International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 50 Number 1 August 2017

Flood Modelling by using HEC-RAS

Azhar Husain
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Jamia Millia Islamia, (central university) New Delhi

Abstract: HEC-RAS is an integrated system of deaths resulted from flooding and associated tropical
software, designed for interactive use in a multi- cyclones. In industrialized countries the loss of life
tasking, multi-user network environment. The is usually lower because of presence of flood control
system is comprised of a graphical user interface structures, zoning regulations that prevent the
(GUI), separate hydraulic analysis components, habitation of seriously vulnerable lands, and
data storage and management capabilities, graphics emergency preparedness. Still, property damage and
and reporting facilities. disruption of life takes a great toll, and despite flood
The HEC-RAS system will ultimately contain three control structures and land use planning, floods still
1-dimensional hydraulic analysis components for: do occur.
(1) Steady flow water surface profile computations;
(2) unsteady flow simulation; II HEC-RAS
(3) Movable boundary sediment transport
HEC-RAS is based on the U.S. Army Corps of
computations.
Engineers’ HEC-RAS water surface profile model
Currently steady and unsteady flows are available
used for modeling both steady and unsteady, one-
and sediment transport is under development. A key
dimensional, gradually varied flow in both natural
element is that all three components will use a
and man-made river channels. HEC-RAS also
common geometric data representation and common
allows sediment transport/mobile bed computations
geometric and hydraulic computation routines. In
and water temperature modelling.
addition to the three hydraulic analysis components,
the system contains several hydraulic design  Steady and unsteady flow modeling.
features that can be invoked once the basic water  Mixed flow regime analysis, allowing
surface profiles are computed; including bridge analysis of both subcritical and supercritical
scour computations, uniform flow computations, flow regimes in a single computer run.
stable channel design, and sediment transport  Bridge and culvert analysis and design,
capacity. including FHWA culvert routines for
elliptical, arch, and semi-circular culverts.
 Multiple bridge and culvert openings of
Keywords: graphical user interface (GUI), HEC-
different types and sizes at a roadway
RAS, steady flow and unsteady flow crossing.
 Bridge scours computations following
I Introduction FHWA Publication HEC-18.
A flood is an unusually high stage in a river. It is an  Bridge design editor and graphical cross
overflow of water outside its normal course. A flood section editor.
results when a stream runs out of its confines and  Floodplain and floodway encroachment
submerges surrounding areas. A flood from sea may modelling
be caused by a heavy storm, a high tide, a tsunami,  Multiple profile computations.
or a combination thereof. As many urban  Lateral flow, split flow, over bank dendritic
communities are located near the coast this is a networks.
major threat around the world. The annual cycle of  Sediment transport/movable bed modelling.
flood and farming was of great significance to many
 Sediment Impact Analysis Methods
early farming cultures, most famously to the ancient
(SIAM).
Egyptians of the Nile River and to the
 Water quality capabilities (temperature
Mesopotamians of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
modelling).
In less developed countries, humans are particularly
sensitive to flood casualties because of high  Tidal boundary conditions.
population density, absence of zoning regulations,  Reservoir and spillway analysis
lack of flood control, and lack of emergency  Levee overtopping.
response infrastructure and early warning systems.  User defined rules for controlling gate
Bangladesh is one of the most susceptible countries operations.
to flood disasters. About one half of the land area in  Pumping of flooded areas.
Bangladesh is at an elevation of less than 8 meters  Modeling pressurized pipe flow.
above sea level. Up to 30% of the country has been
covered with flood waters. In 1991 more 200,000

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 50 Number 1 August 2017

 Geometric model schematic can be placed number (Fr) is used to characterize flow regime,
over background maps. and incorporate where:
clickable scanned images of structures • Fr < 1 denotes Subcritical flow
 Inline weirs and gated spillways analysis, • Fr > 1 denotes Supercritical flow
including both radial and sluice type gates • Fr = 1 denotes Critical flow
and Ogee, broad and sharp crested weirs.
 Tributary/diversion flow network For a subcritical flow scenario, which is very
capabilities, allowing for fully looped river common in natural and man-made channels, direct
system analysis in which reaches can be step computations would begin at the downstream
subdivided and combined end of the reach, and progress upstream between
 Quasi 2-D velocity distributions. adjacent cross-sections. For supercritical flow, the
 X-Y-Z (pseudo 3-D) graphics of the river computations would begin at the upstream end of the
system. reach and proceed downstream.

