–

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1. Physical, mental, emotional, socio-cultural, environmental and spiritual are all aspects
pertaining to the dimensions of:

A) Life
B) Well-being
C) Human beings
D) Health

2. “A state of physical, emotional, social and cultural wellbeing of the person across the period of
their life enabling them to achieve their full potential has a human being. This also applies to the
physical, social, emotional and cultural wellbeing of their whole community. It is not merely the
absence of disease, injury or disability” is the definition of health defined by which organisation?

A) Australian Nursing Federation, 2009

B) WHO, 1946
C) WHO, 1998
D) WHO, 2000

3. What is the most modifiable determinant of health?

A) Age
B) Income
C) Education/Health Literacy
D) Environment

4. What makes a healthy community?

A) Intersectoral governments, councils and policies

B) Adequate food, water and shelter
C) Cheap food, shelter, water for all
D) Free health services

5. What is bonding social capital?

A) Sense of achievement where everyone gets along together

B) Fair distribution of society’s benefits, responsibilities and consequences
C) Relationships between groups who are dissimilar in social identity & power
D) Trust and cooperation between groups with similar or social characteristics.

6. Which of the following is not a social determinant of health?

A) Healthy Child Development

B) Access Equity
C) Social Environments
D) Health services, resources
7. Which of the following defines Selective Primary Health Care?

A) Health promotion initiatives aimed at certain groups or specific issues

B) Initial Decisions on managing a health issue
C) Training and limiting illness or injury
D) Health care aimed at the individual

8. Of the following, which is not a PHC principle?

A) Social support networks

B) Intersectoral Collaboration
C) Health promotion
D) Appropriate technology

9. What best describes tertiary prevention?

A) Rehabilitative or restorative actions

B) Training and limiting illness or injury
C) Palliative care
D) Initial decisions on managing a health issue

10. What is the number 1 NHPA?

A) Asthmas
B) Cardiovascular health
C) Cancer Control
D) Obesity

11. Millennium development goals were introduced in 2000 by the World Health Organisation to
be completed by which year?

A) 2016
B) 2020
C) 2009
D) 2015

12. What do SDG’s stand for?

A) Suitable Development Goals

B) Sustainable Development Goals
C) Satisfactory Development Goals
D) Sustainable Development Growth

13. Define Globalisation?

A) World economy working together

B) Integration of world economy through movement of goods
C) Separation of world economy however allowing the movement of goods
D) Integration of world economy
14. What is FIFO?

A) Fly in Fly Out

B) Fly in Fall Over
C) Fight in Flight Out
D) Flight in Flight Out

15. What is Primary Health Care?

A) First point of contact with the health system

B) First episode of care for a patient
C) Care facilitated in hospitals
D) A philosophy and framework for health professionals

16. In a community assessment tool, what is data?

A) Observations, measurements or facts

B) Information, observations and facts
C) Knowledge of specific and timely event or situations
D) A strategy for assessing a community

17. Define ecological fallacy:

A) A risk factor to the ecosystem

B) Risk of misunderstanding individual risk in terms of overall population risk.
C) A risk to the population over the individual.
D) Assessing associations between the socio-ecological aspects of community life and
population health outcomes.

18. What is social justice?

A) Communities share a sense of trust, engagement, participation & sense of belonging.

B) Those that have lower incomes have lower rate of health than those on higher incomes.
C) Harmony between physical, emotional and spiritual health amongst the individual and their
community.
D) Fair distribution of society’s benefits, responsibilities and consequences.

19. What best describes bridging social capital?

A) Relationships between groups who are dissimilar in social identity & power
B) Accumulation of social wealth – wealth that draws people together.
C) Communities and Individuals working together to achieve social capital.
D) Trust and cooperation between groups who are dissimilar in demographic or social
characteristics.

20. Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention in health promotion can also be defined as:

A) Upstream, intermediate, downstream

B) Upstream, midstream, downstream
C) Downhill, intermediate, uphill
D) Uphill, midhill, downhill
21. The Ottawa Charter for health promotion emphasises the:

A) Health promotion and individual responsibility for health

B) Health promotion and community responsibility for health
C) Political, social and economic influences on health
D) Individual and community influences on health

22. What are the 3 stages of the Lewin’s theory of behaviour change?

A) Unfreezing, changing and refreezing

B) Contemplation, action and retraction
C) Critical Thinking, action and withdrawal
D) Unfreezing, inaction and refreezing

23. The NMBA standards are:

A) Code of ethics for practice

B) A code of conduct for nursing and midwifery practice
C) Critical thinking guidelines for practice
D) Boundaries of professional practice

24. The closing the gap strategy aims to improve:

A) Education, housing, school attendance and literacy

B) Literacy, education, income and life expectancy
C) Income, life expectancy, employment and education
D) Child mortality, life expectancy, numeracy, school attendance and employment

25. What is primary care?

A) The first point of contact a person has with the health system
B) First episode of health care that a person receives
C) A philosophy and framework for health professionals
D) Health care specific to the individual

26. Teaching Eilieen on how to prevent falling is an example of which Ottawa Charter Strategy?

A) Developing personal skills

B) Reorienting health services
C) Building public policy
D) Creating supportive environments

27. Which is a characteristic of the ‘new public health’ approach to health promotion?

A) Emphasis on research and treating disease

B) Critical thinking for the treatment of illness and disease
C) Evidence-based practice and reliance on people to change their behaviour
D) Recognition of the social determinants of health
28. Community assessment is about systematically:

A) Determining the number or people visiting a GP or hospital

B) Collecting and analysing information about health education requirements
C) Collecting and analysing health information
D) Determining incidence and prevalence of disease and illness

29. A nurse or midwife caring for an individual and respecting their cultural beliefs and values
exhibits:

A) Cultural Equality
B) Cultural Competence
C) Cultural Sensitivity
D) Cultural Safety

30. Parents and communities becoming more involved to protect adolescents from cyber bullying
is what health promotion as per the Ottawa charter?

A) Strengthen community action

B) Re-orient health services
C) Create supportive environments
D) Building healthy public policies

31. If the Ottawa Charter for health promotion was first developed in 1986, what year was it
anticipated that health for all would be established?

A) 2015
B) 2016
C) 2000
D) 2009

32. Which of the following aspects is not a health promotion as part of the Ottawa Charter?

A) Build healthy public policies

B) Strengthen community action
C) Develop personal skills
D) Healthy community development

33. How many steps of primary health care were established for the Alma Ata 1978 Declaration?

A) 7
B) 8
C) 17
D) 5

34. Define Xenophobia:

A) Abandoning culture
B) Maintaining feelings of superiority about another race or group
C) A social determinant of health equity
D) An aversion to tolerating other cultures
35. Find the missing term: Group stages include Orientation, Accommodation, Operation and ___?

A) Dissimilation
B) Dissolution
C) Linking
D) Evaluation

36. What is a problem-solving group?

A) A group that solves problems

B) Need to embed cultural meanings, ways of knowing, values, worldview and language
C) Interactions between content and process
D) Interdisciplinary groups that work together to solve a problem

37. Which aspect is involved in the Theory of Planned Behaviour (reasoned action) by which
attitudes can predict behaviour?

A) Behavioural Beliefs
B) Normative Beliefs
C) Control Beliefs
D) All of the above

38. What is a therapeutic intervention?

A) Recovery-based intervention
B) Problem-Solving intervention
C) Solution-focused intervention
D) Community Empowerment

39. “Whoever the family says it is” is a term used to described family by who?

A) Moley 2009:1
B) ABS, 2011
C) Wright & Leahy, 1987
D) Wright & Leahy, 2013

40. “Two or more people that are related by blood, marriage (registered or defacto), adoption,
step or fostering, and who usually live together in the same household. This includes newlyweds
without children, gay partners, couples with dependants, singles mums or dads with children,
siblings living together, and many other variations, at least one person in the family must be over
15” is a term used to described family by who?

A) ABS, 2011
B) WHO, 1987
C) Moley 2009:1
D) Wright & Leahy, 2013

41. What best describes the middle stage of adolescence?

A) Puberty, sexual maturation, friendships and emotional changes

B) Cognitive development, adult thinking
C) Physical development, reliance on friends and peer groups
D) Identity formation and autonomy
42. Of the 4 examples, which is not a SDH that affects young people?

