 1998

Age: 19
Place of Birth: Cebu City
Height: 5’1
Father: Vivencio M. Sayson
Mother: Samuela C. Sayson
Parent’s Address: Sta.Cruz, Ronda, Cebu
Religion: Roman Catholic
Sex: Female
Civil Status: Single
Language/Dialect Spoken: Cebuano, Tagalog, English

SKILLS AND INTEREST

Playing Volleyball
Loves on reading books

TERTIARY
Bachelor of Science in Criminology
University of Cebu
Cebu City
Fourth-year student at present
SECONDARY
Saint Peter Academy of Alegria, Inc.
Alegria, Cebu
PRIMARY
Sta. Cruz Elementary School
Ronda, Cebu