III HEC-RAS Hydraulics IV Project Methodologies:

HEC-RAS is a one-dimensional steady flow The following paragraphs describe the

hydraulic model designed to aid hydraulic engineers methodologies used in performing the one-
in channel flow analysis and floodplain dimensional flow calculations within HEC-RAS.
determination. The results of the model can be The basic equations are presented along with
applied in floodplain management and flood discussions of the various terms. Solution schemes
insurance studies. If you recall from hydraulics, for the various equations are described. Discussions
steady flow describes conditions in which depth and are provided as to how the equations should be
velocity at a given channel location do not change applied, as well as applicable limitations.
with time. Gradually varied flow is characterized by ♦ General
minor changes in water depth and velocity from ♦ Steady Flow Water Surface Profiles
cross-section to cross-section. The primary
Steady Flow Water Surface Profiles:
procedure used by HEC-RAS to compute water
surface profiles assumes a steady, gradually varied HEC-RAS is currently capable of performing one-
flow scenario, and is called the direct step method. dimensional water surface profilecalculations for
The basic computational procedure is based on an steady gradually varied flow in natural or
iterative solution of the energy equation, which constructed channels. Subcritical, supercritical, and
states that the total energy (H) at any given location mixed flow regime water surface profiles can be
along the stream is the sum of potential energy (Z + calculated. Topics discussed in this section include:
Y) and kinetic energy (V2/2g).The change in energy equations for basic profile calculations; cross section
between two cross-sections is called head loss (hL). subdivision for conveyance calculations; composite
The energy equation parameters are illustrated in the manning's n for the main channel; velocity
figure1.1: weighting coefficient alpha; friction loss evaluation;
contraction and expansion losses; computational
procedure; critical depth determination; applications
of the momentum equation; and limitations of the
steady flow model. Figure depicts the terms of the
energy equation representation.
V Equations for Basic Profile Calculations:
Water surface profiles are computed from one cross
section to the next by solving the energy equation
with an iterative procedure called the standard step
method. The energy equation is written as follows:

Figure Error! No text of specified style in Z1, Z2= elevation of the main channel inverts
document..1 Flow in open channel Y1, Y2= depth of water at cross sections
V1,V2= average velocities (total discharge/ total flow
Given the flow and water surface elevation at one
area)
cross-section, the goal of the direct step method is to
a1,a2= velocity weighting coefficient
compute the water surface elevation at the adjacent
g = gravitational acceleration,
cross-section. Whether the computations proceed
he=energy head loss
from upstream to downstream or vice versa, depend
on the flow regime. The dimensionless Froude

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 50 Number 1 August 2017

Friction Loses: different Plans. Each plan represents a specific set of

The energy loss term he in equation 1 is composed geometric data and flow data. Once the basic data
of friction loss hfand form loss ho. Only contraction are entered into the HEC-RAS, the modeler can
and expansion losses are considered in the geometric easily formulate new plans. After simulations are
form loss term. made for the various plans, the results can be
he= hf+ ho compared simultaneously in both tabular and
To approximate the transverse distribution of flow of graphical form.
the river is divided into strips having similar This chapter provides an overview of how a study is
hydraulic properties in the direction of flow. Each performed with the
cross section is sub divided into portions that are HEC-RAS software.
referred to as subsections. Friction loss is calculated  Starting HEC-RAS
as shown below:
 Steps in Developing a Hydraulic Model
With HEC-RAS

Starting HEC-RAS: To Start HEC-RAS from

Windows:
Double-click on the HEC-RAS Icon. If you do not
have an HEC-RAS shortcut on the desktop, go to the
A1, A2 = downstream and upstream area, Start menu and select Programs, then select HEC,
respectively of the cross sectional flow normal to the and then HEC-RAS. When you first start HEC-RAS,
flow direction you will see the main window as shown in Figure
J = total number of subsections (except you will not have any project files listed on
Lj = length of the jth strip between subsections your main window).
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient
Q = water discharge
R1, R2 = downstream and upstream hydraulic radius