A) Latent
B) Cumulative
C) Pathway
D) Cognitive

43. Define mortality:

A) The state or condition of being subject to death

B) The state or condition of being subject to illness
C) A condition in which you are revived
D) All of the above

44. Which of the following is not a common cause of morbidity in older adults in Australia and
New Zealand:

A) Diabetes
B) Cardiovascular Disease
C) Cancer
D) Substance Abuse

45. ‘The most tolerable form of prejudice’ is a term describing what?

A) Elderly people
B) Racism
C) Ageism
D) Sexism

46. What best describes spirituality?

A) Adherence to beliefs and practices of an organised religious institution

B) How people understand their lives in view of their ultimate meaning and value
C) A unique set of morals and practices by an individual
D) Self-help and meditation exercises

47. Which of the following is not a risk to adult health mortality?

A) Strong family support

B) Suicide
C) MVAs
D) Cancer

48. Define Ecological:

A) Everything is connected to everything else

B) Being sensitive to another’s culture
C) Knowledge to control one’s life
D) Knowledge to inform health decisions
49. Which of the following isn’t a barrier to equitable health care?

A) Ethnic Background
B) Unemployment
C) High School Education
D) Age

50. An example of primary prevention interventions include all except:

A) Mammograms
B) Vaccination
C) Health Seminars
D) Pollution Monitoring

51. What is ‘systematic bias’s in health policies related to Indigenous health:

A) Health care professionals hold power over Indigenous Individuals

B) Health care professionals hold on power over Indigenous Individuals
C) Heath of Indigenous people analysed according to societal goals
D) Health of Indigenous people analysed according to non-indigenous people

52. Nurses working in remote areas have unique challenges including:

A) Lack of community support for health

B) Unstable family life causing health problems
C) Lack of preventative care and health services
D) Lack of knowledge about health and health services

53. In 2017, there was an increase in new cases of HIV and AIDS in men. This is an example of:

A) Prevalence
B) Rate
C) Morbidity
D) Incidence

54. ___ ___ is a term to describe the power and resources that help people maintain social capital
in a way that values cultural understandings:

A) Cultural heterogeneity
B) Reciprocal Determinism
C) Cultural Capital
D) Cultural Conflict

55. ___ ___ is a term to describe the differences in cultural identity related to, for instance, class,
ethnicity, language, traditions, religion, sense of place and many other cultural aspects:

A) Reciprocal determinism
B) Cultural Capital
C) Cultural Safety
 D) Cultural heterogeneity

56. Which definition best describes ethnocentrism?

A) Tendency to view the world through one’s own cultural filters, perceiving and interpreting
other’s behaviours according to personal belief system and set of behaviours.
B) Blending Cultures
C) People from one culture adopt the values, attitudes and behaviours of another culture
D) An aversion to tolerating other cultures

57. Which definition best describes Assimilation of culture?

A) People from one culture adopt the values, attitudes and behaviours of another culture.
B) Non-acceptance of a culture
C) An individual abandoning a culture
D) The blending of culture

58. Which of the following is a part of the transtheoretical model for the stages of change?

A) Precontemplation
B) Dissolution
C) Problem-solving
D) Motivation

59. Which of the following best describes a culturally embedded group?

A) A group of people from different cultures collaborating

B) The need to embed cultural meanings, ways of knowing, values, worldview & language
C) Interactions between content and process
D) Interdisciplinary groups that have the advantage of multidimensional information exchange

60. Define Reciprocal determinism:

A) Family affects healthy child development

B) Environment affects healthy child development
C) People both affect and are affected by the environment in which they live
D) People are not affected by the environment in which they live, nor do they affect it

61. What is the “relational view” of family?

A) Families connect and shape one another’s lives

B) Families life that can exert a positive influence on decisions
C) Families are disconnected and fail to shape another’s life
D) Families life that can exert a negative influence on decisions

62. Biological factors that influence health include:

A) Age, sex, weight

B) Hereditary, nutrition, age
C) Age, nutrition, sex
D) Age, sex, hereditary
63. PHC is based in which model of care?