Other losses:
Energy losses due to contractions and expansions are
computed by the following equation:

Where,
Figure Error! No text of specified style in
CL = loss coefficient for contraction and expansion.
document..2 HEC-RAS main window
If the quantity within the absolute valuenotation is
negative, flow is contracting, CL is the coefficient for
contraction; if is positive, flow is expanding and C L
is the coefficient of expansion. In the standard step
method for water surface profile
computations,calculations proceed from the
downstream to upstream based upon the reach’s
downstream boundary conditions and starting water
surface elevation.
VI Working of HEC-RAS

In HEC-RAS terminology, a Project is a set of data

files associated with a particular river system. The
modeler can perform any or all of the various types
of analyses, included in the HEC-RAS package, as HEC-RAS Main Window Menu Bar Structure
part of the project. The data files for a project are At the top of the HEC-RAS main window is a Menu
categorized as follows: plan data, geometric data, bar with the following options:
steady flow data, unsteady flow data, sediment data, File: This option is used for file management.
and hydraulic design data. During the course of a Options available under the File menu include: New
study the modeler may want to formulate several Project; Open Project; Save Project; Save Project As;
Rename Project: Delete Project; Project

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 50 Number 1 August 2017

Summary;Import HEC-RAS data; Generate Report; Entering geometric data

Export GIS Data; Export to HEC-DSS; Restore Data; Entering flow data and boundary conditions
and Exit. In addition, the most recently opened Performing the hydraulic calculations
projects will be listed at the bottom of the File menu, Viewing and printing results
which allows the user to quickly open a project that
was recently worked on. VII Review of Flood Modelling Studies

Edit: This option is used for entering and editing Numerous flood modeling studies have been
data. Data are categorized. into four types: conducted using available modeling package.Snead
Geometric Data; Steady Flow Data; Unsteady Flow (2000) presented the application of steady flow
Data; and Sediment Data. In the current version, hydraulic model using HEC-RAS, for flood routing
Sediment Data is not active. and visualization for mill creek watershed located in
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Run: This option is used to perform the hydraulic
calculations. The options under this menu item Model used rainfall run-off data in time series
include: Steady Flow Analysis; Unsteady Flow format from existing HEC-HMS model.Zaseh et al.
Analysis; Sediment Analysis; and Hydraulic Design (2005) estimated the extent of flood zone and
Functions. In the current version, Sediment Analysis economic damage over an 8.2 km reach of the
is not available. perennial LaeenaSoo in the northern Kharasan
province, Iran using HEC-GEORAS,acombination
View: This option contains a set of tools that of HEC-RAS and arc view GIS software .
provide for graphical and tabular displays of the
model output. The View menu item currently A two dimensional model was used to design a rock
includes: Cross Sections; Water Surface Profiles; dike just upstream of the new opening and to
General Profile Plot; Rating Curves; X-Y-Z determine whether bank protection is needed after
Perspective Plots; Stage and Flow Hydrographs; construction of project.
HydraulicProperties Plots; Detailed Output Tables;
Profile Summary Tables; and Summary Err, Warn, Flow direction information gathered from the two
Notes. dimensional model was used with HEC-RAS to
Options: This menu item allows the user to change perform scour analysis.
Program Setup options; set Default Parameters;
establish the Default Units System (U.S. Customary Kester and Davis (2010) through the Maryland state
or Metric); and Convert Project Units (U.S. highway administration, office of structure had
Customary to Metric, or Metric U.S. Customary). adopted a proactive approach with respect to
determination of hydraulic variables for computing
Help: This option allows the user to get on-line help, scour at structure.
as well as display the current version information
about HEC-RAS. Also on the HEC-RAS main Peppenberger et al. (2005) found out that while
windows a Button bar . The Button bar provides choosing a routing method, the accuracy and
quick access to the most frequently used options availability of lateral inflow data, channel cross
under the HEC-RAS menu bar. section and roughness coefficient and velocity
A description of each button is shown in Figure. discharge information may have a greater effects on
the predictive accuracy of the routing algorithm than
the choice of descriptive equations.

The author concluded that it would not be wise to

choose a model based on full Saint-Venant equation
if the quasi–uniform flow relationship used to
quantify the friction slope is not appropriate in the
channel under study, or if the discharge change
between two sites is dominated by poorly estimated
lateral or tributary inflows.

Preta(2012) developed a model of simulating flood

Steps in Developing a Hydraulic Model with HEC- inundation boundaries. Floods monitoring from
RAS satellite data and FIS based model provided the
opportunity to quickly and precisely overview the
There are five main steps in creating a hydraulic flooded areas.
model with HEC-RAS:
Starting a new project

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 50 Number 1 August 2017

Klenzendorfet al.(2010) describe a method for

incorporating the hydraulics of various bridge rail The feasibility of simulating a flood event along a
geometries on a bridge structure to determine the river channel is explored in areas near a residential
impacts on the surrounding flood plain during development Eskilstuna community Sweden.
extreme flood events.
The results show that integration of GIS and
Paz et al.(2010) presents a one dimensional hydrodynamic modeling is an efficient way to
hydrodynamic model of a large scale river network predict flood and obtain flood information for
and flood plains. The study size comprises the upper emergency response planning and evaluation of
Paraguay river and its main tributaries in south degree of risk posed to the local community.
America central areas, including a complex river
network flowing along the pentanal wetland. The McKay and Blain (2000) describe a hydrodynamic
main issues were related to preparing input data for flow and inundation model for the lower pearl river
the hydraulic model in a consistent and geo- in Mississippi and Louisiana.
referenced database and to presenting different flow
regimes. Image analysis techniques were applied to high
resolution aerial topography of the Pearl River to
Dai et al. (2010) presented the application of 3-D extract the channel boundaries and a synthetic
model. A grid scheme was constructed by using bathymetry is generating by fitting an idealized cross
SMS software along the Detroit river. Modeling section across the channel.
calibration results provided an average relative error
of 10% between measured and calculated velocities. Chen (2008) applied a multi block model named less
to effectively deal with the complex geometry of
Hammersmark (2002) used a one dimensional manatee and braden river estuaries.
unsteady hydraulic model to evaluate the flood stage
impact of seven management scenario for the Mac Park et al (2002) developed a high resolution
Cormac – Williamson tract located in the northern integrated hydrology and hydrodynamic model of
scramento-san Joaquin Delta. Barataria basin to simulate the local hydrological
cycle over the surrounding drainage basinand
The result of the modeling effort indicate that the hydrodynamics within the basin.
restoration of tidal marsh habitat within the Mac-
Cormack Williamson Track would have a minimal Al-Fahdawi (2009) applied a numerical model to
impact upon flood stage during the range of flooding hydrodynamic modeling of the Euphrates river in its
condition, including rare large flooding event. reach between Hathida dam and Hit city.The author
used HEC-RAS model to determine different
Tate and Maindment (1999) presented a straight parameter from given flood caused by a hypothetical
forward approach for processing output of HEC- foundation failure of Hathidadam .
RAS hydraulic model to enable two and three
dimensional flood plain mapping and analysis in the Yarakulla et al (2010) develop a flood forecasting
Arc view geographic information system. model for subrnarekhgariver .

The resulting surface model provides a good Saleh et al (2013) concluded that the accuracy of
representation of the general landscape and contains predicted water level and maximum water depth
additional details within the stream channel. simulated by Saint -Venant model relies on an
accurate representation of channel geometry and bed
Villazon el al (2009) analysed the flow dynamic level slopes along the river reach.
process and the quantification of the peak discharge
by using HEC-RAS. Flooding in Pirai river responds VIII Hydrodynamic simulation software
entirely to flash floods and therefore unsteady flow
had to be simulated it was done using derived Abdelbasset et al. (2015) applied HEC-RAS model
hydrographs from measured hourly water level as to calculate water surface profiles corresponding to
boundaries condition. selected flood events downstream of AL Wahda
Dam in Sebou basin in Northern Morocco.
Akaret al.(2009) studied the effect of land use
features on flood occurrence by using GIS and Sinha et al. (2010) studied Kayu Ara river basin,
remote sensing techniques. Malaysia using HEC-RAS and GIS for flood hazard
mapping. The results of case study show that the
Yang and Rystedt(2002) use geographic information magnitude of rainfall event and river basin land use
system(GIS) and hydrodynamic modeling to obtain development condition has significant influence on
flood information for flood emergency planning. the river flood hazard map pattern. Moreover,