A) Psychological
B) Social
C) Community
D) Nursing

64. Nurses that work to develop interpersonal relationships with their patients involves:

A) Focusing on client’s relationships

B) Simply showing empathy to the client
C) Establishing goals for the client
D) Demonstrating cultural sensitivity

65. The millennium development goals were established to?

A) Promote access to health care in developed countries

B) Promote access to health care in developing countries
C) Reduce poverty, hunger and disease
D) Reduce poverty and ill health in developing country

66. Eilieen has a fall at home. Which NPA does an assessment of her home reflect?

A) Cardiovascular health
B) Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
C) Physical health
D) Injury prevention and control

67. Which of the following best describes comprehensive health care?

A) Community approach to participative health decision-making

B) Population health planning
C) Individualised health care planning
D) Health promotion initiatives aimed at certain groups or specific issues

68. Factors that are known to protect against chronic illnesses are:

A) Staying in bed all day

B) Normal blood pressure, eat health foods, being a female
C) Maintain weight, not smoke, eat healthy foods
D) Maintain weight, not smoke, prostate checks or mammograms

69. Secondary prevention aims to?

A) limit illness or injury and detect disease early and restore health
B) First or immediate line of care to maintain health and wellbeing
C) The first point of contact a person has with the health system
D) Reduce complications of disease or illness
70. Tertiary prevention aims to?

A) Monitor symptoms of disease or illness

B) Reduce disease complications with rehabilitative or restorative actions
C) Detect diseases early
D) Screen patients

71. Primary prevention goes beyond disease prevention to include programs that:

A) Manage chronic illness

B) Addresses social rehabilitation
C) Addresses obesity and diabetes
D) Addresses social conditions affecting the health of individuals

72. Which of the Ottawa Charter strategies is an example of ‘creating supportive environments’ to
help the elderly?

A) Creating more nursing homes for the elderly

B) Creating more mental health services for the elderly
C) Creating community-based exercise groups for the elderly
D) Creating more respite care for the elderly

73. Which of the following is not a social determinant of health?

A) Social Support Networks

B) Health practices, coping skills
C) Employment and working conditions
D) Appropriate technology

74. Which of the following is not a part of the current NHPAs?

A) Pulmonary Disease control

B) Diabetes Mellitus
C) Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
D) Asthma

75. What is the main role of health professionals?

A) Generate and use community health literacy

B) Evidence-based health promotion not in partnership with community members but achieves
social justice
C) Evidence-based health promotion in partnership with community members to achieve social
capital
D) Evidence-based health promotion in partnership with community members to achieve social
justice

76. “Health is a dynamic state of complete physical, mental, spiritual and social wellbeing and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity” is a definition of health defined by who?
 A) WHO, 1998
B) ANF, 2000
C) WHO, 1948
D) WHO, 1989

77. What does the health assessment tool SWOT stand for?

A) Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats

B) Strengths, wealth, openness, treats
C) Sympathy, worry, opposing, threats
D) Sympathy, weaknesses, opportunities, treats

78. Environmental factors which impact health may be defined as

A) Factors internal to the individual and human body over which the individual has little or no
control
B) Factors external to the individual and human body over which the individual has little or no
control
C) Factors external to the individual and human body over which the society has little or no
control
D) Factors internal to the individual and human body over which the individual has full control

79. Social Determinant of Health includes a range of actors which determine the health status of
individuals and communities. These factors are:

A) Social support networks, employment and working conditions, education literacy and
physical environments.
B) Social support networks, physical environments, health promotion, gender and culture
C) Social environments, gender and culture, intersectoral collaboration and physical
environments
D) Social environments, gender and culture, physical environments and political power

80. Addressing the social determinants of health can improve health and wellbeing through
enabling:

A) Development of social influence and empowerment

B) Employment and lifestyle choices
C) Pathways to becoming happier and self-help
D) Professional control by nurses and midwives

81. Social factors affecting health can include

A) Housing
B) Climate
C) Air Pollution
D) Industrial Development
82. Factors that relate to determinants of health include:

A) Attitudes and beliefs, social support, education

B) Health Systems, policies, psychosocial stress, isolation
C) Environmentalism, residential address, income
D) Government, macroeconomic, social and public policies

83. Wellness can be characterised by harmony between the following aspects:

A) Social, Physical, Emotional and spiritual health

B) Spiritual, emotional, social and nutritional
C) Water, plants, food and sleep
D) Physical, environment, employment and biological