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 50 Number 1 August 2017

magnitude of rainfall event caused more influences Pramanik et al. (2010) used extracted river cross
on river flood hazard map in comparison with the sections to simulate the magnitude of flood in the
land use development condition for Sungai Kayu deltaic reaches of Brahmani river basin located in
Ara river basin. the eastern India. Forty cross section along the
reaches of the rivers were extracted from the DEM
Cecile Ashwanden et al. (2010) compared water and were used in the MIKE 11 hydrodynamic
surface profiles for Tar River generated from steady (MIKE 11HD) model. Four available measured river
and unsteady flow hydraulic models. cross sections were compared with the DEM
extracted modified cross section to examine their
Brych et al. (2002) developed, flood hazard maps of geometric and hydraulic similarity.The model
urban areas in the Orlicevalley(Czech republic) validation results showed a close agreement between
using HEC-RAS software. Extreme floods were the simulated and observed stage hydrographs.
considered to calibrate the hydraulic model of the
Orlice river system. Vijay et al. (2009) presented hydrodynamic
simulation of the river Yamuna under different
designated flood flows to delineate the land
IX Flood Modelling Studies in India availability under existing and modified riverbed
geometry including channel dredging and riverbed
Vijay et al. (2007) describes a hydrodynamic model dressing.
called River Cad that provides the flood levels and
land availability at various cross – sections in order Doiphode and Ravindra(2012) focused on the
to assess the limitation and evaluate the possibilities concepts of hydraulic flood routing model, with
for riverbed development. time-varying roughness updating to simulate flows
through natural channels. The authors solved Saint
Mazumder (2009) describes the methodology for the Venant'sequationusing the quasi-steady dynamic
determination of waterway for a bridge using wave and full dynamic wave theory. A case study of
detailed topographic, hydrologic and morphological unsteady flood modelling through HEC-RAS was
investigation. carried out for the Karad - Kurundwad reach of
Krishna River.
The study by Timbadiya (2011) aimed at
determining values of Manning’s roughness Sankhua et al. (20 12.) focused on concepts of
coefficients for upper and lower reaches of the lower hydraulic flood routing model, with time-varying
Tapi River for simulation of flood. The requirement roughnessupdating to simulate flows through natural
of multiple channel roughness coefficients channels, based on the quasi–steady dynamic wave
(Manning’s n values) along the river has been and full dynamic wave theory, emphasizing the
spelled out through simulation of flood, using HEC- solving of the intricate Saint Venant’s equations.
RAS, for the years 1998 and 2003. Parhi et al. used HEC-RAS to calibrate the channel
roughness coefficient (Manning’s n value) along the
Sharma et al.(2012) focused on the mo0nitoring of river Mahanadi, Odisha. The authors concluded
the diffuse pollution characterstics of the agricultural thatmannnig’s "n” value of 0.032 gives best result
land confining the River Yamuna in Delhi. for Khairrmal to Munduli reach of' the Mahanadi
Agricultral fields surrounding Yamuna river are the river. The calibrated model,in terms of channel
point source of pollution that directly impact the roughness, was used to simulate the flood for year
river quality. 2006 in the sam river reach. The performance of the
calibrated and validated HEC-RAS based model is
Arunesh (2012) estimated the design flood at tested using Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency.
Hathnikund and Okhla barrages for different return
levels. An analysis of the frequency of flood peaks Timbadiya et al., (2012) developed an integrated
for different threshold was also carried out at both hydrodynamic model of the lower Tapi River,
the barrages. Two methods have been used for the India. Firstly the one-dimensionaI model
estimation of design flood, namely Gumbel’s hydrodynamic model was calibrated for Manning’s
extreme value distribution and Log Pearson type 3 roughness of river channel and subsequently one-
distribution. The result of frequency analysis clearly dimensional and two-dimensional integrated 11
indicates that the frequency of extreme events has hydrodynamic model was used to ascertain the
increased in the recent past. This result is significant sensitivityof Manning’s 'n' on coastal flood plain
as it clearly indicates that there is an urgent need to depth of the lower Tapi river.
develop flood prevention and mitigation measures
for Delhi and NCR region. Mehta et al., (2012) presented a preliminary
design for the physical enhancement of the reach
of the Tapi River located near the confluence of