84. What is relational community?

A) A community of people connected together by virtue of their shared values and beliefs
B) A community connected by nodes or networks and constellations of connections
C) A community of geographical location
D) A community consisting of genetically related people

85. Intersectoral collaboration relies on cooperation between health and non-health sectors to
achieve improvements in people’s health. Non-health sector includes all of the following except:

A) Education
B) Government
C) Agriculture
D) Nursing homes

86. The principles and practice of Primary Health Care support:

A) Development of high technology health services to improve health outcomes

B) Increased funding for medical and nursing education and staffing
C) A combination of activities to encourage healthy lifestyle choices
D) Increased funding to emergency departments and acute care services

87. Prevalence is defined as:

A) Number of cases of illness that exist in a population during a specified time

B) Number of new cases of illness that exist in a population
C) Number of predicted cases of illness that exist in a population
D) Incidence of illness in a population during a specified time

88. There is concern about the rise of incidence of post-partum depression in new mothers. A new
home-visiting program is introduced. This is an example of which strategy according to the Ottowa
Charter?

A) Strengthening community action

B) Developing intrapersonal skills
C) Building healthy public policy
 D) Re-orienting health services

89. Strong, empowered communities:

A) Are strengthened by individuals

B) Have many health facilities
C) Work with government and other sectors
D) Have reduced poverty and literacy rates

90. Which of the following is a primary health care principle?

A) Empowerment health literacy & community participation

B) Health services, resources
C) Social support Networks
D) Comprehensive primary health care

91. “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity, is a fundamental human right and that the attainment of the
highest possible level of health is a most important world-wide social goal whose realisation
requires the action of many other social and economic sectors in addition to the health sector” is a
definition of health defined by who?

A) WHO, Alma Ata 1978

B) WHO, Ottowa Charter 1986
C) WHO, 1948
D) WHO, 1989

92. Which of the following is not on the Ottowa Charter for Health 1986 as a pre-requisite for
health?

A) Social justice, and equity.

B) A stable eco-system.
C) Food
D) Adequate housing

93. Which of the following is not stated on the Alma Ata for Primary Health Care?

A) PHC involves, in addition to the health sector, all related sectors and aspects of national
community development, in particular agriculture, animal husbandry, food, industry,
education, housing, public works, communications and other sectors; and demands the
coordinated efforts of all those sectors
B) PHC should be sustained by integrated, functional and mutually supportive referral systems,
leading to the progressive improvement of comprehensive health care for all, and giving
priority to those most in need.
C) PHC relies, at local and referral levels, on health workers, including physicians, nurses,
midwives, auxiliaries and community workers as applicable, as well as traditional
D) PHC must apply equally to women and men. People cannot achieve their fullest health
potential unless they are able to take control of those things which determine their health.
94. In what month was the Alma Ata, 1978 declaration established?

A) November, 20
B) September, 20
C) December, 20
D) March, 20

95. Which of the following best describes incidence?

A) Number of people in a certain population affected by an illness or condition

B) Same event or disease in relation to a unit of population in a specific period of time
C) The number of new cases of rehabilitation that exist of a population at any one time
D) The number of new cases of a disease or health issue in a specific period of time

96. What is currently No. 2 of the NHPA?

A) Cardiovascular health
B) Diabetes mellitus
C) Obesity
D) Cancer

97. The concept that refers to exploring, reflecting on, and understanding one’s own culture and
how it relates to other cultures is a concept that best describes:

A) Cultural Sensitivity
B) Cultural Incompetence
C) Cultural Safety
D) Cultural Competence

98. The concept that refers to being responsive to the way an individual or groups’ cultural morals
and lifestyle habits shape health and health behaviours is a concept that best describes:

A) Cultural Competence
B) Cultural Sensitivity
C) Cultural Security
D) Cultural Incompetence

99. What is a qualitative approach?

A) Results from a large number of people vs focusing on individuals

B) Results from one particular group within a community only
C) Provides Personal insight/individualism
D) Perspectives of the members from cultural groups on their assets, strengths and needs