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 50 Number 1 August 2017

Arabian Sea and the Tapi River in Surat City, [12] Tate, E.C., and Maidment, D. (1999). Floodplain mapping
using HEC-RAS, Center for Research in Water Resources,
Gujarat. The design of table channel was carried
Bureau of Engineering Research, University of Texas,
out using thecopeland method, which has been in Austin, TX.
included in the HEC-RAS model. A review of the [13] Timbadiya, P.V., Patel, P.L., and Porey. P.D. (2012).
application of remote sensing and GIS in flood Caliberation of HEC-RAS model on prediction of flood for
lower Tapi river,India, J. of Wat. Reso. And Prot.,3:805-811
management with particularfocus on the developing
[14] Vijay, R., Sargoankar, A. and Gupta, A. (2007).
countries of Asia has been presented by Sanyal et al., Hydrodynamic Simulation of river Yamuna for riverbed
(2004). assessment: A case study of Delhi region, Environment
Monitoring Access.
[15] Vijay, R., Sargoankar, A. and Gupta, A. (2009). A
X CONCLUSIONS hydrodynamic Approach to address Yamuna riverbed
development in Delhi. J. Civ. Eng. 36:1155-1163.
[16] Wurbs, R.A., and James, W.P. (2007). “Water Resources
Flood modelling system here presented copes with a Engineering”, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, India.
basic need of standardization of the databases [17] Zadeh, A.H., Ahmadi, M.Z., Sharifi, M.B. and Masoudian,
system. The main goal is to provide an flood control M. (2005). Flood zoning using the HEC-RAS hydraulic
system in which all computations made by the model in a GIS environment, Journal of Environment
Hydrology, vol. 13, paper 2.
different regional involved in river training,
hydraulic works and similar activities can converge,.
Application of hydraulic modelling in HEC-RAS
environment provides the capability to simulate
flood depth in different part of the floodplain. It is
describes the application of HEC-RAS model for
simulation of water surface profiles in the study
reach. The output from the HEC-RAS model was
utilized to determine the extent of overtopping of
bridges/barrages in the study reach when subjected
to flood of a given magnitude. With increased
stream flows at different locations in the future, the
vulnerability of the basin to high magnitude flooding
events is likely to increase under future climatic
change in the River basin system.

XI REFERENCES
[1] Djokic and Maidment 2012. Introduction to HEC-RAS and
FloodplainMapping
http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/maidment/CE374KSpr12/Ex
4/Ex4.htm
[2] Ndolo Goy and Julien, 2014. CIVE 401 HEC-RAS
Presentation.
http://www.engr.colostate.edu/~pierre/ce_old/classes/CIVE
%20401/index.html
[3] US Army Corps of Engineers. HEC-RAS
[4] Mohammed Lateef Ahmed, 2015. Hydrodynamic
Simulation of River Yamuna for various return level floods,
thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering and Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia, (Central
University), New Delhi.
[5] HEC-RAS River Analysis System (2010), “Hydraulic
Reference Manual”, Version 5.0.1, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis,
California.
[6] HEC-RAS River Analysis System (2010), “User Manual”,
Version 5.0.1, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic
Engineering Center, Davis, California.
[7] Manning, R. “Flow of water in open channels and pipes.”
Transactions of the Institutionof Civil Engineers (Ireland),
20, 1980.
[8] Mays, L.W. (2005) “Water Resources Engineering”, John
Wiley and Sons Inc., New Delhi, India.
[9] Manning, R. “Flow of water in open channels and pipes.”
Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers (Ireland),
20, 1890
[10] Parhi, P.K. (2013) HEC-RAS Model for Manning’s
Roughness: A Case Study Open Journal of Modern
Hydrology.
[11] Prasuhn. A.L. Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering.
Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 1992

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