100. What is a Quantitative approach?

A) Results from an individual within a large community

B) Results from a minority group
C) Results from people in the educational and health sectors
D) Method of looking at a broad population or groups rather than the individual
1. D) Health
2. A) Australian Nursing Federation, 2009
3. B) Income
4. B) Adequate food, shelter and water
5. D) Trust and cooperation between groups with similar or social characteristics
6. B) Access Equity
7. A) Health promotion initiatives aimed at certain groups or specific issues
8. A) Social Support networks
9. A) Rehabilitative or restorative actions
10. C) Cancer Control
11. D) 2015
12. B) Sustainable Development Goals
13. B) Integration of world economy through movement of goods
14. A) Fly in Fly out
15. D) A philosophy and framework for health professionals
16. A) Observations, measurements or facts
17. B) Risk of misunderstanding individual risk in terms of overall population risk.
18. D) Fair distribution of society’s benefits, responsibilities and consequences.
19. A) Relationships between groups who are dissimilar in social identity and power
20. B) Upstream, midstream, downstream
21. C) Political, social and economic influences on health
22. A) Unfreezing, changing and refreezing
23. C) Critical thinking guidelines for practice
24: D) Employment, child mortality, life expectancy, numeracy and school attendance.
25: A) First point of contact a person has with the health system.
26: A) Developing personal skills.
27: D) Recognition of the social determinants of health.
28: C) Collecting and analysing health information
29: B) Cultural Competence
30: A) Strengthen community action
31: C) 2000
32: D) Healthy Community Development
33: A) 7
34: D) An aversion to tolerating other cultures
35: B) Dissolution
36: C) Interactions between content and process
37: D) All of the above
38: A) Recovery-based intervention
39: C) Wright & Leahy, 1987
40: A) ABS, 2011
41: C) Physical development, reliance on friends and peer groups
42: D) Cognitive
43: A) The state or condition of being subject to death
44: D)Substance Abuse
45: C) Ageism
46: B) How people understand their lives in view of their ultimate meaning and value
47: A) Strong family supports
48: A) Everything is connected to everything else
49: C) High School Education
50: A) Mammograms
51: D) Health of Indigenous people analysed according to non-Indigenous people
52: C) Lack of preventative care and health services
53: D) Incidence
54: C) Cultural Capital
55: D) Cultural Heterogeneity
56: A) Tendency to view the world through one’s own cultural filters perceiving and interpreting
other’s behaviours according to a personal belief system and set of behaviours.
57: C) Abandoning culture
58: A) Precontemplation
59: B) The need to embed cultural meanings, ways of knowing, values, worldview, language
60: C) People both affect and are affected by the environment in which they live
61: A) Families connect and shape one another’s lives
62: D) Age, hereditary, sex
63: B) Nursing
64: D) Demonstrating cultural sensitivity
65: C) Reduce poverty, hunger and disease
66: D) Injury Prevention and Control
67: A) Community approach to participative health decision-making
68: C) maintain weight, not smoke, eat healthy foods
69: A) Training and limiting illness or injury, detecting disease early and resting health
70: B) Reduce disease complications with rehabilitative or restorative actions
71: D) Addresses social conditions affecting the health of individuals
72: C) creating community-based exercise groups for the elderly
73: D) Appropriate technology
74: A) Pulmonary Disease Control
75: D) Evidence-based health promotion in partnership with community members to achieve social
justice
76: A) WHO 1998
77: A) Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats
78: B) Factors external to the individual and human body over which the individual has little or no
control.
79: A) Social support networks, employment and working conditions, education literacy and physical
environments
80: B) Employment and lifestyle choices
81: A) Housing
82: D) Government, macroeconomic, social and public policies
83: A) Social, Physical, Emotional and spiritual health
84: B) A community connected by nodes or networks and constellations of connections
85: D) Nursing homes
86: C) A combination of activities to encourage healthy lifestyle choices
87: A) Number of cases of illness that exist in a population during a specified time (to be reviewed)
88: D) re-orienting health services
89: C) work with governments and other sectors
90: A) Empowerment health literacy & community participation
91: A) WHO, Alma Ata 1978
92: D) Adequate Housing
93: D) PHC must apply to women and men. People cannot achieve their fullest potential unless they
are able to take control of those things which determine their health.
94: B) September, 20
95: D) The number of new disease or health issue in a specific period of time.
96: A) Cardiovascular health
97: C) Cultural Safety
98: B) Cultural Sensitivity
99: C) Provides personal Insight/Individualism
100: D) Method of looking at a broad population or groups rather than the individual